颞叶内侧癫痫病人的项目记忆和源记忆的神经心理学研究

目的检验内侧颞叶参与源记忆执行的假说及源记忆与项目记忆相互分离的假说。方法选用实义词和实物简图,测试20名健康志愿者（对照组）和18名内侧颞叶癫痫（mesial temporal lole epilepsy,MTLE）行选择性海马杏仁核切除的病人（病例组）,手术前、手术后3个月的项目记忆和源记忆,并对结果进行分析。结果病例组与对照组比较,MTLE病人术前源记忆差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而项目记忆差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后源记忆和项目记忆差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。与对照组比较,行左侧选择性海马杏仁核切除的MTLE病人,术前源记忆差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,项目记忆差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后源记忆和项目记忆均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。与对照组比较,行右侧选择性海马杏仁核切除的MTLE病人。术前源记忆和项目记忆差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后源记忆差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而项目记忆差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论内侧颞叶参与源记忆执行,源记忆与项目记忆存在相互分离,且左右侧具有不对称性。     

空间记忆广度的脑功能磁共振研究

目的本实验拟通过功能磁共振研究参与正常人空间记忆广度任务的脑功能区和特点。方法10名右利手健康志愿者进行一项空间记忆广度任务作业的同时进行脑功能磁共振扫描,实验采用组块设计,实验任务与对照任务交替进行,数据采用SPM99软件进行数据分析和脑功能区定位。结果当统计阈值设定为P(0.0001时,被试者的双侧Brodmann区(Brodmann area,BA)6区(额中下回)、右BA9区(额中下回)、左额下回BA47区、双侧顶叶BA7区(楔前叶、顶上小叶)、双侧顶叶BA40区(缘上回),右枕叶BA18、19区、右海马回BA30区、左枕颞交界处BA37区、双侧顶叶中央后回BA3区、左顶叶中央后回BA2区、右中央前回BA4区及左中脑黑质、右小脑均有激活,以顶叶的激活最为显著,其次为额叶、枕叶,其中额叶的BA9区和枕叶的BA18、19区及海马回、小脑的激活有极其明显的右侧半球优势;当统计阈值设定为P(0.001时,脑激活区增加了右前扣带回BA25区,右侧额下回BA47区、左额叶BA9区,左侧枕叶BA17、18、19区及右屏状核,左丘脑侧后核。结论与空间记忆广度有关的主要脑区有BA9、6、7、40、19区和海马回、小脑。它们在进行短时空间记忆任务时所起的作用不同。通过fMRI的研究,揭示了大脑进行空间信息的处理过程。     

基于功能磁共振成像的抗抑郁药对情绪加工神经环路作用机制的研究进展北大核心CSCD

诸多功能磁共振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI）研究显示前额叶．边缘系统（杏仁核）情绪加工环路异常是抑郁症主要的病理机制,主要表现为前额叶皮质网络如背外侧前额叶皮质、腹外侧前额叶皮质、背侧前扣带回活动异常降低,以及边缘系统如海马、下丘脑、杏仁核、腹侧前扣带回活动过度激活[1]。     

成功老龄与轻度认知功能损害老年患者脑功能磁共振成像对照研究

目的探讨成功老龄与轻度认知功能损害老年人执行认知任务时的脑功能差异。方法对10例成功老龄(成功老龄组)和9例轻度认知功能损害(MCI,MCI组)患者进行词汇流畅性作业(VFTs)的功能磁共振成像检查,比较两组的VFTs和脑激活结果。结果(1)成功老龄组平均激活强度(F=10.16)大于MCI组(F=7.86),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组间各脑区激活体积差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)成功老龄组的脑激活呈一致优势侧偏[偏侧化指数(LIs)=0.46],左顶叶、前额叶(包括背外侧皮质)、扣带前回及双侧枕叶的激活明显。(3)MCI组的脑激活总体上无偏侧性(LIs=-0.12),除右前额叶外,脑激活普遍低下,枕叶无明显激活。结论成功老龄的脑功能明显优于MCI,左前额叶尤其是背外侧皮质可能是与此差异相关的主要脑区。     

男性精神分裂症患者脑侧化与幻听的功能磁共振成像研究

目的利用事件相关功能磁共振成像（fMRI）在体研究精神分裂症伴有幻听的男性患者左右侧化声音激活脑区的差异，以验证幻听是由脑侧化异常产生的假说。方法男性健康志愿者13名（正常对照组），幻听和非幻听偏执型精神分裂症男性患者各13例，接受预先编制的左右侧化声音刺激，进行功能磁共振扫描。结果（1）组内比较：与右侧化声音刺激相比，正常对照组在辨别左侧化声音刺激时显著激活了左楔前叶和右旁中央小叶（FDR校正，P〈0．01，体素值〉10）；两个患者组组内左右侧化声音显著激活脑区比较，差异均无统计学意义。（2）组间比较：与幻听组相比，正常对照组在辨别左侧化声音刺激时右旁中央小叶显著激活；与非幻听组相比，正常对照组在辨别左侧化声音刺激时显著激活两侧颞上回、左楔前叶、两侧扣带回和左缘上回，而在辨别右侧化声音刺激时两侧颞上回、右颞中回和左脑岛显著激活；与非幻听组相比，幻听组无论在辨别左或右侧化声音刺激时均引起左侧颞横回激活（P〈0．001，未校正，体素值〉50）。结论精神分裂症患者正常的语言侧化减弱，而幻听的产生可能与左脑尤其是左颞横回的功能障碍有关。     

溴麦角隐亭诱导的猴幻想行为的生理学特性

目的 溴隐亭及多巴胺受体D2激动剂会影响除人以外其它灵长类动物的一系列行为,特别是与运动和心理活动相关的行为,比如动物会表现出抑制性行为及幻觉样行为。除药物外,快速眼动睡眠（REM）机制的紊乱也可导致幻觉。打乱清醒、REM及非快速眼动睡眠（NREM）的规律可引起一系列精神病症状。方法 当动物处于清醒,NREM和REM及药物导致的类精神病状态时,同时记录五个皮层脑区的听觉诱发电位,从而研究对比不同状态下听觉诱发电位的变化。结果 在幻觉状态及REM期,前额叶背外侧皮层记录到的潜伏期为250ms的诱发电位成分出现波峰到基线的相位翻转（PBA250）,说明幻觉状态及REM在前额叶背外侧皮层有类似的调节机制。结论 在前额叶背外侧皮层记录到的N250可以用来判断幻觉样行为是否出现,这表明前额叶背外侧皮层可能同幻觉样行为最相关。     

大脑前动脉A2段构型对左侧翼点入路夹闭前交通动脉瘤的影响

目的 比较左侧优势血供的不同空间构型前交通动脉瘤开颅夹闭手术过程、效果及术中暴露情况，并探讨与之相关的手术适应证。 方法 回顾性分析山西医科大学第二医院2013年1月-2021年12月连续收治的确诊为左侧优势血供前交通动脉瘤，且进行了动脉瘤开颅夹闭手术的患者资料。根据大脑前动脉A2段的走行方向与冠状面的位置关系，将动脉瘤分为4型：大脑前动脉与冠状面夹角＜22.5°为水平型；大脑前动脉与矢状面夹角＜22.5°为纵向型；右侧大脑前动脉在前且与冠状面夹角112.5°～157.5°为右前左后型；左侧大脑前动脉在前且与冠状面夹角22.5°～67.5°为右后左前型。分别比较水平型组和纵向型组，右前左后型组和右后左前型组间的基线资料、进行左侧翼点入路夹闭手术的时间、夹闭方式（简单夹闭或复杂夹闭）、夹闭效果（是否完全夹闭）、术后3个月和1年动脉瘤是否复发、术后1年GCS评分等指标。 结果 研究共纳入50例患者，其中水平型8例，纵向型12例，右前左后型16例，右后左前型14例。水平型组与纵向型组各项指标差异均无统计学意义。右前左后型组与右后左前型组术前基线资料差异无统计学意义，右前左后型组的手术时间短于右后左前型组（85.1±19.2?min?vs.?102.1±57.5?min，P=0.032），2组术后动脉瘤复发率、预后差异无统计学意义。 结论 右前左后型前交通动脉瘤的手术时间短于右后左前型，但预后方面与右后左前型无显著差异；水平型与纵向型前交通动脉瘤的手术和预后指标无显著差异。     

轻度认知障碍老年人情节记忆功能的磁共振成像研究

目的 运用核磁共振(MRI)技术探讨轻度认知障碍(MCI)老人与健康老人脑结构和功能的异同.方法 对14例MCI老人(MCI组)和15名健康老人(正常对照组)进行神经心理学检查,并应用基于体素的形态测量方法 ,测定两组的灰质体积,并用事件相关功能MRI技术,测定两组在执行情节记忆提取任务时相关脑区的功能变化.结果 (1)神经心理学:MCI组听觉词语记忆测试[(2.1±1.7)分]和画钟试验[(7.8±1.2)分]成绩差于正常对照组[分别为(9.2±1.3)分和(9.2±0.8)分;P＜0.05].(2)结构影像:MCI组的灰质体积小于正常对照组,主要位于情节记忆相关脑区(P＜0.001).(3)功能影像:MCI组与正常对照组任务正确率和反应时间的差别无统计学意义;MCI组激活降低的脑区主要是海马旁回,而增强激活的脑区主要是前额叶前侧、背外侧、右侧颞上回、右侧颞下回、枕叶皮层(P＜0.005).结论 MCI组内侧颞叶记忆系统结构萎缩、功能下降,在任务难度适当的情节记忆提取任务中,MCI组动员额外脑区激活,以代偿颞叶内侧记忆系统的损害.     

阿尔茨海默病与帕金森病智力与记忆功能的对照分析

目的比较阿尔茨海默病（AD）与帕金森病（PD）的智力与记忆功能。方法采用韦氏成人智力量表及韦氏记忆量表对23例AD和27例PD病人进行测查,所有数据均采用χ2及t检验进行分析处理。结果智力方面,AD病人的知识、领悟、算术、相似性、数字广度、词汇、图形排列等7项分测验及言语智商、总智商均明显低于PD病人,突出表现在知识、领悟及相似性方面;其他各项分测验差别均无显著性意义（P均〉0.05）。记忆方面,AD病人的定向、累加、再认、视觉再生、联想学习、背数等6项分测验及记忆商均明显低于PD病人,突出表现在定向、累加、视觉再生及背数方面;其他各项分测验差别均无显著性意义（P均〉0.05）。结论AD及PD病人均呈现明显的智力及记忆功能障碍,但AD病人受损更为严重。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿工作记忆功能的近红外光谱成像研究北大核心CSCD

目的 初步探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD）患儿执行工作记忆任务过程中前额叶皮质的激活特点.方法 选用n-back范式为工作记忆功能的心理学任务,应用功能性近红外光谱成像技术（functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS）检测12例ADHD患儿（ADHD组）和年龄、性别相匹配的13例健康儿童（对照组）在执行n-back任务时前额叶皮质氧合血红蛋白浓度的变化,同步记录行为学数据（按键正确的次数）.采用t检验对2组氧合血红蛋白浓度变化平均值和按键正确的次数进行比较.结果（1）0-back任务和1-back任务期间ADHD组较对照组按键正确次数低（0-back：t=-2.222,P=0.043;1-back：t=-3.276,P=0.005）.（2）0-back任务期间,对照组和ADHD组全部52个通道氧合血红蛋白浓度变化差异无统计学意义;在1-back任务期间,ADHD组[（0.022±0.040）mmol/（L·mm）]第18通道的氧合血红蛋白浓度变化弱于对照组[（0.085±0.040） mmol/（L·mm）;t=3.88,P〈0.05].结论 ADHD患儿在执行工作记忆任务过程中左侧背外侧前额叶激活减弱.     

Common prefrontal activations during working memory,episodic memory,and semantic memory

Regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are typically activated in many different cognitive functions. In most studies, the focus has been on the role of specific PFC regions in specific cognitive domains, but more recently similarities in PFC activations across cognitive domains have been stressed. Such similarities may suggest that a region mediates a common function across a variety of cognitive tasks. In this study, we compared the activation patterns associated with tests of working memory, semantic memory and episodic memory. The results converged on a general involvement of four regions across memory tests. These were located in left frontopolar cortex, left mid-ventrolateral PFC, left mid-dorsolateral PFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These findings provide evidence that some PFC regions are engaged during many different memory tests. The findings are discussed in relation to theories about the functional contribution of the PFC regions and the architecture of memory.     

Selective memory and memory deficits in depressed inpatients

We investigated memory impairment and mood-congruent memory bias in depression, using an explicit memory test and an implicit one. Thirty-six severely depressed inpatients that fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder and 36 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and educational level participated in the study. Explicit memory was assessed with a free recall task and implicit memory with an anagram solution task. Results showed that depressed and controls differed in explicit memory performance, depending on the amount of cognitive distraction between incidental learning and testing. Implicit memory was not affected. In addition, severely depressed patients showed a mood-congruent memory bias in implicit memory but not in explicit memory. The complex pattern of results is discussed with regard to relevant theories of depression.     

Semantic memory

Our concepts about objects, states, and events are stored in a cognitive structure termed semantic memory. There are several types of neurologic disorders that may cause impairments of semantic memory. Clinical evaluations of these impairments are complex, because semantic memory is linked to other cognitive systems that, when damaged, may produce related syndromes or difficulties. In an attempt to gain further understanding of these breakdown patterns, we review data from both neuropsychologic and brain activity research that have been concerned with how object concepts are represented and localized in the brain. Although these data have spawned varying and controversial views regarding the content and organization of semantic knowledge, converging evidence suggests that semantic memory is mainly localized in the posterior region of the left temporal lobe, and that particular categories of knowledge may be represented in different but overlapping regions within this area.     

Cognitive memory

Regarding the workings of the human mind, memory and pattern recognition seem to be intertwined. You generally do not have one without the other. Taking inspiration from life experience, a new form of computer memory has been devised. Certain conjectures about human memory are keys to the central idea. The design of a practical and useful “cognitive” memory system is contemplated, a memory system that may also serve as a model for many aspects of human memory. The new memory does not function like a computer memory where specific data is stored in specific numbered registers and retrieval is done by reading the contents of the specified memory register, or done by matching key words as with a document search. Incoming sensory data would be stored at the next available empty memory location, and indeed could be stored redundantly at several empty locations. The stored sensory data would neither have key words nor would it be located in known or specified memory locations. Sensory inputs concerning a single object or subject are stored together as patterns in a single “file folder” or “memory folder”. When the contents of the folder are retrieved, sights, sounds, tactile feel, smell, etc., are obtained all at the same time. Retrieval would be initiated by a query or a prompt signal from a current set of sensory inputs or patterns. A search through the memory would be made to locate stored data that correlates with or relates to the prompt input. The search would be done by a retrieval system whose first stage makes use of autoassociative artificial neural networks and whose second stage relies on exhaustive search. Applications of cognitive memory systems have been made to visual aircraft identification, aircraft navigation, and human facial recognition.Concerning human memory, reasons are given why it is unlikely that long-term memory is stored in the synapses of the brain’s neural networks. Reasons are given suggesting that long-term memory is stored in DNA or RNA. Neural networks are an important component of the human memory system, and their purpose is for information retrieval, not for information storage. The brain’s neural networks are analog devices, subject to drift and unplanned change. Only with constant training is reliable action possible. Good training time is during sleep and while awake and making use of one’s memory.A cognitive memory is a learning system. Learning involves storage of patterns or data in a cognitive memory. The learning process for cognitive memory is unsupervised, i.e. autonomous.     

Interference of working memory load with long-term memory formation

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is indispensable for long-term memory (LTM) encoding, but only plays a minor role for working memory (WM) maintenance. Recently, however, an increasing number of studies questioned this seemingly clear distinction by showing that the MTL does participate in some WM processes, especially if multiple items are being maintained. This would predict that WM maintenance of multiple items interferes with simultaneous LTM encoding. Here, we tested this idea in a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm that required subjects to encode stimuli into LTM during simultaneous WM maintenance of either single or multiple items. Indeed, we found that maintenance of multiple items deteriorates simultaneous LTM encoding as compared with maintenance of single items. WM-related activation of the hippocampus was more pronounced in the condition with high WM load; in contrast, hippocampal activation related to LTM encoding was stronger in the low WM load condition. Successful LTM encoding was associated with a high level of activity in the adjacent parahippocampal cortex (PHC), leading to pronounced parahippocampal subsequent memory effects in the high load condition. This suggests that the PHC is a locus of WM–LTM interaction. Functional connectivity analysis with a seed in the PHC confirmed this result by revealing strong connectivity with the medial frontal cortex, which was only active in the high WM load condition. Taken together, these findings suggest that high WM demands interfere with LTM encoding and thus support the idea that WM and LTM processes interact in the MTL.     

Auditory working memory and verbal recall memory in schizotypy

Deficits on verbal memory tasks, as well as on spatial and auditory working memory tasks, have been observed in schizophrenia patients. A useful strategy in the determination of the premorbid indicator status of specific cognitive and memory deficits observed in patients is to examine those persons at increased biological risk for schizophrenia (e.g. first-degree relatives), schizotypal personality disorder patients, and/or psychometrically identified schizotypes for comparable deficits, though perhaps less profound than those seen in actual patients. We examined verbal memory and auditory working memory functioning in 31 schizotypic and 26 normal control subjects from a large randomly ascertained non-clinical university population. Schizotypy status was determined psychometrically using the well-known Perceptual Aberration Scale. Contrary to our theory-guided expectations, noteworthy deficits in verbal memory and auditory working memory were not observed in the schizotypic subjects and the two experimental groups did not differ significantly on any of the memory measures. These results were discussed in light of prior results obtained using the spatial delayed response task (i.e. spatial working memory) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance on these same subjects. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the putative processes involved in the working memory system, as well as in relation to the schizotypy construct.     

Working memory and secondary memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease

The memory loss associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) may have multiple cognitive components. Working Memory appears to be impaired due to failures of a Central Executive System. Secondary Memory, on the other hand, is affected due to poor encoding or mediational processes. An analysis of the performance of 71 AD patients on tests related to these neuropsychological constructs revealed that they could indeed be dissociated. In fact, individual patients were identified with significantly different, and unique, patterns of impairment which were consistent with the two-component model. These data, therefore, lend preliminary support for the notion of multiple cognitive impairments being responsible for the memory loss in AD.     

Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory

Many recent neuroimaging studies have highlighted the role of prefrontal regions in the sustained maintenance and manipulation of information over short delays, or working memory (WM). In addition, neuroimaging findings have highlighted the role of prefrontal regions in the formation and retrieval of memories for events, or episodic long-term memory (LTM), but it remains unclear whether these regions are distinct from those that support WM. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify patterns of prefrontal activity associated with encoding and recognition during WM and LTM tasks performed by the same subjects. Results showed that the same bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal regions (at or near Brodmann's Areas [BA] 6, 44, 45, and 47) and dorsolateral prefrontal regions (BA 9/46) were engaged during encoding and recognition within the context of WM and LTM tasks. In addition, a region situated in the left anterior middle frontal gyrus (BA 10/46) was engaged during the recognition phases of the WM and LTM tasks. These results support the view that the same prefrontal regions implement reflective processes that support both WM and LTM.     

项目记忆和来源记忆随年龄增长变化特征的实验研究

目的 探讨项目记忆与来源记忆随年龄增长的变化特征.方法 青年组、中年组1、中年组2、老年组各30名被试接受神经心理学量表检查,完成行为学实验以评估项目记忆与来源记忆.结果 来源判断的正确率在四个年龄组被试间差异有统计学意义（F3,116=10.6,P＜0.01）,老年组显著低于青年组和中年组1（均P＜0.05）,与中年组2比较差异无统计学意义.再认击中率在四个组间差异有统计学意义（F3,116=7.2,P＜0.01）.老年组显著低于青年组和中年组（均P＜0.05）.老年组来源判断正确的反应时间显著长于青年组和中年组1（均P＜0.05）,但与中年组2比较差异无统计学意义.结论 来源记忆在中年后期即开始退化,项目记忆保留到老年才开始退化.