神经外科重症监护病房感染患者病原菌分析

目的了解神经外科重症监护病房感染患者致病菌流行病学特征,为预防和治疗神经外科感染提供依据。方法选择神经外科重症监护病房合并感染患者85例,采集痰、脑脊液、血、静脉插管及插管周围皮肤和手术切口分泌物,按常规方法进行细菌培养、鉴定。药敏试验采用微量稀释法,以 VITEK32药物敏感分析卡获得最低抑菌浓度,以标准菌大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC29213和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853菌株进行质量控制。结果判断参照美国国立临床实验室标准委员会标准。结果 85例患者共收集致病菌256株,其中革兰阳性菌80株(31．25％);革兰阴性菌176株 (68．75％),非发酵菌93株(52．84％),肠杆菌科83株(47．16％)。药敏试验结果显示,主要的革兰阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼醋酸钙不动杆菌对碳氢酶烯类抗生素敏感;革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感率为100％。结论神经外科重症监护病房的主要致病菌以革兰阴性细菌为主,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼醋酸钙不动杆菌常见;而革兰阳性致病菌则以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主。选择抗生素应首选能覆盖主要致病菌的广谱抗生素。     

神经外科重症监护病房细菌流行及耐药性的20年监测

目的探讨神经外科重症监护病房(NSICU)医院获得性细菌感染的病原菌及其耐药情况的流行病学特点,指导临床诊疗。方法收集1995年1月~2014年11月北京天坛医院NSICU所有细菌分离株及药敏结果,统计分析其流行病学特点及耐药性变迁。比较2014年1~11月病房总体分离细菌与颅内感染分离细菌的分布及耐药性。结果 NSICU病房分离细菌5409株,其中痰标本91.57%、脑脊液3.85%、其他4.58%;革兰氏阴性菌3987株,革兰氏阳性菌1422株;排前5位的分别是铜绿假单胞菌1340株、不动杆菌属1330株、金黄色葡萄球菌1122株、克雷伯菌属588株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌209株。其中2007年1月~2014年11月颅内感染分离菌株革兰阴性菌66株,格兰阳性菌60株。革兰氏阴性菌感染中常见的不动杆菌属及铜绿假单胞菌大部分对常见的抗菌药包括碳青霉烯类抗生素广泛耐药,但颅内感染分离菌株对头孢唑肟及磺胺类敏感;革兰氏阳性菌感染中多见的葡萄球菌属对万古霉素依旧保持较高的敏感率。结论 NSICU的院内获得性感染中以肺部感染为主,致病菌主要为革兰氏阴性菌,广泛耐药的不动杆菌属及铜绿假单胞菌明显增多。而NSICU内的颅内感染的致病菌革兰阴性菌与阳性菌比例差别不大,且其耐药率与病房分离总体一致,但不动杆菌属对头孢唑肟及磺胺类敏感。     

神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学和耐药性监测研究

目的调查神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学特征,对其耐药性进行监测,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法收集我院神经外科2001-01—2014-01送检的1 823份脑脊液标本的细菌鉴定及药敏试验结果,进行统计性和描述性研究。结果从1 823份脑脊液标本中分离致病菌株316株,分离率17.33%,革兰阳性菌204株(65%),革兰阴性菌105株(33%),最常见的病原菌有凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阳性菌敏感性较高的药物为万古霉素和利奈唑胺,革兰阴性菌敏感性较高的药物为亚胺培南和美罗培南。结论神经外科患者脑脊液感染以革兰阳性球菌为主,尤以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多见。这些院内感染菌株对常用抗菌药物耐药性较社区感染严重,临床用药应根据药敏试验结果进行选择,避免不合理用药延误患者病情,加剧细菌的耐药性。     

急性化脓性脑室炎11例报道

目的 探讨急性化脓性脑室炎的细菌学、临床特点及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2013年6月至2016年8月收治的11例急性化脓性脑室炎的临床资料。结果 11例中,3例凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌感染,1例表皮葡萄球菌感染,2例金黄色葡萄球菌感染,2例鲍曼不动杆菌感染,2例铜绿假单胞菌感染,1例大肠埃希菌感染。7例临床治愈,4例死亡;治愈率为63.6%（7/11）,病死率为36.4%（4/11）。结论 急性化脓性脑室炎应早期明确病原菌、及时拔出原引流管、持续引流脑脊液,静脉或脑室予以敏感足量抗生素,以提高治愈率,改善预后。     

新型纳米银/聚氨酯胆道支架表面抗菌涂层的体外抑菌试验*

摘要 背景：胆管支架已广泛应用于胆管各种良恶性狭窄的姑息治疗,临床短期疗效显著,但长期疗效由于支架再狭窄而受到限制。 目的：研制新型纳米银/聚氨酯胆管内支架复合抗菌涂层并检测其体外抗菌性能。 方法：原位还原法用纳米银、聚氨酯制备纳米银/聚氨酯抗菌材料,采用抑菌环试验法分别测定实验组(纳米银/聚氨酯)、阳性对照(硝酸银纸片)和阴性对照(普通聚氨酯材料)3组对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌环直径并记录分析数据。 结果与结论：纳米银/聚氨酯在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和肠球菌均有抑制效果,与硝酸银纸片相比,抑菌效果差异无显著性意义。结果显示纳米银/聚氨酯复合物具有良好的抗菌效果,且具有较好的稳定性。 关键词：纳米银;聚氨酯;复合材料;抑菌;应用 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.03.018     

50000/聚乙烯表面菌膜抑制及表征

目的：研究抗感染聚乙烯材料的抗菌效果和在菌液中对材料表面菌膜形成的抑制作用。 方法：材料制备：低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）与有机和无机两种抗菌剂混合后先挤出造粒，然后注塑成片。实验评估：①用活菌平板计数法测定材料的抗菌性能。②平板超声波法及扫描电镜判断材料表面菌膜的形成。 结果：①两种改性抗菌材料对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有良好的抗菌效果，抗菌率达到99.9%。②细菌菌膜（菌膜）的形成主要包括粘附、繁殖和成熟3个阶段，添加有机抗菌剂的试样在菌膜形成前就可以显著抑制细菌在其表面生长，从而抑制菌膜形成，扫描电镜结果表明其表面未见菌膜形成。空白试样和无机抗菌试样表面均有大量细菌和细胞外基质粘附。 结论：有机抗菌聚乙烯对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有良好的抑菌作用，可抑制细菌在材料表面形成菌膜，为防治医用导管相关感染提供了新的途径。     

全膝关节置换50例：放置引流的随机对照比较

目的：比较全膝关节置换术后不放引流和放置引流对患肢周径、血红蛋白水平、膝关节功能和伤口愈合情况的影响。 方法：选择中国医学科学院北京协和医院骨科收治的因晚期膝关节病变而行全膝关节表面置换术的患者50例，男12例，女38例，年龄33~76岁，平均64.2岁。根据置换后是否放置引流将患者分为不放引流组和放置引流组，每组25例，均常规行全膝关节置换术，并比较两组患者置换前和置换后1周的患肢周径(膝上10 cm/膝下10 cm)、血红蛋白水平、膝关节活动度及伤口愈合情况。 结果：置换前、置换后1周不放引流组患者膝上10 cm和膝下10 cm患肢周径、血红蛋白水平、膝关节活动度与放置引流组相比，差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。不放引流组和放置引流组的所有病例，伤口均一期良好愈合，无脂肪液化、伤口感染等。 结论：全膝关节置换术后放置引流管较不放引流并无明显优点。     

儿童化脓性脑膜炎病原菌和敏感抗生素的统计分析

目的：对在本院就诊的儿童化脓性脑膜炎患儿的病原菌和敏感抗生素使用情况进行统计分析，为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考。方法2011-06-2013-08在我院就诊的73例化脓性脑膜炎儿童的脑脊液或血液进行病原菌培养，对病原菌的分布特点及耐药性进行统计分析。结果共检出84株病原菌，革兰氏阳性菌42株，革兰氏阴性菌42株；检出率前六位的病原菌分别是金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和溶血性葡萄球菌；不同年龄段化脓性脑膜炎儿童病原菌的分布存在差异；金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素和氨苄西林完全耐药，对庆大霉素敏感；肺炎链球菌对红霉素完全耐药；肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林和红霉素完全耐药，对环丙沙星和氯霉素较敏感；革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均对万古霉素敏感。结论金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎链球菌是本院化脓性脑膜炎儿童常见病原菌，病原菌的分布在不同年龄段存在差异，临床用药时应根据病原菌的种类和耐药性合理选用。     

神经内科医院获得性肺炎临床研究

目的探讨神经内科住院患者不同时间发生的医院内获得性肺炎（HAP）的危险因素、病原体构成及抗菌药物敏感性的时间差异。方法在同济医院神经内科回顾调查2004年1月-2006年5月间痰培养致病菌阳性HAP病例，记录患者性别、年龄、病种、相关因素及致病菌药敏试验结果，并比较早、中、晚发HAP的相关因素、病原体构成及其抗菌药物敏感性的差异。结果共有93例患者入选，入院时间≤5d发病者（早发）23例，6～14d发病者（中发）54例，≥15d发病者（晚发）16例；不同时间发生的HAP的高危因素有所差异，以昏迷和气管切开为主要高危因素；分离出致病菌225株，其中铜绿假单胞菌（53株）、金黄色葡萄球菌（33株）、耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）（27株）、鲍曼氏不动杆菌（25株）、阴沟肠杆菌（21株）和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（18株）为最多见的前6位致病菌；统计学分析显示不同发病时间的HAP中铜绿假单胞、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌构成比有统计学意义（P〈0．05），即早发性HAP以嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌最常见（20．0％），阴沟肠杆菌（13．3％）占有一定比例，而晚发性HAP以铜绿假单胞菌（43．7％）和耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）（9．86％）为主；HAP病原体药物敏感性受发病时间影响明显，在早发敏感性较高，而晚期重症HAP病原菌的敏感性低。结论同济医院神经内科不同发病时间HAP的病原体构成具有明显差别，早发病例中药物敏感菌多见。     

神经重症监护患者医院获得性肺炎的临床特点分析

目的：探讨神经重症监护患者治疗中，患者出现医院获得性肺炎的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2012-04-2014-04在我院接受神经重症监护的98例患者的临床资料。结果患者入院后对其痰液进行菌种培养，阳性比例不断上升，第5天全部呈现阳性，差异均具有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）；革兰阴性菌中数量最多为铜绿假单胞菌48株，革兰阳性菌中72株为金黄色葡萄球菌。结论革兰阴性菌是导致神经重症监护患者医院获得性肺炎的常见病原菌，同时患者住院期间，要格外重视由革兰阳性菌导致的医院获得性肺炎。     

Heparin binding protein is increased in chronic leg ulcer fluid and released from granulocytes by secreted products of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Recently it was demonstrated by Gautam, et al. that release of neutrophil-borne heparin-binding protein (HBP), also known as CAP37/azurocidin, induced endothelial hyperpermeability and neutrophil efflux. Here, we show that chronic leg ulcer fluid, in contrast to wound fluid from acute wounds, contains highly increased levels of HBP. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of HBP in chronic ulcer tissues. Furthermore, secreted products of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to induce release of HBP from human neutrophils. Our data suggest a possible link between bacterial presence and HBP-release in chronic ulcers. Thus, targeting HBP offers an interesting option for reduction of endothelial barrier dysfunction in chronic ulcers.     

Randomised,double blind,multicentre, placebo controlled study of sulodexide in the treatment of venous leg ulcers

Sulodexide, a highly purified glycosaminoglycan, was investigated for treatment of venous leg ulcers. Patients (n = 235) undergoing local treatment including wound care and compression bandaging, were randomised to receive either sulodexide or matching placebo for three months. Primary study endpoint was complete ulcer healing after 2 months; secondary endpoints were ulcer healing at 3 months and the time-course changes of ulcer areas. The proportion of patients with complete ulcer healing was higher with sulodexide at 2 months (p = 0.018) and 3 months. The "number needed to treat" to obtain one additional patient healed with sulodexide was 7 at 2 months and 5 at 3 months. The changes in ulcer surface area with time were significant for sulodexide only (p = 0.004). Fibrinogen significantly decreased in sulodexide patients (p = 0.006). In conclusion, sulodexide associated with local treatment proved to be effective and well tolerated in the management of venous leg ulcers.     

Clinical implications of gene polymorphisms in venous leg ulcer: a model in tissue injury and reparative process

Wound healing is a multi-step process involving complex pathways at cell and molecular level. Lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of impaired healing in chronic leg ulcers limits clinical assessment and management. In addition, individual genetic background certainly affects the response to treatment and specifically modulates the unfavourable lesion environment. Although the number of actors involved in the aetiology of chronic wounds is extremely high, the ability to find out groups of candidate genes on the basis of clinical and physio-pathological findings is a crucial step. The present review demonstrates how recognition of functional gene variants, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), significantly involved in wound healing and venous ulcer establishment, extraordinarily helps prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of chronic wounds. We deal with on how one can manage SNPs in coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) and hemochromatosis (HFE) genes as molecular markers or prognostic tools. In this fashion, we could pave the way for strategies aimed to single out in advance categories of patients at increased risk to develop severe complications of chronic venous disorders, or to predict the healing time after surgical intervention. Because of its relevant epidemiology and its easily visualized lesions, venous leg ulcer is an ideal model for investigating, the mechanisms of tissue injury and reparative process, as well as the influence of different genetic backgrounds.     

异体骨髓间充质干细胞治疗大鼠糖尿病足溃疡及血管内皮生长因子的表达☆

背景：目前在临床多采用自体骨髓干细胞及自体外周血干细胞治疗糖尿病足溃疡,少见利用骨髓间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病足溃疡的基础研究。 目的：观察局部移植异体骨髓间充质干细胞治疗大鼠糖尿病足溃疡的效果及血管内皮生长因子的全身及局部表达情况。 方法：取雄性Wistar大鼠90只,随机数字表法分为3组：对照组(正常足部溃疡)、干细胞治疗组、糖尿病对照组。干细胞治疗组、糖尿病对照组建立2型糖尿病足溃疡模型,造模后分别注射同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞、干细胞培养基DMEM。造模后第1,4,8天观察各组大鼠溃疡面积、细胞核染色示踪及病理学检查,ELISA法测外周血血管内皮生长因子浓度、Western-blotting法测局部血管内皮生长因子浓度。 结果与结论：与糖尿病对照组比较,干细胞治疗组溃疡愈合速度迅速,但仍较对照组愈合缓慢,外周血中血管内皮生长因子表达增高,也未达到正常水平。异体干骨髓间充质干细胞治疗前期(1~4 d)能明显提高局部血管内皮生长因子浓度,但在后期(8 d)局部浓度提高不足。干细胞治疗组愈合缓慢,表皮覆盖不完全,但较糖尿病对照组愈合明显提前,表皮覆盖较明显;细胞核染色示移植后干细胞均聚集于溃疡区周围。提示异体移植骨髓间充质干细胞可促进大鼠糖尿病足溃疡的愈合,其促进愈合的可能机制为其上调了血管内皮生长因子在全身尤其局部的表达。     

Prostacyclin for ischemic ulcers in peripheral arterial disease. A random assignment, placebo controlled study

A 72 h infusion of prostacyclin or placebo was given into femoral artery as a treatment for ischemic ulcers in 30 patients with peripheral arterial disease. Patients were well matched for age, sex, type and localization of disease, rest pain, number and area of ulcers, calf blood flow and previous sympathectomies. They had no diabetes mellitus, gangrene or marked aorto-iliac involvement. Six weeks after the infusion there was a significant difference in ulcer area between the two groups (p less than 0.02, t unpaired test): mean ulcer area decreased (p less than 0.02, t paired test) in the prostacyclin-treated group, but not in the placebo group (p greater than 0.05, t paired test). Thus, intra-arterial infusion of prostacyclin promotes healing of ischemic ulcers in non-diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease without gangrene.     

原位定型微囊化载体制剂在糖尿病大鼠皮肤溃疡中的作用

背景：原位定型微囊化载体制剂成分之一胰岛素可以促进溃疡愈合。 目的：观察原位定型微囊化载体制剂在糖尿病大鼠皮肤溃疡中的疗效。 方法：腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型,应用外科方法建立全层皮肤缺损模型。根据皮肤溃疡处干预方式将实验动物分为4组。①空白对照组用生理盐水处理创面。②一般制剂组应用甲硝唑+山莨菪硷1+普通短效胰岛素处理创面。③单纯微囊组创面外敷不含有效药物成分的微囊化载体膜。④微囊化有效制剂组溃疡处外涂微囊化载体制剂膜,内含药物成分与一般制剂组相同。定时测量溃疡面积,记录溃疡愈合时间,取创面全层组织进行组织学观察,测定表皮生长因子受体、纤维连接蛋白阳性细胞数量。 结果与结论：微囊化有效制剂组大鼠溃疡愈合时间短于其他3组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),微囊化有效制剂组表皮生长因子受体和纤维连接蛋白阳性细胞数目高于其他各组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。结果表明,原位定型微囊化载体制剂能够缩短愈合时间和促进糖尿病大鼠皮肤溃疡愈合。     

Inability to cope with environmental stress: peptic ulcers in mentally retarded persons

Mentally retarded persons in the protective environment of an institution developed more peptic ulcers than the general population. We sought to determine whether their physical and mental handicaps may have a relationship to this disease. Thirty seven mentally retarded institutionalized ulcer patients were compared to 37 non-ulcer controls matched for age and sex, who were also similar in IQ and mental retardation diagnoses. A stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that the ulcer group was more limited by chronic diseases and inability to ambulate. Also differentiating the groups were ulcer patients having more cerebral palsy, more visual deficit, and more limited motor and sphincter control than non-ulcer subjects. We conclude that helplessness in responding to environmental demands produces stress sufficient to induce peptic ulcers, even in severely mentally retarded persons.     

Intraventricular antibiotic therapy]

While shunt infections are regularly treated with intraventricular antibiotics, the validity of such an application in bacterial meningitis of other origin is controversial. We report two cases of partly successful treatment with intraventricular Ceftazidime (10-20 mg twice per week). One patient with pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis who was treated as an out-patient for nearly two years died after an attempted withdrawal of the intraventricular treatment. In our experience, intraventricular application of antibiotics can be a part of the therapeutic regimen in all cases of chronic meningitis with problematic bacteria. Depending on the bacillus, Ceftazidime, Vancomycin or Netilmicin can be recommended for intrathecal application.     

Changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide innervation of rat oxyntic mucosa during ulcer healing

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide belong to the same neuropeptide family. Both peptides are present in nerve fibers in the gastric wall and are thought to be involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Experimental ulcers were induced in the rat gastric mucosa by local application of acetic acid. During the healing process we examined the PACAP and VIP innervation by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The ulcer area was examined from day 1 to day 15 after ulcer induction. There was a marked depletion of PACAP in nerve fibers at the ulcer margin from day 1 and onwards. On day 10 and day 15, PACAP-immunoreactive nerve fibers could again be visualized at the ulcer margin. In contrast, VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers were present at the ulcer margin at all time points studied. From day 10 following ulcer induction PACAP- and VIP- immunoreactive nerve fibers were increased in frequency in the smooth muscle beneath the ulcer. An upregulation of VIP and PACAP mRNA was also demonstrated in the myenteric ganglia adjacent to ulcer. The present results indicate that neuronal PACAP and VIP react differently to the inflammation at the ulcer margin but similarly in the smooth muscle during the ulcer healing.     

Deep venous thrombosis of the leg due to psychiatric stupor

Abstract  We report the cases of two patients with psychiatric stupor who developed venous thrombosis. A 29-year-old schizophrenic woman had been hospitalized in psychiatric institutions three times because of stupor associated with auditory hallucinations and thought blocking. These symptoms recurred and she was admitted to our hospital with deep venous thrombosis of her left leg. The other patient was a 67-year-old woman with depression. She had also suffered from insomnia. Following admission to our hospital, she developed a depressive stupor complicated by deep venous thrombosis of her left leg. Both cases were treated with sodium heparin and urokinase, and completely resolved. It is well known that dehydration, infection and decubitus ulcers are important physical complications of psychiatric stupor, but there have been few reports of deep venous thrombosis as a physical complication of stupor.