盐酸托烷思琼预防脑动脉瘤栓塞术后恶心呕吐的观察

目的:观察盐酸托烷思琼对预防脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的有效性和安全性。方法:选择行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术患者45例,随机分为3组,每组15例,于手术结束前30分钟A组患者缓慢静注盐酸托烷思琼5mg,B组患者缓慢静注盐酸托烷思琼3mg,C组患者给予生理盐水。术后观察并记录以下指标:(1)术后24h内恶心呕吐发生率及强度;(2)术后2、8h镇静评分(OAA/S);(3)术后2、8h平均动脉压(MAP),心率(HR);(4)各组不良反应的发生情况。结果:术后24h内两治疗组恶心呕吐发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。托烷思琼5mg组恶心呕吐发生率略低于3mg组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:托烷思琼可降低脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者术后恶心呕吐的发生率。托烷思琼3mg不仅可以减少药物用量,而且能减少副作用的发生,是一种经济、有效、安全的止吐方法。     

5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced increase in left ventricular dP/dtmax does not suggest the presence of ventricular 5-HT4 receptors in the pig

Summary Although 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) increases porcine atrial force and rate via 5-HT₄ receptors, its effect on left ventricular contractility is not known. Therefore, using the maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (LVdP/dt_max) as an index of cardiac contractility, we have attempted to analyze the possible role of ventricular 5-HT₄ receptors in the anaesthetized pig. The full agonists at 5-HT₄ receptors, 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine (each 3, 10 and 30 g · kg^–1), and the -adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline (0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 g · kg^–1), increased heart rate, LVdP/dt_max and cardiac output. For a given degree of tachycardia, the increase in LVdP/dt_max by isoprenaline was substantially more than that observed with either 5-HT or 5-methoxytryptamine. The 5-HT₄ receptor partial agonist, renzapride (3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 g · kg^–1), also increased heart rate and LVdP/dt_max dose-dependently. When the heart was paced at 150 beats · min^–1, increases in LVdP/dt_max as well as cardiac output (except with the highest doses) by 5-HT, 5-methoxytryptamine and isoprenaline were clearly attenuated. However, the magnitude of attenuation of LVdP/dt_max responses by cardiac pacing was more marked in the case of 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine than with isoprenaline.The effects of renzapride (300 g · kg^–1) and tropisetron (0.3 and 3 mg · kg^–1) on increases in heart rate and LVdP/dt_max by 5-HT, 5-methoxytryptamine and isoprenaline were also studied. In the absence of atrial pacing, both renzapride and tropisetron (3 mg · kg^–1) effectively antagonized the responses to 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine; except for some decrease in the LVdP/dt_max response by tropisetron, the effect of isoprenaline remained essentially unchanged after the antagonists. During atrial pacing, renzapride significantly antagonized the responses to the first two doses of 5-HT, but the responses to the highest 5-HT dose and to 5-methoxytryptamine remained unaffected. Though, particularly after its higher dose, tropisetron reduced the responses to 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine, isoprenaline responses were also affected.The above results show that a significant part of the increase in LVdP/dt_max by 5-HT receptor agonists in the anaesthetized pig is a consequence of tachycardia elicited by these compounds via 5-HT₄ receptors. Since the increase in LVdP/dt_max, compared to tachycardia, was much less with 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine than with isoprenaline, and since the antagonism by renzapride and tropisetron against 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine during atrial pacing was relatively weaker and/or unspecific, it appears unlikely that the increase in LVdP/dt_max, during atria] pacing is mediated by ventricular 5-HT₄ receptors. This view is substantiated by our recent in vitro experiments where 5-HT (0.01 to 100 mol/l) failed to significantly increase contractions of porcine left ventricular trabeculae.Correspondence to P. R. Saxena at the above address     

国产盐酸托烷司琼治疗顺铂化疗所致恶心、呕吐的疗效与安全性评价

目的:比较国产与进口盐酸托烷司琼在治疗顺铂化疗所致恶心、呕吐的疗效和安全性。方法:采用多中心、双盲、随机对照方法,128例接受顺铂化疗的恶性肿瘤患者随机分为进口盐酸托烷司琼组和国产盐酸托烷司琼组,于化疗前1d应用盐酸托烷司琼,5mg/次,1次/d,连用6d,观察并记录用药1wk内患者食欲减退、恶心、呕吐及其他不良反应。结果:128例患者按研究要求完成观察,2组在治疗恶心、呕吐方面及发生其他不良反应方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:国产盐酸托烷司琼在治疗顺铂化疗所致恶心、呕吐的疗效和安全性与进口盐酸托烷司琼相当。     

托烷司琼不同给药方式对术后镇痛恶心、呕吐的预防作用

目的 比较托烷司琼的不同给药方式对术后曲马多静脉自控镇痛患者恶心、呕吐的预防作用.方法 选择气管内全麻下择期腹部手术患者240例,ASAI或Ⅱ级,随机均分为四组.Ⅰ组术毕静脉连接患者自控镇痛（PCA）泵;Ⅱ组术毕静注5 mg托烷司琼后连接PCA泵;Ⅲ组术毕静注2 mg托烷司琼后连接PCA泵（PCA泵内加托烷司琼3 mg）;Ⅳ组术毕连接PCA泵（PCA泵内加托烷司琼5 mg）.PCA泵药物配制：900 mg曲马多加生理盐水配至总容量为100 ml.分别于术后2、4、8、20、36和48 h观察患者恶心、呕吐的发生情况.结果 （1）与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在术后2、4 h恶心的发生率明显降低（P＜0.05）;与Ⅳ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组术后2、4和8 h恶心的发生率明显降低（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.（2）与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组在术后2、4、8和36 h呕吐的发生率明显降低（P＜0.05）;Ⅲ组在术后2、4、8、36和48 h呕吐的发生率明显降低（P＜0.05）;与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组在术后48h呕吐的发生率明显降低（P＜0.05）;Ⅳ组在术后2、4、8 h呕吐的发生率明显高于Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅲ组在术后2、4和48 h呕吐的发生率明显低于Ⅳ组（P＜0.05）.结论 术毕单次注射2 mg托烷司琼,并通过PCA泵持续输注可在术后48 h内有效预防恶心、呕吐的发生;术毕单次注射5 mg托烷司琼,术后短时间内可预防恶心、呕吐,但术后48 h已无此作用;而通过PCA泵中持续输注5mg托烷司琼不能预防恶心、呕吐.     

甲磺酸托烷司琼预防化疗药物引起恶心、呕吐的Ⅱ期临床研究

目的　观察甲磺酸托烷司琼 (Trop)对顺铂引起的恶心、呕吐、食欲不振的疗效和安全性。方法　应用随机、自身交叉对照方法将恶性肿瘤患者随机分为 2组 ,治疗组采用Trop(第 1周期 )→胃复安 (第 2周期 )止吐方法 ,对照组采用胃复安 (第 1周期 )→Trop(第 2周期 )止吐方法。观察 2组恶心、呕吐、食欲不振改善情况及药物不良反应。结果　化疗第 1天 ,治疗组对化疗药物引起的呕吐完全控制率明显优于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,对恶心、食欲不振的有效控制率略高于对照组 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;化疗第 2～ 6d治疗组疗效稍优于对照组 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,Trop的主要不良反应有头痛、头晕、口干、便秘、疲倦、嗜睡及失眠 ,均较轻微。结论　Trop在控制强致吐化疗药物引起的急性呕吐方面疗效较好 ,不良反应少。     

盐酸托烷司琼预防妇科患者术后自控硬膜外镇痛致恶心、呕吐的临床疗效观察

目的:观察盐酸托烷司琼用于预防妇科患者术后自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)致恶心、呕吐的效果。方法:将120例妇科手术后均行PCEA的患者随机分为2组,T组为盐酸托烷司琼组,N组为对照组,每组60例,观察2组用药后的恶心、呕吐发生率。结果:T组48h内恶心、呕吐发生率明显低于N组(P<0.05)。结论:盐酸托烷司琼预防妇科术后PCEA患者恶心、呕吐的发生安全、有效。     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼用于麻醉术后止吐的效果观察

目的:观察盐酸帕洛诺司琼用于麻醉术后出现的急性及迟发性呕吐的疗效和不良反应。方法:选择腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的60例患者,随机分为试验组与对照组,每组30例,在麻醉诱导前,试验组给予盐酸帕洛诺司琼0.25mg,对照组给予盐酸托烷司琼5mg,分别记录2组麻醉术后72h内止吐效果和不良反应。结果:试验组与对照组对麻醉术后出现急性呕吐的完全控制率分别为80.0%、70.0%(P>0.05),急性呕吐发生率均为13.3%,但迟发性呕吐发生率分别为6.7%、16.7%(P<0.05);2组主要不良反应为腹胀、头痛及便秘,试验组与对照组的总不良反应发生率分别为23.3%、20.0%(P>0.05)。结论:2种5-羟色胺3(5-HT3)受体拮抗药均有较好的止吐作用,而盐酸帕洛诺司琼对于迟发性呕吐效果更好。     

揿针联合托烷司琼对腹腔镜全子宫切除术后恶心呕吐及炎性因子的影响

目的 观察揿针联合托烷司琼对腹腔镜全子宫切除术后恶心呕吐（PONV）及炎性因子的影响。

方法 选择择期全麻下行腹腔镜全子宫切除手术患者90例,年龄25～60岁,BMI 18～28 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为三组：托烷司琼组（A组）、揿针组（B组）和揿针组联合托烷司琼（C组）,每组30例。A组麻醉前30 min静脉推注托烷司琼5 mg;B组麻醉前30 min应用揿针刺激患者中脘、双侧内关、足三里穴,留针48 h;C组麻醉前30 min静脉推注托烷司琼5 mg,并应用揿针刺激患者中脘、双侧内关、足三里穴,留针48 h。记录术后6、12、24 h恶心呕吐严重程度评分、术后首次肛门排气和排便时间。分别在术前30 min和术后24 h抽取静脉血检测TNF-α和IL-6的浓度。

结果 与C组比较,术后6、12、24 h A组和B组恶心呕吐严重程度评分明显升高,术后24 h TNF-α和IL-6浓度明显升高（P＜0.05）。与A组比较,B组和C组术后首次肛门排气、排便时间明显缩短（P＜0.05）。

结论 揿针联合托烷司琼能够有效预防PONV的发生,改善胃肠功能,缓解免疫抑制,减轻术后炎症反应。     

The neuroprotective effect of tropisetron on vincristine-induced neurotoxicity

Vincristine (VCR) peripheral neuropathy is a dose-limiting side effect. Several studies have shown that tropisetron, a 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Current study was designed to investigate a suppressive effect of tropisetron on VCR-induced neuropathy and whether this effect exerts through the 5-HT₃ receptor or not.Neuropathy was induced in rats by administration of vincristine (0.5 mg/kg, 3 intraperitoneal injections on alternate days) and in treatment group, tropisetron (3 mg/kg); m-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG), a selective 5-HT₃ receptor agonist (15 mg/kg); tropisetron (3 mg/kg) plus mCPBG (15 mg/kg); granisetron, another selective 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist (3 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 1 h prior to vincristine injection. Hot plate, open field tests (total distance moved, mean velocity and percentage of total duration of the movement) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were performed to evaluate the sensory and motor neuropathy. Further, plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the level of TNF-α in sciatic nerve were assessed as well as histological examination.In only VCR-treated rats hot plate latencies were significantly increased, total distance moved, mean velocity, total duration of the movement and sciatic MNCV significantly decreased compared with control. In tropisetron and tropisetron plus mCPBG groups, one injection of tropisetron prior to each VCR injection robustly diminished TNF-α and IL-2 levels, and also prevented mixed sensory-motor neuropathy, as indicated by less mortality rate, better general conditions, behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Moreover, pathological evidence confirmed the results obtained from other findings. But granisetron and mCPBG had no significant effect on the mentioned parameters.In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that tropisetron significantly suppressed VCR-induced neuropathy and could be a neuroprotective agent for prevention of VCR-induced neuropathy via a receptor-independent pathway.     

3种止吐药物在晚期食管癌患者化疗中的药物经济学评价

目的：前瞻性研究本院帕洛诺司琼、阿扎司琼和托烷司琼对化疗引起恶心和呕吐的影响及对不同止吐方案进行成本-效果分析。方法：选取2018年1月~2019年12月间124例采用多西他赛+顺铂（DP）方案化疗的晚期食管癌患者作为研究对象,均签署知情同意书。将其随机分为3组（帕洛诺司琼组、阿扎司琼组和托烷司琼组）。在化疗前,分别给予相应药物预防止吐,通过MAT量表与FLIE量表对化疗相关恶心呕吐（CINV）情况进行评估,并基于医疗提供者角度,开展成本-效果分析。结果：3组抑制急性呕吐与恶心、延迟性呕吐与恶心方面,疗效比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。住院期间抑制呕吐与恶心的药物成本,三种方案有统计学差异（P<0.05）。采用最小成本法,帕洛诺司琼成本最低,具有经济性。敏感性分析结果显示：缓解恶心和呕吐,帕诺洛司琼具有经济性概率始终最高。结论：帕诺洛司琼具有较好的经济性。