晚发型情感性障碍的遗传方式探讨

目的探讨晚发型情感性障碍的遗传方式。方法对６７例３０岁以后首次发病的情感性障碍家系采用分离分析和多基因阈值理论进行遗传方式的探讨。结果加权平均遗传率为５３０％±１１６％，预期发病率为１４６％，与实际发病率１２７％比较无显著性差异。结论提示晚发型情感性障碍的遗传方式为多基因遗传方式。     

情感性障碍遗传方式初探（附159例分析）

对１５９例情感性障碍先证者的家系资料进行分离分析，依据孟德尔基因组合和分离定律，运用统计学方法，对观察值和预期值作ｘ＾２吻合检测，结果不支持常染色体单基因显性遗传、常染色体单基因隐性遗传是情感性障碍遗传方式的观点，而倾向于多基因遗传。     

548例情感性障碍家系调查研究

目的 探讨情感性障碍的遗传现状及遗传方式。方法 对情感性障碍的家系进行调查,将所得结果汇总分析。结果 情感性障碍有明显的家族聚集倾向,年轻人(27.6±11.3)岁易发,遗传因素对发病起重要作用,其遗传方式符合多基因遗传。结论 遗传因素在情感性障碍的病因中起相当作用,对于有阳性家族史的年轻人,进行心理卫生保健非常重要。     

双相情感性障碍的分离分析

本研究采用逻辑回归分离分析方法，对７８个双相情感障碍性碍家系进行遗传方式分析，发现其遗传方式符合ＴＡＢＦｒｅｅ模型，认为双相情感性障碍具有遗传主基因效应，但不符合孟德尔遗传规律。     

情感性障碍高发家系的遗传学调查

本文调查３０例情感性障碍高发家系的一、二、三级亲属成员共１０９６人，患各类精神疾病１０５例，患病率为９．５８％，其中情感性障碍６４例，占６０．９５％．调查资料表明，各级亲属患病率是亲缘关系越近，患病率越高，远超于群体患病率。本文还就遗传方式进行了探讨，提出情感性障碍以伴性遗传的可能性大．     

高发情感性障碍的遗传方式探讨

目的 探讨４５个高发情感性障碍的家系的遗传方式。方法 按中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第二版（ＣＣＭＤ－２）及美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第三版修订本（ＤＳＭ－Ⅲ－Ｒ）的情感障碍诊断标准，均符合者选为样本进行家系调查。结果 其遗传方式为多基因遗传，其加权平均遗传率为１３２．２７％，结论 认为本病可能具有一个显性主基因的多基因遗传。     

早发型情感性精神障碍的遗传方式探讨

探讨早发型情感性障碍的遗传方式。方法对１１３例３０岁以前首次发病的情感性精神障碍的家系，采用分离分析及多基因阈值理论进行遗传方式的探讨。结果遗传方式符合常染色体显性遗传及多基因遗传方式。结论提示早发型情感性精神障碍的遗传方式存在异质性     

双相情感性障碍亚型家系研究

目的 :探讨双相情感性障碍亚型家系的遗传方式。　方法 :按 CCMD- 2及 DSM- - R的情感障碍诊断标准 ,对 12 6例符合者进行家系调查。　结果 :其遗传方式为多基因遗传 ,其加权平均遗传率为 ( 10 2 .99± 2 .14 ) %。　结论 :该病可能具有一个显性主基因的多基因遗传     

62例情感性障碍家系调查

对住院的62例情感性障碍家系亲属中精神疾病的患病情况进行了调查，发现本病有极高的家族聚集性，血缘关系越近，亲属患病率越高，其遗传方式不符合常染色体单基因显性和隐性遗传，符合多基因遗传，认为做好精神卫生宣传工作十分重要。     

情感障碍的遗传方式研究

本文对62例情感性障碍患者的遗传方式作了研究,经过分离分析和多基因的阈值模式理论分析,提示高发家系单相抑郁症病人符合常染色体显性遗传,其它情感性障碍病人符合多基因遗传。其遗传度>100%。     

Developing methods for assessing quality of life in different cultural settings

Abstract. Background: This review traces the 12-year history of an international collaboration of researchers—the WHOQOL Group—who were brought together by the World Health Organisation to develop and produce a cross-cultural measure of quality of life for use in health and health care. Discussion: The theoretical and philosophical basis of the WHOQOL instrument is outlined as it evolved throughout the design and adjustment of a reflexive methodology that places an assessment of the users views at the centre of health care. The stages of research are further expanded and explained in recounting the scientific experience of this unique collaboration. The WHOQOL is available in 40 countries and most majority languages. Adaptations exist for assessing particular conditions, e. g. spirituality, religion and personal beliefs.1 The paper is based on data and experience obtained as part of the WHO study to develop a QoL measure (WHOQOL). The collaborators in this study have been at WHO Geneva: Dr. Norman Sartorius, Dr. J. Orley, Dr. Willem Kuyken and Dr. Mick Power. In the Field Research Centres collaborating investigators are Prof. Helen Herrman, Dr. H. Schofield and Ms B. Murphy, Univ. of Melbourne, Australia, Prof. Z. Metelko, Prof. S. Szabo and Mrs. M. Pibernik-Okanovic, Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Univ. of Zagreb, Croatia, Dr. N. Quemada and Dr. A. Caria, INSERM, Paris, France, Dr. S. Rajkumar and Mrs. Shuba Kumar, Madras Medical College, India, Dr. S. Saxena, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India, Dr. D. Baron and Dr. M. Amir, Ben Gurion Univ., Beer Sheeva Israel, Dr. Miyako Tazaki, Dept. of Science, Science Univ. of Tokyo, Japan and Dr. Ariko Noji, Dept. of Community Health Nursing, St. Lukes College of Nursing, Japan, Dr. G. van Heck and Mrs. J. de Vries, Tilburg Univ., The Netherlands, Prof. J. Arroyo-Sucre and Prof. Pichard-Ami, Univ. of Panama, Panama, Prof. M. Kabanov, Dr. A. Lomachenkov, and Dr. G. Burkovsky, Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Dr. R. Lucas Carrasco, Barcelona, Spain, Dr. Yooth Bodharamik and Mr. Kitikorn Meesapya, Institute of Mental Health, Bangkok, Thailand, Dr. S. Skevington, Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Bath, Bath, UK, Dr. D. Patrick, Ms M. Martin and Ms D. Wild, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, USA and Prof.W. Acuda and Dr. J. Mutambirwa, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare,Zimbabwe. An international panel of consultants includes: Dr. N. K. Aaronson, Dr. P. Bech, Dr. M. Bullinger, Dr. He-Nian Chen, Dr. J. Fox-Rushby, Dr. C. Moinpur and Dr. R. Rosser. Consultants who have advised WHO at various stages of the development of the project have included: Dr. D. Buesching, Dr. D. Bucquet, Dr. L. W. Chambers, Dr. B. Jambon, Dr. C. D. Jenkinson, Dr. D. De Leo, Dr. L. Fallowfield, Dr. P. Gerin, Dr. P. Graham, Dr. O. Gureje, Dr. K. Kalumba, Dr. Kerr-Corea, Dr. C. Mercier, Mr. J. Oliver, Dr. Y. H. Poortinga, Dr. R. Trotter and Dr. F. van Dam     

Hemispheric lateralization in an analysis of speech sounds. Left hemisphere dominance replicated in Japanese subjects

Evoked magnetic responses to speech sounds [R. N??t?nen, A. Lehtokoski, M. Lennes, M. Cheour, M. Huotilainen, A. Iivonen, M. Vainio, P. Alku, R.J. Ilmoniemi, A. Luuk, J. Allik, J. Sinkkonen and K. Alho, Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature, 385 (1997) 432-434.] were recorded from 13 Japanese subjects (right-handed). Infrequently presented vowels ([o]) among repetitive vowels ([e]) elicited the magnetic counterpart of mismatch negativity, MMNm (Bilateral, nine subjects; Left hemisphere alone, three subjects; Right hemisphere alone, one subject). The estimated source of the MMNm was stronger in the left than in the right auditory cortex. The sources were located posteriorly in the left than in the right auditory cortex. These findings are consistent with the results obtained in Finnish [R. N??t?nen, A. Lehtokoski, M. Lennes, M. Cheour, M. Huotilainen, A. Iivonen, M.Vainio, P.Alku, R.J. Ilmoniemi, A. Luuk, J. Allik, J. Sinkkonen and K. Alho, Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature, 385 (1997) 432-434.][T. Rinne, K. Alho, P. Alku, M. Holi, J. Sinkkonen, J. Virtanen, O. Bertrand and R. N??t?nen, Analysis of speech sounds is left-hemisphere predominant at 100-150 ms after sound onset. Neuroreport, 10 (1999) 1113-1117.] and English [K. Alho, J.F. Connolly, M. Cheour, A. Lehtokoski, M. Huotilainen, J. Virtanen, R. Aulanko and R.J. Ilmoniemi, Hemispheric lateralization in preattentive processing of speech sounds. Neurosci. Lett., 258 (1998) 9-12.] subjects. Instead of the P1m observed in Finnish [M. Tervaniemi, A. Kujala, K. Alho, J. Virtanen, R.J. Ilmoniemi and R. N??t?nen, Functional specialization of the human auditory cortex in processing phonetic and musical sounds: A magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study. Neuroimage, 9 (1999) 330-336.] and English [K. Alho, J. F. Connolly, M. Cheour, A. Lehtokoski, M. Huotilainen, J. Virtanen, R. Aulanko and R.J. Ilmoniemi, Hemispheric lateralization in preattentive processing of speech sounds. Neurosci. Lett., 258 (1998) 9-12.] subjects, prior to the MMNm, M60, was elicited by both rare and frequent sounds. Both MMNm and M60 sources were posteriorly located in the left than the right hemisphere.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Clinical Applications of Evoked Potentials in Neurology (Advances in Neurology, Vol. 32), Jean Courjon, Frangois Mauguiére, and Michel Revol
Phenomenology and Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders, William E. Fann, Ismet Karacan, Alex D. Pokorny, and Robert L. Williams
Neonatal Neurology, Gerald M. Fenichel
A Textbook of Biological Feedback, Marietta Fischer-Williams, Alfred J. Nigl, and David L. Sovina
Toxicologic Emergencies: A Comprehensive Handbook in Problem Solving, 2nd Ed., Lewis R. Goldfrank
Nervous System Toxicology, C. L. Mitchell
Clinical Neuroepidemiology, F. C. Rose
Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs, D. Schmidt and L. Seldon
Computed Tomography of the Head and Spine. A Photographic Color Atlas of CT, Gross, and Microscopic Anatomy, H. N. Schnitzlein, E. W. Hartley, F. R. Murtagh, L. Grundy, and J. J. Fargher
Geriatric Neurology: Selected Topics, W. R. Slade
Neurology for the Non-Neurologist, William J. Weiner and Christopher G. Goetz     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The Amygdaloid Complex, Yehezkel Ben-Ari (ed.). Elsevier
Basic Concepts and Methods (Fundamentals of EEG Technology, Vol. 1), Fay S. Tyner, John R. Knott, and W. Br em Mayer, Jr. Raven Press
Care of the Neurologically Handicapped Child. A Book for Parents and Professionals, A. L. Prensky and H. S. Palkes
Epilepsy. A Handbook for Patients, Parents, Families, Teachers, Health and Social Workers, Allen H. Middleton, Arthur A. Attwell, and Gregory O. Walsh
Essentials of Clinical Neurology, Leon A. Weisberg, Richard L. Strub, and Carlos A. Garcia
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (10th ed.), Robert G. Petersdorf, Raymond D. Adams, Eugene Braunwald, Kurt J. Is-selbacher, Joseph B. Martin, and Jean D. Wilson (eds.)
Hughlings Jackson on Psychiatry, Kenneth Dewhurst
Psychopharmacology of Anticonvulsants, Merton Sandler (ed.)     

The Environment and Staff of Residential Facilities: Findings from the Italian ‘Progres’ National Survey

We administered structured interviews to managers and staff of a random sample of 265 Italian psychiatric Residential Facilities (RFs). Most are independent buildings, located in urban and suburban areas. The median number of residents is 10. The few RFs (5.7%) with more than 20 beds have a higher rate of drop-outs and escapes. The average indoor space per resident is 36 square meters, there is often a garden, and residents generally live in two-bed rooms. Most facilities are located within walking distance of shopping centers or recreational facilities. Three-quarters have 24-hour staff coverage. On average, each facility has about 10 full-time equivalent workers, with a staff:resident ratio of 0.92. Most of the professional input is provided by nurses and auxiliary staff. Critical issues to be considered in planning facilities include the physical environment, the size, and the staffing patterns. Angelo Picardi, Giovanni de Girolamo, and Pierluigi Morosini are affiliated with the National Mental Health Project, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.Giovanni Santone is affiliated with the Psychiatric Clinic, United Hospitals of Ancona and University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.Ian Falloon is affiliated with the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.Angelo Fioritti is affiliated with the Program on Mental Health and Pathological Dependence, AUSL of Rimini, Rimini, Italy.Rocco Micciolo is affiliated with the Chair of Biostatistics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.Enrico Zanalda is affiliated with the Department of Mental Health, Turin, Italy.The PROGRES Group includes: National Coordinators: G. de Girolamo, M.D., A. Picardi, M.D., P. Morosini, M.D. (National Mental Health Project, National Institute of Health, Rome); Biostatistician: R. Micciolo, M.D. (University of Trento); Regional Coordinators: P. Argentino, M.D., G. Borsetti, M.D., M. Casacchia, M.D., P. Ciliberti, M.D., G. Civenti, M.S.W., A. Colotto, M.D., G. Dell’Acqua, M.D., W. Di Munzio, M.D., G. Fagnano, D.Psyc., A. Fioritti, M.D., N. Longhin, M.D., M. Miceli, M.D., M. Nicotera, M.D., M. Pisetta, R. Putzolu, E. Rossi, M.D., M.E. Rotunno, M.D., D. Semisa, M.D., R. Tomasi, M.D., P. Tulli, D.Psyc., E. Zanalda, M.D.     

Risk factors for a first generalized tonic-clonic seizure in adult life

To evaluate risk factors for a first generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) in adults (=15 years), we performed a multicenter, case-control study involving eleven first-referral neurological departments in north-western Italy. The study enrolled 278 patients with a first GTCS, and 556 age- and sex-matched hospital controls. Cases and controls were interviewed through a questionnaire (inter-rater and index-proxy agreement varied between 75% and 100% for the different questions). Risk factors significantly associated with a first GTCS were: severe head trauma (odds ratio 9.9; 95% confidence limits 2.0–67.1), siblings with seizures (5.7; 1.7–21.4), alcohol intake >50 grams/day (4.9; 3.1–7.9), history of stroke (3.8; 1.8–8.0), complications of delivery (2.7; 1.5–5.1), other relatives with seizures (2.4; 1.3–4.6), sleep deprivation (2.4; 1.4–4.1), low gestational age (1.9; 1.1–3.4), mild-moderate head trauma (1.8; 1.2–3.0), and low birth weight (1.6; 1.0–2.7). Genetic and late acquired factors and life habits are major risk factors for a first GTCS in adults, while pre- and perinatal events play only a minor role. Received: 22 Novembre 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 11 June 2002 RID="*" ID="*"The Alcohol and Epilepsy Study Group includes: L. Sironi, Neurology Department, Regional Hospital, Aosta; F. Brignolio, E. Duc, V. Montano, A. Tribolo, Division of Neurology, Civil Hospital, Asti; V.Nardozza, M. Gionco, Division of Neurology, Ospedale degli Infermi, Biella; E. Grasso, P. Meineri, M.G. Rosso, Division of Neurology, Santa Croce Hospital, Cuneo; A. Villani, A. Margaroli, P. Julita, G. Savoini, Division of Neurology, S. Biagio Hospital, Domodossola; M.S. De Angelis, M. Gianelli, P. Naldi, E. Terazzi, Neurology Clinic, Maggiore della Carit/agrave; Hospital, Novara; G. Amedeo, A. Campanella, M. De Mattei, E. Rocci, P. Zaina, Neurology Department, Molinette Hospital, Turin; M. Nobili, L. Vivalda, D. Leotta, U. Morino, Division of Neurology, Martini Hospital, Turin; R. Bacci, D. Daniele, Division of Neurology, Mauriziano Hospital, Turin; R. Rubino, P. Provera, Division of Neurology, Civil Hospital, Tortona; M. Andreotti, D. Mittino, Division of Neurology, SS. Trinità Hospital, Varallo Sesia. Correspondence to M. Leone     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Brain, Behavior and Evolution, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–88, 1968, published by Karger, Basel, bimonthly.
The Electrical Activity of the Nervous System, a Textbook for Students, 3rd edition, by M. A. B. Brazier.
European Neurology (Succeeding Section B of Psychiatria et Neurologia, Vol. 154), Editor-in-Chief H. A. E. Kaeser, Karger, Basel.     

深圳市外来青年工人的心理健康状况调查

为了解外来青年工人的心理健康水平，采用９０项症状清单（ＳＣＬ－９０）、艾森克个性问卷（ＥＰＱ）、社会支持量表和自编劳动心理卫生调查表，对深圳市３７１名外来青年工人（研究组）的心理健康状况进行了调查，并与１００名当地青年工人（对照组）及全国常模比较。结果：研究组的ＳＣＬ－９０评定总均分、阳性症状均分以及强迫、人际敏感、恐怖３个因子分均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。外来青年工人心理健康水平低于当地青年工人，也低于全国常模。多因素分析显示，主要影响因素依次为：神经质程度、精神压力程度、收入、思家程度、婚恋情况、性格内外倾向、居住条件及社会地位。提示心理卫生工作者应加强对外来青年工人的心理辅导和咨询工作，预防心理障碍的发生     

Lipid mediators and their metabolism in the nucleous: implications for Alzheimer's disease

Lipid mediators are important endogenous regulators derived from enzymatic degradation of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol by phospholipases, sphingomyelinases, and cytochrome P450 hydroxylases, respectively. In neural cells, lipid mediators are associated with proliferation, differentiation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. A major group of lipid mediators, which originates from the enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid, is called eicosanoids (i.e., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins). The corresponding lipid mediators of docosahexaenoic acid metabolism are named as docosanoids. They include resolvins, protectins (neuroprotectins), and maresins. Docosanoids produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects in brain tissue. Other glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators are platelet activating factor, lysophosphatidic acid, and endocannabinoids. Degradation of sphingolipids also results in the generation of sphingolipid-derived lipid mediators, such as ceramide, ceramide 1-phosphate, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate. These mediators are involved in differentiation, growth, cell migration, and apoptosis. Similarly, cholesterol-derived lipid mediators, hydroxycholesterol, produce apoptosis. Abnormal metabolism of lipid mediators may be closely associated with pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.     

Measurement of total nitric oxide metabolite (NO(x)(-)) levels in vivo

The measurement of the total level of nitric oxide (NO) metabolite (NO(x)(-)) by microdialysis has recently been used to assess the production of NO in the in vivo brain [D. Luo, S. Knezevich, S.R. Vincent, N-Methyl-D-aspartate-induced nitric oxide release: an in vivo microdialysis study, Neuroscience, 57 (1993), 897-900; K. Ohta, N. Arai, M. Shibata, J. Hamada, S. Komatsumoto, K. Shimazu, Y. Fukuuchi, A novel in vivo system for consecutive measurement of brain nitric oxide production combined with the microdialysis technique, Neurosci. Lett., 176 (1994), 165-168; K. Shintani, S. Kanba, T. Nakai, K. Sato, G. Yagi, R. Kato, M. Arai, Measurement by in vivo microdialysis of nitric oxide release in the rat cerebellum, J. Psychiatr. Neurosci., 3 (1994), 217-221; H. Togashi, K. Mori, K. Ueno, M. Matsumoto, N. Suda, H. Saito, M. Yoshika, Consecutive evaluation of nitric oxide production after transient cerebral ischemia in the rat hippocampus using in vivo brain microdialysis, Neurosci. Lett., 240 (1998), 53-57]. Although several methods are available for detecting NO(x)(-) levels in dialysates, these methods are either not sensitive enough or require expensive experimental equipment. The method described herein provides a convenient and sensitive procedure for determining NO(x)(-) levels in dialysates. This method is useful for the in vivo study of NO production from various brain regions in various pathological conditions, and can be applied to other tissues.