实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠神经损害与脑组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶表达的关系

目的观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型小鼠脑组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)表达变化及其与神经损害的关系。方法 C57BL/6小鼠随机分为:EAE组(n=12),采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55多肽(MOG35-55)制备成抗原乳剂免疫小鼠;对照组(n=10),用生理盐水处理小鼠。每日观察两组小鼠的行为学变化,并进行神经功能障碍评分。于高峰期处死小鼠,冰冻处理脑与脊髓,行苏木精-伊红染色观察脊髓组织的炎症细胞浸润,LFB染色观察脊髓组织的髓鞘脱失,蛋白印迹法检测小鼠脑组织中MAPKs表达。分析EAE小鼠神经功能障碍改变与中枢神经组织MAPKs表达量的相关性。结果 EAE组与对照组比较:日均神经行为学评分增加(P0.01);脊髓炎症细胞浸润增多(P0.001),髓鞘脱失增多(P0.001)。P-ERK(42)、P-ERK(44)、P-JNK(54)表达量均增多(P0.01、P0.05、P0.05)。神经功能障碍与P-ERK(42)、P-ERK(44)、P-JNK(54)表达呈正相关。结论 EAE高峰期神经损伤程度与中枢神经组织中的P-ERK(42)、P-ERK(44)、P-JNK(54)表达增加相平行,提示MOG35-55诱导的EAE中枢神经损伤可能与MAPKs所激活的信号通路有关。     

cPLA2抑制剂对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的治疗作用及对趋化因子的影响

目的 研究胞浆型磷脂酶A2（cPLA2）的化学抑制剂对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）的影响及相关机制。方法 将34只雌性C57BL／6小鼠分为3组（两组干预组各12只及对照组10只），用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35—55多肽诱导建立EAE模型．两组干预组分别用200μL浓度为2mmol/L及4mmol/L的cPLA2特异性抑制剂-花生四烯酸三氟甲基酮（AACOCF3）在免疫当天至免疫后第16天隔日一次给小鼠腹腔内注射，对照组则不采取干预措施，比较各组EAE小鼠临床表现及高峰期病理改变，并用免疫组织化学染色比较各组脊髓中单核细胞趋化蛋白（MCP）-1和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白（MIP）-1α表达的差异。结果 两干预组EAE小鼠的临床及病理改变均较对照组显著减轻，干预组小鼠脊髓中cPLA2、MCP-1、MIP—1α的表达较对照组显著减低，上述改变与AACOCF3呈剂量依赖性。结论 cPLA2化学抑制剂对EAE有治疗作用，cPLA2可能参与调节EAE小鼠中枢神经系统中MCP-1及MIP-1α的产生。     

趋化因子MCP-1、MIP-1α在EAE小鼠脊髓中的表达

目的:研究单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)-1和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白(MIP)-1α与实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病的关系。方法:用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白_(35-55)多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型,用免疫组织化学方法观察EAE小鼠发病后第0天(初期)、第7天(高峰期)及第30天(恢复期)脊髓中MCP-1、MIP-1α的表达的变化,并通过免疫组化染色标记星形胶质细胞及小胶质细胞,判断MCP-1、MIP-1α的细胞来源。结果: MCP-1、MIP-1α在EAE小鼠发病初期脊髓中有少量表达,发病高峰期表达增高,而恢复期无表达,MCP-1主要由星形胶质细胞产生,MIP-1α主要由小胶质细胞产生;对照组小鼠脊髓中则没有MCP-1、MIP-1α表达。结论:趋化因子MCP-1、MIP-1α在EAE小鼠CNS不同胶质细胞中表达,是EAE发病早期募集免疫反应细胞向CNS浸润的重要致炎性因子。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠脑组织和脊髓中脑型肌酸激酶、钙泵和钙中性蛋白酶的变化

目的：观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠模型脑组织和脊髓中脑型肌酸激酶（CK-BB）、钙泵（CaATPase）和钙中性蛋白酶（calpain）的变化。方法：C57BL/6小鼠随机分为：EAE组（n=9）,用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55多肽（MOG35-55）及完全弗氏佐剂混合抗原乳剂免疫小鼠;对照组（n=5）,注射生理盐水。用MOG35-55诱导C57BL/6小鼠,建立（EAE）动物模型（即多发性硬化模型）。观察记录EAE小鼠行为学变化;采用苏木精-伊红染色、LFB髓鞘染色,酶标仪和分光光度计法检测发病高峰期（免疫后第19天）的中枢神经组织病理学变化、CK-BB,CaATPase和calpain酶活性的改变。结果：EAE组与对照组相比：①日均神经功能评分和日累积评分增加（P〈0.01）;②苏木精-伊红染色：中枢炎症细胞浸润明显（P〈0.05）;③LFB染色：髓鞘脱失较多;④CK-BB和CaATPase活性降低,calpain活性增加（P〈0.05）;⑤EAE组小鼠（只）日均累积神经功能评分与CK-BB和CaATPase活性呈负相关（P〈0.05）;⑥EAE组小鼠（只）日均累积神经功能评分与calpain酶活性呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论：EAE高峰期中枢CK-BB和CaATPase活性降低、calpain活性增高是EAE发生发展的后果,提示EAE时中枢能量代谢和CaATPase、calpain的病理性损害。     

MOG35-55诱发实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠模型

目的建立髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)多肽诱发的实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠模型。方法应用MOG35-55多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,观察其临床症状及病理改变。结果EAE组发病率100%,发病时间为免疫后(16.1±3.9)d,呈慢性单相病程;HE染色见EAE组大脑、小脑、脑干及脊髓组织中大量单个核细胞浸润,血管周围形成炎细胞袖套,白质区明显;Luxolfastblue染色见EAE组脊髓白质脱髓鞘改变;雌、雄小鼠在发病率、发病时间、发病程度及病理改变上均无明显差别。结论本研究以MOG35-55多肽为抗原成功诱发EAE模型,该模型发病率高,病理接近多发性硬化(MS),是研究MS的极为理想的动物模型。     

干扰素β-1b对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎脊髓中趋化因子MCP-1表达的影响

目的研究干扰素（IFN）β-1b对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠中枢神经系统（CNS）中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）表达的影响，从趋化因子角度探讨IFNβ治疗多发性硬化（MS）的机制。方法用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35～55多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射免疫C57BL／6小鼠建立EAE模型，干预组（n=12）在免疫当天至免疫后第16天隔日一次皮下注射10000单位IFNβ-1b，对照组（n=12）则同时予1mL PBS皮下注射。比较两组EAE小鼠的临床表现，并用免疫组织化学及原位杂交技术比较两组EAE脊髓中MCP-1表达及MCP-1mRNA水平的差异。结果与对照组相比，IFNβ-1b干预组小鼠发病明显延迟，症状明显减轻，同时脊髓中MCP-1的表达及MCP-1mRNA的水平显著下调。结论IFNβ-1b可抑制EAE小鼠CNS中趋化因子MCP-1的表达，这可能是其治疗MS的机制之一。     

JAK2抑制剂AG490对EAE小鼠C57BL/6的Th17/Treg细胞平衡的影响

目的探讨AG490对EAE小鼠Th17/Treg平衡的影响及其治疗作用。方法以MOG33-35多肽免疫C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型,观察AG490干预前后EAE组、AG490组和对照组小鼠脊髓组织炎性细胞浸润情况及p-STAT5、Foxp3和IL-17免疫组化染色阳性细胞数目。结果 AG490组较EAE组小鼠炎症细胞浸润及IL-17阳性细胞数目减少(P<0.05),AG490组小鼠p-STAT5和Foxp3阳性细胞数目较EAE组增多(P<0.05),两组小鼠发病高峰期较发病初期炎症细胞浸润及IL-17阳性细胞数目增多,而p-STAT5和Foxp3阳性细胞数目减少(P<0.05)。结论 (1)AG490通过抑制JAK2-STAT3信号通路抑制炎症反应和免疫应答;(2)JAK2抑制剂可以通过JAK2-STAT3信号通路调节Th17/Treg细胞平衡。     

载脂蛋白E拟肽对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎小鼠基质金属蛋白酶-9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1表达的影响

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(Apo E)拟肽对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)表达的影响。方法将30只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为Apo E拟肽组、EAE组和正常组,每组10只小鼠。EAE模型通过以髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽35-55为抗原诱导。Apo E拟肽组在免疫后第2 d到30 d每隔2 d按5 mg/(kg·d)背部皮下注射Apo E拟肽。EAE组和正常组均以等体积生理盐水替代。免疫后第0~35 d每日对小鼠进行神经功能评分。免疫后第35d解剖小鼠,分离大脑和脊髓并行HE染色。采用免疫组化染色法检测各组小鼠大脑、脑干和脊髓的MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达。结果正常组小鼠均未发病。Apo E拟肽组、EAE组的小鼠全部发病,但各有1只小鼠发病后死亡。Apo E拟肽组与EAE组的发病潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P=0.72)。Apo E拟肽组的神经功能评分在峰值和慢性期(第35 d)均明显低于EAE组(均P0.05)。HE染色示,正常组未见炎症细胞浸润;EAE组小鼠大脑、脑干和脊髓均有不同程度的炎性细胞浸润,以脑干和脊髓较为明显;Apo E拟肽组小鼠CNS炎性细胞浸润相对于EAE组明显减少。EAE组小鼠大脑、脑干和脊髓的MMP-9表达均高于正常组(均P0.05)。Apo E拟肽组小鼠大脑和脊髓的MMP-9表达要明显低于EAE组(均P0.05),其中Apo E拟肽组小鼠中脑和脊髓的MMP-9表达与正常组相比无明显差异(均P0.05)。正常组小鼠脊髓TIMP-1的表达明显高于EAE组和Apo E拟肽组(均P0.05)。而Apo E拟肽组与EAE组小鼠大脑、脑干和脊髓TIMP-1表达的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论 Apo E拟肽能通过抑制大脑和脊髓MMP-9的表达改善EAE小鼠的症状。     

二甲双胍抑制Th17细胞反应对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠保护作用

目的探讨实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠应用二甲双胍(MET)干预,观察MET对EAE小鼠发病情况、神经功能评分的影响及其对小鼠体内Th17细胞反应的作用。方法以MOG35-55免疫雌性C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型。随机分成对照组、EAE组和MET治疗组,比较不同组小鼠神经功能评分。在发病高峰期,比较小鼠脊髓中炎性细胞浸润程度,脾细胞中Th17细胞比例,脾细胞培养上清及血清中IL-17A含量以及小鼠脾及脊髓中IL-17A、RORγt mRNA转录水平。结果与EAE组相比,MET治疗组发病率减低(P0.05),疾病严重程度减轻(P0.01);脾细胞中Th17细胞比例降低(P0.01),脾细胞培养上清及血清中IL-17A含量减少(P0.01);脾及脊髓组织中IL-17A、RORγt mRNA转录水平均降低(P0.01)。结论 MET通过抑制外周免疫器官及中枢神经系统的Th17细胞反应而对EAE小鼠起到保护作用。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎动物模型的比较

目的 比较两种不同品系大鼠及不同免疫原诱发的EAE模型特点。方法 应用MOG35-55、同种脊髓匀浆（DA-SCH）、MBP68-86、豚鼠-MBP为免疫原．分别免疫DA大鼠或Lewis大鼠制备EAE动物模型。观察比较大鼠发病过程、临床评分及病理变化。结果 应用MOG35-55或DA-SCH为免疫原致敏的DA大鼠病程呈现缓解-复发的双相病程．应用MBP68-86、豚鼠-MBP致敏Lewis大鼠而诱发的EAE模型为急性单相病程。豚鼠-MBP诱发的EAE模型发病时间匀齐、发病率最高、病情也最重．应用DA-SCH诱发的EAE模型病情其次重但发病时间不匀齐．MOG及MBP肽段引发的病情相对较轻。各实验组在发病高峰期组织病理变化以炎症反应为主。DA大鼠两个实验组第二次发病期炎症反应相对较轻而脱髓鞘较明显。结论 不同免疫原制备的EAE模型具有不同的特点．可根据研究目的不同选取所需模型。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高，而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。