氯喹对EAE模型小鼠神经元损伤的影响

目的观察氯喹对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脊髓神经元存活的影响,并探讨相关机制。方法采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)诱导C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型,造模成功后给予氯喹干预。应用Knoz法进行临床评分,脊髓腰膨大节段石蜡包埋、冠状切片,行苏木精-伊红、LFB和Nissl染色,分别观察各组小鼠脊髓炎症反应、髓鞘脱失和神经元存活情况。脊髓腰膨大冷冻切片,行免疫荧光双标染色。同时提取脊髓腰膨大组织蛋白检测凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果氯喹缓解EAE小鼠临床症状,减轻脊髓炎性细胞浸润、髓鞘脱失、以及神经元死亡和损伤。与对照组相比,氯喹治疗组脊髓Bax水平降低,Bcl-2水平升高,Bax/Bcl-2比值降低。Neu N与Bcl-2荧光共定位明显增强。结论氯喹可能通过调节中枢神经系统前凋亡蛋白水平、上调神经元Bcl-2表达,从而减轻EAE小鼠神经元损伤以及神经功能缺失症状,发挥神经保护作用。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠脑组织和脊髓中脑型肌酸激酶、钙泵和钙中性蛋白酶的变化

目的：观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠模型脑组织和脊髓中脑型肌酸激酶（CK-BB）、钙泵（CaATPase）和钙中性蛋白酶（calpain）的变化。方法：C57BL/6小鼠随机分为：EAE组（n=9）,用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55多肽（MOG35-55）及完全弗氏佐剂混合抗原乳剂免疫小鼠;对照组（n=5）,注射生理盐水。用MOG35-55诱导C57BL/6小鼠,建立（EAE）动物模型（即多发性硬化模型）。观察记录EAE小鼠行为学变化;采用苏木精-伊红染色、LFB髓鞘染色,酶标仪和分光光度计法检测发病高峰期（免疫后第19天）的中枢神经组织病理学变化、CK-BB,CaATPase和calpain酶活性的改变。结果：EAE组与对照组相比：①日均神经功能评分和日累积评分增加（P〈0.01）;②苏木精-伊红染色：中枢炎症细胞浸润明显（P〈0.05）;③LFB染色：髓鞘脱失较多;④CK-BB和CaATPase活性降低,calpain活性增加（P〈0.05）;⑤EAE组小鼠（只）日均累积神经功能评分与CK-BB和CaATPase活性呈负相关（P〈0.05）;⑥EAE组小鼠（只）日均累积神经功能评分与calpain酶活性呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论：EAE高峰期中枢CK-BB和CaATPase活性降低、calpain活性增高是EAE发生发展的后果,提示EAE时中枢能量代谢和CaATPase、calpain的病理性损害。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠脑内主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类抗原和分化群3ε的变化

目的观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑内主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类抗原(MHC-Ⅱ)和分化群3ε(CD3ε)的变化。方法 25只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为EAE组(n=13)和正常对照组(n=12)。应用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55抗原诱导小鼠EAE模型。观察记录小鼠行为学变化;采用常规及髓鞘染色方法观察脊髓损伤和炎症细胞浸润程度;荧光定量PCR检测脑MHC-Ⅱ和CD3εmRNA的表达。结果 EAE组小鼠发病后EAE症状评分逐渐增加;脊髓炎症细胞浸润明显;髓鞘脱失较多;脑组织MHC-Ⅱ和CD3εmRNA表达显著高于正常对照组(均P<0.01),并与EAE症状评分呈正相关。结论 EAE小鼠脑内MHC-Ⅱ及CD3εmRNA表达水平增高与其病情严重程度一致。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠的Iba1、IL-1β和IL-10影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMMSCs)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠的小胶质细胞Iba1、IL-1β和IL-10表达的影响。方法以髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽35-55(MOG 35-55)免疫诱导C57BL/6雌性小鼠制备EAE小鼠模型。将30只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为3组:BMMSCs移植组、EAE组和正常组。采用免疫组化检测脑和脊髓的Iba1(离子钙结合衔接分子1)、IL-1β和IL-10的表达。结果 BMMSCs移植组神经功能缺损症状要轻于EAE组,BMMSCs移植组脑和脊髓的Iba1和IL-1β表达水平低于EAE组(P0.05),而BMMSCs移植组脑和脊髓的IL-10表达水平高于EAE组(P0.05)。结论 BMMSCs能改善EAE小鼠的症状,其作用机制之一可能是抑制了小胶质细胞的激活、抑制炎症因子IL-1β及促进抗炎因子IL-10的表达。     

胞浆型磷脂酶A2在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠脊髓中的表达

目的研究胞浆型磷脂酶A2（cPLA2）在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠发病不同时期的表达。方法8～10周龄的雌性C57BL／6小鼠30只随机分为2组，EAE组（n=20）以髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白（MOG）35-55多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射诱发EAE，对照组（n=10）则用PBS液取代MOG35-55多肽。用免疫组织化学方法观察EAE小鼠发病后第0天（初期）、第7天（高峰期）及第30天（恢复期）脊髓中cPLA2的表达情况。结果cPLA2在EAE发病初期及高峰期脊髓内表达明显增多，初期在绝大多数血管内皮细胞中表达，高峰期时血管周围炎性细胞中表达相对增多，恢复期时表达下调；对照组小鼠脊髓中则没有cPLA2表达。结论cPLA2在EAE发病不同时期表达存在差异，可能与EAE发生及发展有密切联系。     

载脂蛋白E拟肽对EAE小鼠的髓鞘和轴突损伤的影响

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)拟肽对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠中枢神经系统髓鞘脱失和轴突损伤的影响。方法以髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽(MOG35-55)为抗原建立EAE模型。将40只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组,即正常组、EAE组、正常治疗组和EAE治疗组,两个治疗组皮下注射ApoE拟肽。免疫组化法检测髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)和神经丝轻链(NF-L)的表达。结果 EAE治疗组中脑和脊髓的MBP和NF-L的表达均高于EAE组(P<0.05)。结论 ApoE拟肽可能对EAE的髓鞘和轴突的损伤有保护作用。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠血脑屏障通透性与紧密连接蛋白-5的变化

目的观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠血脑屏障(BBB)通透性与紧密连接蛋白-5(claudin-5)表达的变化。方法 40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为EAE组和正常对照组,应用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55诱导制作小鼠EAE模型,每日进行神经功能缺损评分。采用苏木精-伊红、髓鞘染色和免疫组化法观察炎症细胞浸润、髓鞘脱失及轴索损坏程度。伊文思蓝染色和Western blot法观察BBB通透性和claudin-5表达的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,EAE组小鼠神经功能缺损评分、炎症细胞浸润、髓鞘脱失、轴索损坏和BBB通透性均明显增加;而claudin-5表达显著降低(均P0.01)。BBB通透性的变化与平均神经功能缺损评分、炎症细胞浸润和轴索损坏均呈正相关(P0.01);而与claudin-5表达水平呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 EAE发病过程中claudin-5表达减少,可能导致BBB通透性增加,使外周大量的炎症反应细胞向中枢迁移,继而进一步加重中枢的炎症反应。     

地塞米松对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠IL-17表达的影响

目的研究地塞米松对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑及脊髓组织中IL-17表达水平及脾组织中Th17细胞比例的影响。方法将33只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、EAE组和地塞米松组。EAE组及地塞米松组小鼠以MOG35-55进行免疫造模。地塞米松组小鼠自免疫当天至处死,隔日给予地塞米松磷酸钠注射液0.07mg·kg~(-1)腹腔注射。对照组及EAE组给予等量生理盐水。观察小鼠的发病情况及神经功能评分。应用苏木精-伊红染色、免疫组织化学染色、实时定量PCR、流式细胞学方法分别检测小鼠中枢神经系统炎症细胞浸润、IL-17阳性细胞表达、IL-17m RNA水平及脾组织Th17细胞比例。结果地塞米松组与EAE组比较,小鼠发病率及神经功能评分明显降低(P0.05)。与对照组比较,EAE组小鼠脑及脊髓组织中炎性病灶数明显增多(P0.05),IL-17阳性细胞数明显增多(P0.05),脊髓组织中IL-17m RNA水平明显升高(P0.05),脾组织Th17细胞比例明显升高(P0.05);与EAE组相比较,地塞米松组小鼠脑、脊髓及脾组织中上述指标明显降低(P0.05)。结论地塞米松可以降低EAE小鼠发病率,减轻发病时神经功能损伤程度以及脑和脊髓内炎性细胞浸润程度,并使IL-17mRNA、蛋白表达水平及Th17细胞比例下降。其神经保护作用可能是通过抑制IL-17/IL-23轴等免疫调节机制而实现。     

MOG35-55诱发实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠模型

目的建立髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)多肽诱发的实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠模型。方法应用MOG35-55多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,观察其临床症状及病理改变。结果EAE组发病率100%,发病时间为免疫后(16.1±3.9)d,呈慢性单相病程;HE染色见EAE组大脑、小脑、脑干及脊髓组织中大量单个核细胞浸润,血管周围形成炎细胞袖套,白质区明显;Luxolfastblue染色见EAE组脊髓白质脱髓鞘改变;雌、雄小鼠在发病率、发病时间、发病程度及病理改变上均无明显差别。结论本研究以MOG35-55多肽为抗原成功诱发EAE模型,该模型发病率高,病理接近多发性硬化(MS),是研究MS的极为理想的动物模型。     

肉苁蓉多糖通过Shh通路缓解EAE小鼠的临床症状

目的探讨音猬因子(Sonic hedgehog,Shh)通路在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠发病过程中的作用,及肉苁蓉多糖(cistanche deserticola polysaccharide,CDPS)能否通过该通路缓解EAE小鼠临床症状。方法给予C57BL/6小鼠皮下注射髓鞘少突细胞糖蛋白35-55多肽(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55,MOG35-55)抗原制备EAE动物模型。将60只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAE模型组、CDPS治疗组以及CDPS+Smo受体阻断剂环王巴明(cyc)治疗组(以下简称CDPS+cyc治疗组)4组,每组各15只。观察各组小鼠免疫注射后0~26d的临床症状评分,采用勒克斯光蓝染色(Luxol Fast Blue,LFB)检测各组小鼠脊髓组织内髓鞘脱失情况,Western blot法检测脊髓组织内Shh、碎片蛋白-1(Patched-1,Ptc-1)蛋白表达,采用RT-PCR检测脊髓组织内平滑蛋白(Smoothened,Smo)mRNA、神经胶质瘤相关癌基因1(Glioma-associated oncogene-1,Gli1)mRNA表达。结果自CDPS治疗第9天开始,CDPS治疗组小鼠临床症状评分低于EAE模型组(P<0.05),而CDPS+cyc治疗组临床症状评分高于CDPS组(P <0.05)。CDPS治疗组小鼠脊髓LFB评分较EAE模型组降低(t=9.64,P<0.01),而CDPS+cyc治疗组其LFB评分与EAE模型组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EAE模型组小鼠脊髓组织内Shh、Ptc-1蛋白以及Smo mRNA、Gli1mRNA表达水平较正常组升高(均P<0.01),经CDPS治疗后,上述因子表达进一步升高(均P<0.01),而经cyc干预后,上述因子表达较CDPS治疗组降低(均P<0.01)。结论 CDPS对EAE小鼠临床症状有改善作用,其作用途径可能与Shh信号通路有关。     

盐酸法舒地尔治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的潜能与抗炎作用

目的：探讨盐酸法舒地尔对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）的治疗效果及机制。方法：雌性C57BL/6小鼠,随机分为EAE对照组、盐酸法舒地尔干预组和盐酸法舒地尔治疗组。采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽诱导慢性EAE模型。干预和治疗分别在免疫后第3天和症状出现时予以腹腔注射盐酸法舒地尔,观察EAE模型小鼠体重变化和临床症状,进行苏木精-伊红和CD4＋T细胞染色,同时检测磷酸化肌球蛋白磷酸酶（p-MYPT1）和核因子（NF-κB）。结果：盐酸法舒地尔可推迟并改善EAE小鼠症状,减轻中枢神经系统炎细胞浸润,抑制脊髓和脑p-MYPT1及脊髓NF-κB的表达。     

雷公藤多甙对EAE大鼠脊髓β-APP和IL-17表达的影响

目的观察雷公藤多甙对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠脊髓中β-APP和IL-17表达的影响。方法将30只大鼠随机分为空白对照组(CON组)、模型组(EAE组)、治疗组(TWP组),建模后分别行神经功能评分,大鼠脊髓组织行HE染色,免疫组化检测脊髓中β-APP和IL-17表达水平。结果与EAE组比较,TWP组大鼠发病率下降,平均神经功能评分降低,炎性细胞浸润减少,在神经功能评分和病理学改变方面差异明显(P<0.05);免疫组化示TWP组较EAE组β-APP和IL-17表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论雷公藤多甙对EAE大鼠有一定保护作用,可能与抑制β-APP、IL-17表达有关。     

基质金属蛋白酶9在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠发病过程中的动态表达

目的通过检测基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在EAE大鼠发病过程中不同阶段外周血和中枢神经系统中的表达水平及动态变化,以探讨其在多发性硬化发病过程中的作用及机制。方法 Wistar雌性大鼠80只,分为模型组(EAE组)、完全福氏佐剂组(CFA组),分别于免疫后6天、8天、10天、12天、14天、16天、18天及20天取视交叉处脑组织和脊髓腰膨大段行HE染色观察炎性细胞的浸润状况;免疫组化法检测脑和脊髓组织中MMP-9的表达,酶联免疫吸附实验测定血清中MMP-9的含量。结果 EAE组大鼠脊髓和脑组织中MMP-9阳性细胞数及血清中MMP-9水平均显著高于同期CFA组(P<0.05);EAE 10天组与EAE 6天、14天、18天及20天组比较,大鼠脊髓腰膨大处MMP-9阳性细胞数较多(P<0.05);EAE 12天组与EAE 6天组、8天组、14天组、16天组、18天组及20天组比较,大鼠脑组织视交叉处MMP-9阳性细胞数较多(P<0.05);EAE 12天组与EAE 6天组、8天组、10天组、14天组、16天组、18天组及20天组相比较,大鼠血清中MMP-9含量较高(P<0.05)。结论在EAE大鼠发病前期即有中枢组织内MMP-9的高表达,且EAE大鼠脊髓中MMP-9的高表达要早于脑组织和外周血,但MMP-9表达的高峰在第12天与病理变化和疾病进展是同步的。     

Axon loss is responsible for chronic neurological deficit following inflammatory demyelination in the rat

Axonal loss is now considered a consistent feature of MS pathology and evidence suggests that its accumulation may be the pathological correlate for the development of irreversible disability. In this study, we investigated the features of axonal loss in myelin autoimmunity and tested the hypothesis that loss of axons determines permanent neurological impairment in a model of inflammatory demyelination that closely mimics the pathology and course of MS. EAE was induced in DA rats by injection of recombinant mouse MOG with IFA. Animals that developed progressive EAE were killed at several time points after disease onset and animals that followed a chronic relapsing-remitting course of EAE were killed at approximately 4 months, exhibiting varying degrees of residual disability. Toluidine blue staining of semithin sections and immunohistochemistry for OX-42 were used to quantify demyelination, remyelination, inflammation and axonal loss in the spinal cord of MOG-EAE rats. In progressive EAE, the degree of axon loss, demyelination and inflammation all correlated significantly with clinical severity scores and a causative role for macrophages in the pathogenesis of axonal injury is suggested. However, in the chronic stage of relapsing-remitting EAE, in rats having suffered a variable number of relapses, only axonal loss correlated significantly with clinical severity scores. In addition, both axonal loss and clinical severity scores correlated with the number of relapses. These findings imply that secondary, or 'bystander', axonal loss is the main determinant of irreversible neurological disability in MOG-EAE and make the model a useful tool for the investigation of mechanisms of axonal loss and the evaluation of the benefits of neuroprotective therapies under conditions of antibody-mediated inflammatory demyelination.     

Autoimmunity against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is dispensable for the initiation although essential for the progression of chronic encephalomyelitis in common marmosets

To elucidate the pathogenetic significance of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific autoreactivity in a genetically and immunologically heterogeneous nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis, we analyzed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the outbred common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). One sibling each of 5 bone marrow chimeric marmoset twins was immunized with myelin derived from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (WT myelin); the other sibling was immunized with myelin from MOG-deficient C57BL/6 mice (MOG -/- myelin). One twin pair developed acute EAE simultaneously; the 4 remaining twin siblings immunized with WT myelin developed chronic progressive EAE, whereas siblings of these 4 monkeys remained free of clinical disease signs. Many EAE-related abnormalities were identified in the CNS of both groups by magnetic resonance imaging and histologic analysis, but mean percentages of spinal cord demyelination were lower in monkeys immunized with MOG -/- myelin (8.2%) than in WT myelin-immunized animals (40.5%). There was a strong correlation between the development of overt clinical EAE and seropositivity for anti-MOG antibodies, but blood and lymph node T-cell proliferative responses showed no relationship to disease. These results indicate that the initiation of CNS inflammation and demyelination can take place in the absence of detectable autoimmunity against MOG, but the clinical progression and histopathologic severity depends on the presence of antibodies against MOG in this multiple sclerosis model.     

阿米洛利对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠中枢神经系统中细胞因子表达的影响

目的：观察阿米洛利对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠脑组织中白介素17（IL-17）、白介素10（IL-10）和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）的影响。方法：C57BL/6小鼠27只随机分成3组：EAE-生理盐水组、EAE-阿米洛利组和空白对照组。用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白和完全弗氏佐剂混合抗原乳剂诱导小鼠EAE动物模型。EAE-阿米洛利组免疫当日开始给予阿米洛利10 mg.kg-1干预,连续14 d;EAE-生理盐水组给予相同剂量的生理盐水;空白对照组小鼠不做任何处理。每天评估EAE小鼠神经功能变化;采用苏木精-伊红染色观察病理学改变;ELISA法检测发病高峰期（免疫后第19天）脑组织中促炎因子IL-17和IFN-γ、抑炎因子IL-10改变。结果：与EAE-生理盐水组相比,EAE-阿米洛利组①日均神经功能评分降低（P〈0.05）,最大临床症状评分明显降低（P〈0.01）;而两组间发病率无明显差异。②苏木精-伊红染色：中枢神经系统炎症细胞浸润减少（P〈0.01）。③IL-17和IFN-γ表达降低（P〈0.01）,IL-10表达增加（P〈0.05）。结论：阿米洛利能够减缓小鼠EAE病情,其机制可能与下调中枢神经系统IL-17和IFN-γ的表达,上调IL-10的表达有关。     

Huperzine A ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via the suppression of T cell-mediated neuronal inflammation in mice

Huperzine A (HupA), a sesquiterpene alkaloid and a potent and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, possesses potential anti-inflammatory properties and is used for the treatment of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, it is still unknown whether this chemical is beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of HupA in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell mediated murine model of multiple sclerosis. The following results were obtained: (1) intraperitoneal injections of HupA significantly attenuate the neurological severity of EAE in mice. (2) HupA decreases the accumulation of inflammatory cells, autoimmune-related demyelination and axonal injury in the spinal cords of EAE mice. (3) HupA down-regulates mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-17) and chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES, and TWEAK) while enhancing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. (4) HupA inhibits MOG(35-55) stimulation-induced T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion in cultured splenocytes. (5) HupA inhibition of T-cell proliferation is reversed by the nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. We conclude that HupA can ameliorate EAE by suppressing autoimmune responses, inflammatory reactions, subsequent demyelination and axonal injury in the spinal cord. Therefore, HupA may have a potential therapeutic value for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and as a neuroimmunomodulatory drug to control human CNS pathology.     

咖啡因慢性干预对小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎影响的观察

目的：探讨不同剂量咖啡因慢性干预对小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）的影响及其分子免疫学机制。方法：C57BL／6小鼠随机分为CFA阴性对照组,EAE阳性对照组,咖啡因饮水干预组（1mg·k-1,10mg·kg-1,30mg·kg-1）。使用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55（MOG35-55）抗原诱导小鼠EAE模型,咖啡因干预至EAE造模后第20天与对照组小鼠同期处死为止。观察小鼠行为学变化、中枢炎症细胞浸润和损害程度、检测中枢细胞因子IL-17、IFN—γ、TGF—β的mRNA表达含量。结果：咖啡因干预组,特别是30mg·kg-1组的病情严重程度减轻,中枢炎症细胞浸润程度下降,促炎因子表达降低,抑炎因子表达上升。结论：慢性咖啡因干预,可通过降低促炎因子的表达,升高抑炎因子的表达,减轻小鼠EAE的炎症损伤。