术中超声纠错在神经影像导航显微手术中的应用

目的　介绍术中实时B超在神经影像导航手术中的应用 ,探讨超声纠错在解决脑移位所造成误差中的价值。方法　运用StealthStation神经影像导航系统完成 2 6例显微神经外科手术 ,使用ALOKA术中B超动态了解病变移位情况、进行实时纠错并判断病变切除程度。结果　所有病变均定位准确 ,2 6例病变中 ,2 4例全切 ,2例次全切除 ,术后未出现明显并发症 ,无手术死亡。结论　术中超声纠错是解决神经导航手术中脑组织移位误差的有效方法 ,超声与导航的结合使得手术定位更加准确。     

3-D超声在神经导航手术中的应用研究进展

传统神经导航系统很难解决开颅手术中的脑组织移位问题,单纯利用术前影像资料在术中无法进行准确导航,术中需要实时进行调整。术中3-D超声使用方便、快速,可以获得更新的高质量3-D图像,用其导航可以最大限度地减少脑组织移位所带来的误差;在手术过程中能够多次进行,可较好地解决脑组织移位问题。     

神经导航辅助内镜在神经外科手术中的应用

目的：探讨神经导航辅助内镜在神经外科手术中的应用价值。方法：术前对7例颅内囊性病变(4例透明隔囊肿．3例颅咽管瘤)，4例梗阻性脑积水，1例侧脑室内囊虫病患者进行磁共振扫描，图像资料传人ASA-610V导航计算机工作站．制定手术计划，术中导航实时引导，内镜准确穿刺脑室及病灶，按照手术计划进行造瘘或活检术。结果：导航引导下1例脑室内囊虫病病灶顺利找寻并摘除，7例颅内囊性病变及4例梗阻性脑积水顺利穿刺造瘘(2例多房性颅咽管进行多房造瘘)，术后复查囊腔或脑室明显缩小，未出现并发症。结论：神经导航可以实时引导内镜正确辨认方向，尤其在解剖结构显示不清时，帮助安全、准确地找寻病灶，减少了并发症，缩短了手术时间。     

神经导航在颅脑微创手术中的临床应用

目的研究在神经导航指引下微创手术切除颅内病变的临床效果。方法对33例患者进行术中实时导航，小皮瓣锁孔微创手术，显微镜下切除病变。结果33例颅内病变显微镜下全切26例，次全切6例，大部切除1例。28例术后功能有所好转或无变化，5例出现功能障碍。本组未出现术中、术后死亡。结论神经导航能精确的定位、动态跟踪、实时导航，在神经导航指引的锁孔微创手术，可以提高手术治疗效果，减少手术副损伤。     

神经导航术中脑移位的研究

目的定量研究不同神经导航手术中的脑移位,评价术中脑移位对神经导航手术定位准确性的影响。方法在73例颅脑手术中应用StealthStation神经导航系统指导手术操作,制作骨瓣前在骨窗外作对照参考点,然后分别测量硬膜、皮层和病灶移位程度,并分别对不同病理性质肿瘤的移位情况进行分析。结果平均注册误差(2.13±0.74)mm,术中持续准确性为(1.17±0.67)mm;所有73例的硬膜、皮层和病灶移位程度分别为(2.80±2.48)mm、(5.14±4.05)mm以及(3.53±3.67)mm。胶质瘤组的硬膜、皮层和病灶移位均是最大的,而海绵状血管瘤组以及颅底肿瘤组的移位明显低于胶质瘤组。结论术中脑移位是影响神经导航手术定位准确性的重要因素,对不同性质和部位病变术中脑移位的了解有助于指导手术操作。     

术中实时超声导航在脑深部肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 利用Brain Lab整体超声导航实时监测并切除脑深部肿瘤,探讨术中超声结合导航在神经外科手术中的价值.方法 应用Brain Lab整体超声导航系统对30例脑深部肿瘤进行显微神经外科手术,结合导航图像,术中超声动态了解病变移位情况,实时显示病变边界,进行移位后病灶的全切除.结果 术中实时超声证实在30例导航手术过程中均有不同程度的病灶移位,在超声引导下,探寻残余肿瘤并在监测下进一步全切除,术后未出现明显的并发症.结论 术中整体超声导航不仅可以在移位情况下重新准确定位肿瘤边界,而且可以在实时超声监测下进一步切除肿瘤,缩短手术时间,增加了全切除率,提高了手术的安全性.     

神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用

目的探讨神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用。方法对30例脑室系统病变,包括12例实质性肿瘤、10例梗阻性脑积水、8例囊性病变患者用神经导航制定手术计划,术中导航引导内镜,按投射轨迹、靶点进行穿刺、活检或肿瘤切除。结果全部病例均能顺利、准确进行手术操作。2例囊性肿瘤和3例实质性肿瘤全切除,8例实质性肿瘤行活检和第三脑室底造瘘,6例囊性病变行造瘘和囊壁部分切除,1例实质性肿瘤行透明隔造瘘和肿瘤部分切除,10例脑积水行第三脑室底造瘘,未出现并发症。结论神经导航辅助的内镜技术最大限度的减少了对脑组织的创伤,明显提高了神经内镜手术的安全性和准确性。     

术中MRI技术在神经外科的应用

随着导航技术应用的增多，人们发现导航系统工作原理上也有明显缺陷，其所依靠的影像学数据是手术前的，术中脑组织的空间定位已经与手术前的情况大相径庭了，随着手术的进行，导航的定位精度会越来越差。虽然通过一些粗略简单的方法可以减少和补偿一部分术中脑移位的影响，但作为一种致力于术中精确定位的高新技术，以上情况显然与运用这项技术的初衷不一致。最佳的解决方法是获得术中实时的脑组织影像数据，更新导航系统。     

实时超声导航在脑深部病灶手术中的应用

目的 评价实时超声导航系统在脑深部病变手术中的应用,总结应用术中实时超声解决脑移位、指导病灶切除的经验.方法 应用Vector Vision Compact神经导航系统结合术中实时超声对15例脑深部病灶行手术治疗.术中应用超卢指示病灶位置,在脑组织移位时利用实时超声对病灶进行手术中再定位、导向,并监测残余病灶的切除.结果 术中经超声探查和术前导航影像对比,发现有11例病灶有不同程度的移位,在实时超声的引导下纠正脑移位及切除病灶,全切除12例,近全切除2例,1例炎性病灶行活组织检查证实为慢性肉芽肿.结论 术中实时超声能进行病灶的实时定位引导,监测病灶深度,确定切除范围,避开功能区皮质和深部重要结构,对手术残余进行判断和指导再次切除,故有助于提高手术疗效,降低手术并发症.     

神经导航手术操作系统在中枢神经系统疾病中的应用研究

目的 评价神经导航手术操作系统在显微神经外科手术中的应用价值,包括定位的精确性,应用范围,最佳手术入路设计,安全可靠性。方法 对65例颅内及椎管内病变患者在神经导航手术操作系统下行显微神经外科手术治疗。结果 所有病灶均精确定位,平均误差为1.7mm,所有手术入路设计可在术前完成,避开功能区,使病灶完整或最大限度切除,同时保留正常脑组织及重要结构。结论 神经导航系统应用于显微神经外科手术中,准确性高,可靠性强,切除病灶彻底。副损伤小。特别是对于深部病变可精确定位,经脑沟、脑裂显微手术入路,术后病人恢复快。术中存在脑组织移位的问题．但在可接受范围内,本组病例无由此引起的不良后果。     

The relationship between eye movement and brain structural abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives

Schizophrenia is associated with subtle eye movement and brain structural abnormalities, but the extent to which these abnormalities occur in the same individuals is unclear. The relationship between quantitative measures of eye movement task performance (smooth pursuit and antisaccade) and MRI volumetric measurements (whole brain volume, prefrontal region, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, hippocampus, and cerebellum) was assessed in 70 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 105 of their unaffected first-degree relatives and 68 controls. There was a lack of correlation between eye movement and morphometric abnormalities suggesting largely separable neurobiological pathways underlying the morphological and the eye movement deviations that have previously been identified in these patients. However, in the total sample, smaller prefrontal lobe volume was significantly associated with longer latency of correct antisaccades (partial correlation r=-0.22, p=0.01) in line with previous studies demonstrating the importance of frontal lobe structures in performance of the antisaccade task. Also larger third ventricular volume was associated with larger mean amplitude of intrusive saccades during smooth pursuit (r=0.28, p=0.01). There were no significant between-group differences in the relationship between measures of eye movement and morphometry.     

Total intracranial and lateral ventricle volumes measurement in Alzheimer’s disease: A methodological study

Measuring of brain and its compartments’ sizes from magnetic resonance (MR) images is an effective way to assess disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The objective of this study was to compare total intracranial volume (TIV) and lateral ventricle volume (LVV) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease with those in elderly control subjects, and to compare an automated method (automatic lateral ventricle delineation [ALVIN]) and a manual method (ImageJ). MRI of the brain was performed on 20 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 18 control subjects. The TIV was calculated by a manual method and the LVV was calculated by using two methods: an automated and manual method. We found a significant increase in LVVs in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared to control subjects, but no difference in TIV between the two groups. A perfect agreement, with 0.989 (0.973–0.996) intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 0.978 (0.946–0.991) concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), was observed between the manual and automatic lateral ventricle measurements in Alzheimer patients. The results revealed that LVV measure has predictive performance in AD. We demonstrated that ALVIN and ImageJ are both effective in determining lateral ventricular volume, providing an objective tool for quantitative assessment of AD.     

Direction and Predictive Factors for the Shift of Brain Structure During Deep Brain Stimulation Electrode Implantation for Advanced Parkinson's Disease

Objectives. The aims of this study were to clarify the direction and degree of brain shift, and to determine the predictive factors for a brain shift during deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Materials and Methods. To evaluate the brain shift during bilateral STN‐DBS, the position of the anterior commissure (AC), posterior commissure (PC), midcommissure point (MC), and tip of the frontal lobe and anterior horn of the lateral ventricle were calculated pre‐ and poststereotactic operations in the three‐dimensional direction employing special software (Leksell SurgiPlan). To determine the predictive factors for a brain shift, patient's age, operation hours, width of the third ventricle, bicaudate index (BCI), and cella media index (CMI) were compared with the shift of MC. Results. In 50 patients, the MC shifted mainly in the posterior direction (y‐axis: 1.27 ± 0.7 mm), and the shifts in the inferior direction (z‐axis: 0.11 ± 0.43 mm) and lateral direction (x‐axis: 0.02 ± 0.39 mm) were small. The shift of the MC in the posterior direction correlated well with the shift of the tip of the anterior lobe and anterior horn. Among the predictive factors examined, namely, the patient's age, operation hours, width of the third ventricle, BCI, and CMI, only the CMI showed a correlation with the shift of the MC (r = 0.42, p < 0.01, Pearson's correlation coefficient; and p < 0.05, logistic regression analysis). Conclusions. In bilateral STN‐DBS, brain shift occurred mainly in the posterior direction, and the CMI is useful for the prediction of a brain shift. Enlargement of the body part of the lateral ventricle is the most reliable factor for predicting a brain shift.     

Transcranial colour-coded sonography for the bedside evaluation of mass effect after stroke

Repeated cranial computerized tomography scan examination in patients with elevated intracranial pressure is time consuming and requires patient transportation. We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic value of transcranial duplex sonography as a bedside tool for detection of the mass effect after space-occupying ischemic stroke and brain haemorrhage and for evaluating the width and dislocation of the ventricular system and the dislocation of brain mid-line structures. We used transcranial duplex sonography in 21 consecutive patients with space-occupying ischemic middle cerebral artery infarction and brain haemorrhage. The transcranial duplex sonography examinations were performed within 2 h before or after corresponding follow-up cranial computerized tomography scans. We measured the third ventricular width as a parameter for infratentorial and the mid-line shift for supratentorial space-occupying effect. In all patients, mid-line structures could be identified by transcranial duplex sonography. Significant third ventricular dilation was found subsequently in most patients with infratentorial mass effect, and mid-line shift occurred in all patients with supratentorial space-occupying lesions, respectively. The mean difference (absolute values) between transcranial duplex sonography and cranial computerized tomography measurements was 0.8 mm for the ventricular width (standard deviation 1 mm) and 1.1 mm for the mid-line shift (standard deviation: 1.46 mm), with a tendency for these parameters to be underestimated at higher values using transcranial duplex sonography. The linear correlation coefficients were R = 0.97 and R = 0.94, respectively. Transcranial duplex sonography appears to be a sufficiently reliable bedside method for evaluating the width and the lateral displacement of the third ventricle, as validated by cranial computerized tomography scan. Thus, it may be suitable for monitoring the space-occupying effect of both supra- and infratentorial strokes during treatment on critical care and stroke units.     

Variability of V waves of auditory evoked potentials in patients with supratentorial transverse displacement of the brain caused by intracranial hematoma

The authors present a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the V wave of the brain stem auditory evoked potentials in relation to the degree of transverse shifting of the third ventricle. The investigations were carried out in 48 patients with non-traumatic intracerebral haematoma. A high correlation was found between the size of the amplitude and ventricle shift. No such correlation was observed with the interpeak time of the I--V waves.     

Cerebral Atrophy Measurement in Clinically Isolated Syndromes and Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparison of Registration-Based Methods

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain atrophy is a proposed marker of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Many magnetic resonance imaging-based methods of atrophy quantification exist, but their relative sensitivity and precision is unclear. Our aim was to compare atrophy rates from the brain boundary shift integral (BBSI), structural image evaluation, using normalization of atrophy (SIENA) (both registration-based methods) and segmented brain volume difference, in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS), relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), and controls. METHODS: Thirty-seven CIS patients, 30 with early RRMS and 16 controls had T1-weighted volumetric imaging at baseline and 1 year. Brain atrophy rates were determined using segmented brain volume difference, BBSI, and SIENA. RESULTS: BBSI and SIENA were more precise than subtraction of segmented brain volumes and were more sensitive distinguishing RRMS subjects from controls. A strong correlation was observed between BBSI and SIENA. Atrophy rates were greater in CIS and RRMS subjects than controls (RRMS P < .001). With all methods, significantly greater atrophy rates were observed in CIS patients who developed clinically definite MS relative to subjects who did not. CONCLUSION: Registration-based techniques are more precise and sensitive than segmentation-based methods in measuring brain atrophy, with BBSI and SIENA providing comparable results.     

颅脑损伤患者手术预后因素回归分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤手术病人手术结果与术前诸多影响因素之间的关系。方法采用回顾性方法，收集148例患者临床资料，整理并输入EXCEL表格。将性别、年龄、入院时GCS评分、是否急诊气管切开、血肿量及类型、中线移位程度等分析指标以及手术结果（以GOS表示）赋值量化后用SPSS11．0统计包进行一系列统计学处理，得出有意义指标及多元回归方程。结果单因素分析表明手术预后与血肿量大小、中线移位程度、入院时GCS评分、硬膜下血肿存在与否、硬膜外血肿存在与否、是否存在脑肿胀有关。但多元逐步回归分析结果表明手术预后仅与入院时GCS评分、硬膜下血肿存在与否、血肿量大小、是否合并脑肿胀显著相关。结论临床颅脑损伤手术结果与多因素有关，它们之间并非互相独立而是彼此影响的。但临床工作中更应注意入院时GCS评分、硬膜下血肿存在与否、血肿量大小、是否合并脑肿胀这4个影响因素。     

Effects of acute dehydration on brain morphology in healthy humans

Dehydration can affect brain structure which has important implications for human health. In this study, we measured regional changes in brain structure following acute dehydration. Healthy volunteers received a structural MRI scan before and after an intensive 90-min thermal-exercise dehydration protocol. We used two techniques to determine changes in brain structure: a manual point counting technique using MEASURE, and a fully automated voxelwise analysis using SIENA. After the exercise regime, participants lost (2.2% +/- 0.5%) of their body mass. Using SIENA, we detected expansion of the ventricular system with the largest change occurring in the left lateral ventricle (P = 0.001 corrected for multiple comparisons) but no change in total brain volume (P = 0.13). Using manual point counting, we could not detect any change in ventricular or brain volume, but there was a significant correlation between loss in body mass and third ventricular volume increase (r = 0.79, P = 0.03). These results show ventricular expansion occurs following acute dehydration, and suggest that automated longitudinal voxelwise analysis methods such as SIENA are more sensitive to regional changes in brain volume over time compared with a manual point counting technique.     

线性法测量皮质下缺血性血管病患者脑萎缩及其与认知损害的相关性分析

目的通过线性法测量皮质下缺血性血管病(SIVD)患者脑萎缩,分析其与认知功能损害的相关性。方法共纳入SIVD组50例,健康对照组50例。所有入组对象均完成一般情况评定、Mo CA量表评估认知功能、头颅MRI检查,线性法进行脑萎缩测量。结果 SIVD组代表脑室系统横径的测量值及脑沟测量值,除桥池宽度外,均较对照组显著增大(P 0. 05)。SIVD组的脑萎缩测量相对值除脑干指数外,均显著高于对照组(P 0. 05)。SIVD组双侧侧脑室两额角间最宽距离、双侧侧脑室额角两侧尾状核头间最小距离、第三脑室宽度、双侧侧脑室腰部外侧壁最小距离与Mo CA评分呈显著负相关(P 0. 05)。SIVD组脑萎缩测量相对值中的额角指数、尾状核指数、哈氏值、第三脑室宽度与视空间能力、计算力、延迟记忆和定向力均呈负相关(P 0. 05)。结论 SIVD患者存在明显的皮质和皮质下萎缩,并与认知功能损害相关。哈氏值、额角指数、尾状核指数、第三脑室宽度可作为SIVD患者脑萎缩的预测指标,提示执行功能/视空间及计算力、记忆力的损害。     

Relation between brain displacement and local cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic subdural haematoma

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relation between brain displacement, clinical signs and symptoms, and local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) in patients with chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH). METHODS: Forty five patients (age range 58-87 years, mean 71.9 (SD 8.4)) with unilateral CSDH were studied. Patients were categorised into three groups: I, headache (n=16); II, paresis (n=14); and III, mental change (n=15). T1 weighted MR images were obtained in all patients preoperatively. Quantitative values of maximum haematoma thickness, midline shift, and brain rotation angle were measured on axial and coronal MR images. In 21 patients, lCBF was measured by Xe enhanced CT. Values for lCBF were obtained in selected regions of interest in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and hemisphere on both the haematoma and contralateral sides. RESULTS: The lCBF reduction in the ipsilateral frontal cortex showed the best linear correlation with haematoma thickness (r=0.57), whereas the reduction in the ipsilateral thalamus had the most significant correlation with pineal shift (r=0.65) and third ventricle incline (r=0.67). In patients with paresis, lCBF decreased significantly on the ipsilateral side of both the frontal cortex and thalamus (p<0.05), whereas patients with mental change showed a significant reduction of lCBF on both sides of the thalamus (p<0.01) and in the ipsilateral frontal cortex (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The lCBF reduction and clinical symptoms correlated well with local brain displacement in patients with CSDH. The lCBF in the central cerebral area including the thalamus was reduced in patients with clinical signs. The mental changes found were thought to derive from mild impairment of consciousness due to upper brain stem displacement.