Recall of emotional and neutral words and paragraphs in traumatic brain injury

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in verbal recall deficits and impaired processing of emotion encoded in facial appearance, prosody and the linguistic content of messages. Emotion facilitates memory (emotional memory advantage) for non-brain injured (NBI) individuals but the impact of emotion on verbal recall for linguistically encoded stimuli in TBI has not been explored.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stimulus emotional content on verbal recall of words and paragraphs in TBI compared to NBI individuals.

Methods and procedures: Six 10-item lists, each with five emotional and five neutral words, and six paragraphs (three emotional, three neutral) were counterbalanced and presented in random order to 20 individuals with TBI and 44 NBI. The number of words from lists and the number of content units from paragraphs were compared for the two groups.

Outcomes and results: The NBI participants recalled more words from the lists and content units from the paragraphs than the individuals with TBI. Both groups recalled significantly more emotional than neutral words. NBI but not TBI participants had significantly greater recall for information in paragraphs with emotional content.

Conclusions: Participants with TBI showed impaired recall of words and paragraph content. Emotion facilitated word and paragraph content recall for neurotypical individuals but emotional memory advantage was limited to words for the TBI participants.     

Immunisation with the BCG and DTPw vaccines induces different programs of trained immunity in mice

In addition to providing pathogen-specific immunity, vaccines can also confer nonspecific effects (NSEs) on mortality and morbidity unrelated to the targeted disease. Immunisation with live vaccines, such as the BCG vaccine, has generally been associated with significantly reduced all-cause infant mortality. In contrast, some inactivated vaccines, such as the diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis (DTPw) vaccine, have been controversially associated with increased all-cause mortality especially in female infants in high-mortality settings. The NSEs associated with BCG have been attributed, in part, to the induction of trained immunity, an epigenetic and metabolic reprograming of innate immune cells, increasing their responsiveness to subsequent microbial encounters. Whether non-live vaccines such as DTPw induce trained immunity is currently poorly understood. Here, we report that immunisation of mice with DTPw induced a unique program of trained immunity in comparison to BCG immunised mice. Altered monocyte and DC cytokine responses were evident in DTPw immunised mice even months after vaccination. Furthermore, splenic cDCs from DTPw immunised mice had altered chromatin accessibility at loci involved in immunity and metabolism, suggesting that these changes were epigenetically mediated. Interestingly, changing the order in which the BCG and DTPw vaccines were co-administered to mice altered subsequent trained immune responses. Given these differences in trained immunity, we also assessed whether administration of these vaccines altered susceptibility to sepsis in two different mouse models. Immunisation with either BCG or a DTPw-containing vaccine prior to the induction of sepsis did not significantly alter survival. Further studies are now needed to more fully investigate the potential consequences of DTPw induced trained immunity in different contexts and to assess whether other non-live vaccines also induce similar changes.     

电针对缺血性脑卒中大鼠记忆功能及脑内突触囊泡蛋白的影响

观察电针对缺血性脑卒中大鼠记忆功能及脑内突触囊泡蛋白（synaptic vesicular protein，SYN）的影响，探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 选取90 只SD大鼠随机分为模型组、电针组、假手术组，每组各30只。线拴法制作急性大脑中动脉缺血大鼠模型。电针组取“百会”“水沟”“内关”“三阴交”穴位，应用“醒脑开窍”法进行电针，每天电针30 min，连续电针6 d休1 d，7 d为一个疗程，首次电针干预在造模成功24 h后进行。模型组和假手术组不进行电针干预。大鼠分别按7、14、21 d 3个亚组进行运动及记忆功能评分，TTC染色测定脑梗死体积、Western blot检测脑内SYN的蛋白表达。结果 电针组运动功能评分较模型组显著降低（P<0.01），电针组进入隐藏区潜伏期时间较模型组显著缩短（P<0.01），电针组脑梗死率较模型组显著缩小（P<0.01），SYN的蛋白表达电针组较模型组明显增强（P<0.01）。假手术组无神经功能缺损及脑梗死灶，SYN表达最弱。结论 电针干预能减小脑梗死体积，上调脑内SYN的表达，进而促进缺血性脑卒中大鼠的记忆及运动等神经功能的恢复。     

Cognitive training as a resolution for early executive function difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities

Core executive functions (EF) such as attention, and working memory have been strongly associated with academic achievement, language development and behavioral stability. In the case of children who are vulnerable to cognitive and learning problems because of an underlying intellectual disability, EF difficulties will likely exacerbate an already compromised cognitive system. The current review examines cognitive training programs that aim to improve EF, specifically focusing on the potential of this type of intervention for children who have intellectual disabilities. We conclude that despite considerable discrepancies regarding reported intervention effects, these inconsistencies can be attributed to flaws in both program and study design. We discuss the steps needed to address these limitations and to facilitate the advancement of non-pharmaceutical interventions for children with intellectual disabilities.     

Influence of Fine Grains on the Bending Fatigue Behavior of Two Implant Titanium Alloys

By means of the ultrasonic surface impact (amplitude of 30 μm, strike number of 48,000 times/mm²), nanograins have been achieved in the surfaces of both Ti6Al4V(TC4) and Ti3Zr2Sn3Mo25Nb(TLM) titanium alloys, mainly because of the dislocation motion. Many mechanical properties are improved, such as hardness, residual stress, and roughness. The rotating–bending fatigue limits of TC4 and TLM subjected to ultrasonic impact are improved by 13.1% and 23.7%, separately. Because of the bending fatigue behavior, which is sensitive to the surface condition, cracks usually initiate from the surface defects under high stress amplitude. By means of an ultrasonic impact tip with the size of 8 mm, most of the inner cracks present at the zone with a depth range of 100~250 μm in the high life region. The inner crack core to TC4 usually appears as a deformed long and narrow α-phase, while the cracks in TLM specimens prefer to initiate at the triple grain boundary junctions. This zone crosses the grain refined layer and the deformed coarse grain layer. With the gradient change of elastic parameters, the model shows an increase of normal stress at this zone. Combined with the loss of plasticity and toughness, it is easy to understand these fatigue behaviors.     

Vaccines and autoimmunity during the COVID-19 pandemic

To control the pandemic, efficient vaccines must be applied to the population, including patients with autoimmune diseases. Therefore, one can expect that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines may influence the underlying autoimmune processes in these patients. Additionally, it is essential to understand whether COVID-19 vaccines would be effective, safe, and provide long-lasting immunological protection and memory. However, the currently available and approved COVID-19 vaccines turned out to be safe, effective, and reliable in patients with autoimmune inflammatory and rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, most patients said they felt safer after getting vaccinations for COVID-19 and reported enhanced overall quality of life and psychological wellbeing. In general, the COVID-19 vaccines have been highly tolerated by autoimmune patients. Such findings might comfort patients who are reluctant to use COVID-19 vaccines and assist doctors in guiding their patients into receiving vaccinations more easily and quickly.     

Increased alpha suppression with age during involuntary memory retrieval

Recent work suggests that while voluntary episodic memory declines with age, involuntary episodic memory, which comes to mind spontaneously without intention, remains relatively intact. However, the neurophysiology underlying these differences has yet to be established. The current study used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate voluntary and involuntary retrieval in older and younger adults. Participants first encoded sounds, half of which were paired with pictures, the other half unpaired. EEG was then recorded as they listened to the sounds, with participants in the involuntary group performing a sound localization cover task, and those in the voluntary group additionally attempting to recall the associated pictures. Participants later reported which sounds brought the paired picture to mind during the localization task. Reaction times on the localization task were slower for voluntary than involuntary retrieval and for paired than unpaired sounds, possibly reflecting increased attentional demands of voluntary retrieval and interference from reactivation of the associated pictures respectively. For the EEG analyses, young adults showed greater alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) during voluntary than involuntary retrieval at frontal and occipital sites, while older adults showed pronounced alpha ERD regardless of intention. Additionally, older adults showed greater ERD for paired than unpaired sounds at occipital sites, likely reflecting visual reactivation of the associated pictures. Young adults did not show this alpha ERD memory effect. Taken together, these data suggest that involuntary memory is largely preserved with age, but this may be due to older adults' greater recruitment of top-down control even when demand for such control is limited.     

亚慢性硝酸钇暴露对雌性大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的：观察稀土化合物硝酸钇[Y（NO₃）₃]亚慢性（90 d）暴露对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响，并探究其可能的机制，为全面评估稀土元素钇的健康风险提供科学依据。方法：选用刚离乳（PND21）SD雌性大鼠，根据质量随机分为4组，分别为对照组（ddH₂O），Y（NO₃）₃低剂量组[10 mg/（kg·d）]、中剂量组[40 mg/（kg·d）]和高剂量组[160 mg/（kg·d）]，每组15只。连续灌胃受试物90 d后进行旷场实验、高架十字迷宫实验、转棒实验、Morris水迷宫实验。水迷宫检测后，每组取5只雌鼠心脏原位灌注，进行脑组织病理学检查。每组剩余10只雌鼠摘取脑组织，紫外分光光度计检测雌鼠大脑皮质和海马中谷氨酸（Glu）的含量；Western blot检测海马组织中N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体蛋白表达情况。结果：与对照组相比，硝酸钇90 d暴露后，转棒实验中160 mg/（kg·d）剂量组大鼠在棒时间、在棒圈数、掉落速度明显升高（P<0.05）。在Morris水迷宫定位航向实验第4天时，40、160 mg/（kg·d）剂量组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显降低（P<0.05）；Morris水迷宫空间探索实验中，40 mg/（kg·d）剂量组大鼠穿越平台次数、目标象限游泳时间明显增加（P<0.05）；160 mg/（kg·d）剂量组穿越平台次数、进入目标象限次数、目标象限游泳时间明显增加（P<0.05）；160 mg/（kg·d）剂量组大鼠东北、东南、西南象限的逃避潜伏期明显低于西北象限的逃避潜伏期（P<0.05）。160 mg/（kg·d）剂量组大鼠海马中Glu含量和NMDA受体NR1含量均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。40和160 mg/（kg·d）剂量组大鼠海马中NMDA受体NR2A含量明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：硝酸钇亚慢性（90 d）暴露可以引起雌性大鼠空间学习记忆能力增强；硝酸钇可能通过降低海马组织神经元细胞外Glu含量，抑制NMDA受体激活，增强雌性大鼠的空间学习记忆能力。     

富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白抗体阳性边缘性脑炎 临床分析及文献复习

目的：总结富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白（LGI1）抗体阳性边缘性脑炎的临床和影像特点及诊疗预后。 方法：报道我院1例LGI1抗体阳性相关边缘性脑炎并文献复习。结果：患者女性，60岁，表现为渐进性加重 的记忆力减退、癫痫发作（全身强直阵挛发作，面-臂肌张力障碍发作）、低钠血症和轻度精神行为异常。颅 脑MRI-T2/Flair序列提示双侧颞叶（左侧为甚）内侧、海马异常高信号。脑脊液抗LGI1抗体阳性（++）。经激 素治疗症状有所改善。检索既往报道LGI1抗体阳性边缘性脑炎患者237例，多数呈急性、亚急性起病，最 常见是记忆障碍、癫痫（含面-臂肌张力障碍发作）和低钠血症，头颅MRI（特别是MRI-T2/Flair序列）显示单 侧或者双侧海马区、颞叶异常多见，早期免疫治疗预后良好。结论：LGI1抗体阳性相关边缘性脑炎有其特 有的临床特点，免疫治疗可明显改善患者预后。