Sequential Measurements of Chemokines in Urosepsis and Experimental Endotoxemia

Chemokines are a superfamily of small chemotactic proteins. While increased levels of interleukin-8 have been measured in serum and urine during urinary tract infection, little is known about other chemokines in this condition. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)–1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)–1, MIP-1 and interferon- inducible protein (IP)–10 were measured in 30 patients with culture-proven urosepsis during a 3-day follow-up and in 11 healthy humans after intravenous injection of endotoxin (4 ng/kg). Urine and serum levels of MCP-1, MIP-1, and IP-10, but not of MIP-1, were elevated in patients on admission, and decreased after initiation of antibiotic treatment. Endotoxin administration to healthy subjects induced increases in plasma and urine concentrations of all four chemokines. These data indicate that clinical and experimental gram-negative infection in humans is associated with enhanced production of chemokines that act mainly on mononuclear cells and that these chemokines are at least in part locally produced.     

尿源性脓毒症的研究进展

尿源性脓毒症是指由于泌尿系统或者男性生殖器官的感染引起的脓毒症。近年来随着腔镜泌尿外科的发 展,尿源性脓毒症的发病率和相关死亡人数逐年上升。作为泌尿外科风险最大、预后最差的并发症之一,尿源性脓 毒症病情进展迅速,如对其未能早期诊断并及时正确处理,易迅速进展为脓毒症休克,危及患者生命。因此,早期 识别及正确诊治尿源性脓毒症对降低相关病死率和改善预后具有重要意义。尿源性脓毒症的治疗关键在于早期液体 复苏、早期使用抗生素及控制和消除易感因素,其围手术期处理需要外科,ICU,感染科及麻醉科医生之间的多学科协作及共同管理。本文就尿源性脓毒症的诊断标准及流行病学、病因及发病机制、危险因素和围手术期处理等相关研究进展作一综述。     

泌尿外科腔镜术后尿源性脓毒血症的预后影响因素分析

目的:探讨影响泌尿外科腔镜手术后尿源性脓毒血症的预后因素,改善尿源性脓毒血症的预后.方法:回顾性分析57例泌尿外科腔镜手术后尿源性脓毒血症的患者资料,并按照严重程度分为低危组和高危组,比较按照临床资料特征、化验结果的区别.结果:在57例脓毒血症患者中,高危组24例,低危组33例,在性别构成(男/女)、术前尿路感染方面,高危组明显高于低危组,两组间差异有统计学意义.在手术方式方面,高危组患者中输尿管镜手术比例明显高于低危级,而经皮肾镜比例明显低于低危组,两组间差异有统计学意义.手术时间方面,高危组明显长于低危组,两组间差异有统计学意义.术后血白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白、多脏器功能障碍发生率、血培养阳性率方面,高危组高于低危组,而术后至出现脓毒血症症状时间间隔(手术-感染时间)、血小板、血红蛋白、纤维蛋白原方面低于低危组,两组间差异有统计学意义.结论:男性、术前存在尿路感染、合并糖尿病、输尿管镜手术、手术时间过长是尿源性脓毒血症预后不良的因素;术后血中性粒细胞比例明显升高、C反应蛋白升高、发生多脏器功能障碍、血培养阳性、手术-感染时间短、血小板下降、血红蛋白下降、纤维蛋白原降低是预后不良的指标.     

Diagnosis and management for urosepsis

Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection. Urosepsis in adults comprises approximately 25% of all sepsis cases, and is in most cases due to complicated urinary tract infections. The urinary tract is the infection site of severe sepsis or septic shock in approximately 10–30% of cases. Severe sepsis and septic shock is a critical situation, with a reported mortality rate nowadays still ranging from 30% to 40%. Urosepsis is mainly a result of obstructed uropathy of the upper urinary tract, with ureterolithiasis being the most common cause. The complex pathogenesis of sepsis is initiated when pathogen or damage‐associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system generate pro‐inflammatory cytokines. A transition from the innate to the adaptive immune system follows until a T_H2 anti‐inflammatory response takes over, leading to immunosuppression. Treatment of urosepsis comprises four major aspects: (i) early diagnosis; (ii) early goal‐directed therapy including optimal pharmacodynamic exposure to antimicrobials both in the plasma and in the urinary tract; (iii) identification and control of the complicating factor in the urinary tract; and (iv) specific sepsis therapy. Early adequate tissue oxygenation, adequate initial antibiotic therapy, and rapid identification and control of the septic focus in the urinary tract are critical steps in the successful management of a patient with urosepsis, which includes early imaging, and an optimal interdisciplinary approach encompassing emergency unit, urological and intensive‐care medicine specialists.     

One week of ciprofloxacin before percutaneous nephrolithotomy significantly reduces upper tract infection and urosepsis: a prospective controlled study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether 1 week of ciprofloxacin before percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with stones of > or = 20 mm or pelvicalyceal dilatation, reduces urosepsis, as we previously reported that such patients have four times the risk of urosepsis after PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing PCNL, and who fulfilled strict selection criteria, were recruited prospectively into a study which was conducted in two phases. The study methods were similar to those previously described; patients with dilated pelvicalyceal systems and/or stones of > or = 20 mm from phase 1 (previously published) acted as controls. In the subsequent phase, the same selection criteria applied and only those with stones of > or = 20 mm and/or dilated pelvicalyceal systems were given ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily for 1 week before PCNL and comprised the treatment arm. Midstream urine samples, renal pelvic urine and fragmented stones were collected to assess culture and sensitivity. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was used to define urosepsis after PCNL. The urologists monitoring the patients after PCNL and conducting the analysis were all unaware of the characteristics of the stones or intravenous urography findings before PCNL. In all, 115 patients (54 in phase 1 and 61 in phase 2) were recruited, of whom 46 in phase 1 and 52 in phase 2 had stones of > or = 20 mm and/or a dilated pelvicalyceal system, and became the control and treatment arms, respectively. RESULTS: The patient demographics were similar in both arms. There was three times less risk of upper tract infection (relative risk 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0-11.8, P = 0.04) and SIRS (2.9, 1.3-6.3, P = 0.004) in the patients receiving ciprofloxacin (treatment arm). CONCLUSIONS: The administration of oral ciprofloxacin for 1 week before PCNL in patients with stones of > or = 20 mm or dilated pelvicalyceal systems significantly reduced the risk of urosepsis.     

Atypical presentation of livedo racemosa in a factor V Leiden heterozygous positive patient with Pseudomonas aeruginosa urosepsis

Impairment of the protein C pathway, detectable by reduced plasma levels of activated protein C (APC), are risk factors for venous thrombosis. Activated protein C maintains clotting homeostasis by regulation of pro‐coagulant factors Va and VIIIa. Both infection and the factor V Leiden mutation reduce the formation of APC from protein C in the blood. With low levels of APC, excess factors Va and VIIIa exist, increasing the risk of thrombus formation. Livedo racemosa is characterised by a striking, violaceous branch‐like pattering of the skin. It is similar to livedo reticularis, but with a different morphology and histopathology. In this case report we present the first case of livedo racemosa, in an 89‐year‐old factor V Leiden‐positive patient with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection. The cutaneous biopsies demonstrated vasculopathy with intraluminal thrombi in subcutaneous vessels with no evidence of inflammatory vasculitis.     

液体复苏在尿源性脓毒血症中的研究进展及护理

从液体复苏的种类、复苏时机、复苏目标等方面对液体复苏在尿源性脓毒血症中的研究进展和治疗过程中的护理进行综述。     

预测输尿管结石进展为尿脓毒血症的列线图模型的外部验证

目的 对已建立的输尿管结石进展为尿脓毒血症的预测模型进行外部验证,明确该预测模型是否适用于 临床实践。方法 收集2016年1—12月我院收治的输尿管结石患者317例,其中进展为尿脓毒血症者29例（尿脓毒 血症组）,未进展为尿脓毒血症者288例（非尿脓毒血症组）。采用我科建立的预测模型,通过患者性别、功能性孤立 肾、肾积液平均CT值、尿白细胞计数（WBC）及尿亚硝酸盐等指标对2组患者进行尿脓毒血症风险预测,比较预测结 果与实际观测结果之间的差异。分别利用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线和GiViTI校准曲线带验证预测模型的区分度 和校准度。结果 预测模型外部验证的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）=0.874（95%CI：0.804~0.945）,能较好地将尿脓毒血 症结局患者区分出来。GiViTI校准曲线带的95%CI区域均未穿过45°对角平分线（P=0.176）,预测模型的预测概率与 实际观测概率接近,校准度良好。结论 模型预测输尿管结石进展为尿脓毒血症风险概率的准确性高,有助于提高 此类高危患者的早期识别和筛选能力。     

经尿道手术后尿脓毒血症的诊治分析

目的  探讨经尿道手术后发生尿脓毒血症的原因和防治措施。方法  回顾性分析2007年9月-2015年6月12例经尿道手术后发生尿脓毒血症患者的临床资料。结果  12例患者中,行经尿道前列腺切除术3例,行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石术8例,行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术1例,均出现不同程度的尿脓毒血症。7例患者术后转入ICU,均给予抗休克和抗感染等治疗。1例经尿道前列腺切除术后患者出现多器官功能衰竭,于术后10 d死亡,1例输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后患者出现多器官功能障碍综合征,术后出现心肌不可逆损害,其余10例患者术后1～3周的血常规、尿常规、血培养、尿培养、降钙素原均恢复正常,最后治愈出院。结论  尿脓毒血症是经尿道手术后的严重并发症,应提高警惕,早期诊断和合理治疗是关键,血清降钙素原（PCT）测定可作为预警指标。