颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗烟雾病

烟雾病(Moyamoya disease)是颈内动脉末端及其主要分支大脑前动脉、中动脉进行性狭窄或闭塞,并颅底异常血管网(烟雾血管)形成为特征的脑血管疾病[1].好发于东亚地区[2],临床症状主要表现为脑缺血和脑出血[3].目前手术是主要的治疗方式[4],包括直接血运重建术、间接血运重建术和联合上述两种手术方式.直接血运重建术是颅内-颅外动脉的血管吻合(主要是颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术,有时可行枕动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术),目前应用于慢性缺血性脑血管病、动脉瘤等治疗.颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(superficial temporal arteryMiddle cerebral artery bypass,STA-MCA)搭桥术后能迅速增加脑血流量,从而达到改善脑灌注、减少卒中发生的风险.但手术对手术设备及操作者要求高,围手术期可能出现脑梗死、高灌注损伤等并发症.本研究主要针对STA-MCA搭桥术的发展历史、围手术期处理、并发症及疗效等进行探讨,为临床实践提供理论依据.     

低流量血管搭桥术治疗慢性症状性大脑中动脉闭塞疗效分析

目的探讨低流量血管搭桥术治疗慢性症状性大脑中动脉闭塞的有效性和安全性。方法纳入2016年1月至2019年12月在天津市环湖医院治疗的共28例慢性症状性大脑中动脉闭塞患者,均采用颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(STA-MCA)搭桥术,术后采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估患者神经功能预后,复查DSA或CTA评估桥血管通畅情况,并复查PWI评估脑灌注改善情况。结果本研究28例患者均顺利完成STA-MCA搭桥术,手术成功率为100%,桥血管通畅率达100%。术后12个月患者神经功能较术前改善并且差异具有统计学意义(mRS评分1.43±0.57对2.14±0.36;t=6.301,P=0.000),患侧脑血流量和脑血容量较术前明显增加、平均通过时间和达峰时间明显降低。术后平均随访(39.41±9.39)个月,无新发脑缺血事件,桥血管通畅。结论低流量血管搭桥术治疗慢性症状性大脑中动脉闭塞安全、有效。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗颈内动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄的血流动力学研究

目的探讨动态磁敏感对比增强灌注成像(DSC-PWI)在颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术中的应用价值,为颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗颈内动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄和(或)闭塞提供脑血流灌注变化的影像学证据。方法共76例行单侧颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术患者,分别于术前1个月和术后1周内行头部MRI常规和DSC-PWI检查,观察手术前后基底节区层面(搭桥近端)和半卵圆中心层面(搭桥远端)大脑中动脉供血区脑血流动力学变化[包括相对脑血流量(r CBF)、相对脑血容量(r CBV)、相对平均通过时间(r MTT)和相对达峰时间(r TTP)]。结果术后患侧基底节区层面(搭桥近端)和半卵圆中心层面(搭桥远端)r CBF均较术前升高(P=0.000,0.001);仅基底节区层面r CBV较术前升高(P=0.021);基底节区层面和半卵圆中心层面r MTT(P=0.000,0.000)和r TTP(P=0.000,0.000)均较术前降低。结论颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术可以改善大脑中动脉供血区脑血流灌注。DSC-PWI能够完成对脑缺血区域血流动力学的评价,是评价手术疗效和动态观察脑血流动力学变化的最佳无创性技术。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗成人缺血性烟雾病的疗效分析

目的探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗成人缺血性烟雾病(MMD)的疗效。方法分析接受颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术的30例成人缺血性MMD患者的临床资料。结果术后复查DSA或CTA示26例吻合口通畅良好;颅脑灌注成像示21例脑灌注较术前明显改善;术后发生脑梗死3例和过度灌注1例,TIA6例,但发作次数及持续时间较术前均明显减少。结论颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术能有效增加成人缺血性MMD患者脑血流量,改善生活质量。     

缺血型烟雾病间接搭桥与联合搭桥造影及疗效对比分析

正烟雾病是一种病因不明的慢性闭塞性脑血管病,其主要特征是双侧颈内动脉末端闭塞或狭窄和颅底的异常血管网~([1])。烟雾病分为缺血型和出血型两种。目前尚无有效药物治疗烟雾病,而外科血管重建术可以有效的改善血流动力学,改善患者症状,是治疗烟雾病的有效方法。目前烟雾病的血管重建术分为直接搭桥(颞浅动脉-大脑前动脉吻合术STA-ACA、颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术STA-MCA、枕动脉-     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分流术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄性脑卒中的疗效观察

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄致缺血性卒中的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年12月STA-MCA分流术治疗的75例大脑中动脉狭窄引起的缺血性卒中的临床资料。结果 术中B超探查显示71例吻合口血流通畅满意,4例血流缓慢。术后3 d死亡2例,其余73例术后CT灌注成像检查显示脑血流灌注明显改善。术后7、14 d神经功能评分较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,术后6、12个月神经功能评分进一步好转（P<0.05）。术后随访12个月,73例未出现因搭桥血管狭窄或闭塞引起的新发脑梗死及TIA;67例CTA检查显示血管显影良好。结论 STA-MCA分流术是预防和治疗大脑中动脉狭窄性卒中安全、有效的手段。     

烟雾病68例患者综合治疗疗效分析

目的探讨烟雾病(MMD)患者治疗模式及其疗效。方法 68例MMD患者(缺血型54例,出血型14例)分别接受颞浅动脉—大脑中动脉搭桥手术、脑膜脑动脉血管融通术及内科治疗,随访并观察治疗疗效。结果接受颞浅动脉—大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA—MCA)40例患者、2例接受脑膜脑动脉血管融通术(EDAS),合并动脉瘤的2例行夹闭术及24例接受内科治疗。24例患者在随访过程中接受STA-MCA手术6例,EDAS手术4例。20例患者术后6个月内复查脑血管造影或CTA提示桥血管通畅及CTP提示颅内脑血流灌注显著改善,随访9.3±2.7个月接受手术治疗的患者未发生责任侧脑缺血发作;3例出血性MMD接受STA-MCA手术,其中1例患者1年后搭桥侧再次脑出血。结论 STA-MCA手术能够有效提高缺血性MMD患者颅内脑血流灌注,降低脑缺血事件发生。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗成人烟雾病

目的 探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉（STA-MCA）搭桥术治疗成人烟雾病的效果。方法 回顾性分析17例成人烟雾病患者（出血型13例,缺血型4例）的临床资料,均行STA-MCA搭桥术治疗,其中双侧STA-MCA搭桥术15例,单侧STA-MCA搭桥术2例。结果 术后13例出血型患者临床症状改善,2例出现过度灌注综合征。17例随访3~36个月,13例出血型患者中,12例恢复正常或临床症状改善,1例术后突发颅内出血,预后不良;4例缺血型患者术后3例未再出现短暂性脑缺血发作,1例短暂性脑缺血发作的频率和持续时间减少。结论 STA-MCA搭桥术治疗烟雾病,可以降低出血型患者的再出血率和致残率,以及缺血型患者的短暂性脑缺血发作的发生率。     

烟雾病颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术后迟发颅内出血原因分析

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)通过端侧吻合直接建立颈外对颈内动脉缺血区的供血,是一种经典有效的术式,术后颅内出血是其主要的并发症之一.本文回顾1997年9月至2009年1月,北京天坛医院行STA-MCA搭桥术并且资料完整的80例患者,术后4例患者出现迟发颅内出血(占全部病例的5%),现结合文献总结报告如下.     

应用复合手术室治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床分析

目的探索应用复合手术室在颅内动脉瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析应用复合手术室治疗94例(共110个动脉瘤)颅内动脉瘤病例资料,87例行手术夹闭,4例行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(STA-MCA)搭桥术加载瘤动脉血管内弹簧圈闭塞术,2例行STA-MCA搭桥术加动脉瘤切除后断端吻合术,1例行动脉瘤孤立术。结果 87例(103个动脉瘤)病人行动脉瘤夹闭术,造影证实完全夹闭动脉瘤,其中术中血管造影显示动脉瘤颈残留6个(5.8%),调整动脉瘤夹后造影显示动脉瘤均完全夹闭。术中造影显示载瘤动脉狭窄7个(6.8%),调整动脉瘤夹后造影显示载瘤动脉狭窄恢复正常6个,因载瘤动脉瘤化及钙化斑块存在未予调整仍存在轻度狭窄1个(0.9%),电生理监测未显示异常。4例(4个)MCA蛇形动脉瘤先行STA-MCA搭桥术再行载瘤动脉弹簧圈闭塞术,2例(2个)M1段蛇形动脉瘤先行STA-MCA搭桥术再行动脉瘤切除及断端吻合术,血管均重建成功,术中造影未发现吻合血管狭窄或闭塞。1例(1个)M2段夹层动脉瘤行孤立术者,电生理监测未显示异常。术后根据改良Rankin量表评分(m RS),随访79例,时间3~12个月,其中恢复良好(m RS 0分)67例,轻度神经功能障碍(m RS 1~2分)9例,重残(m RS 5分)2例,死亡(m RS 6分)1例。失访15例。结论复合手术治疗颅内动脉瘤安全有效,特别对治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤具有较大优势,能明显降低手术并发症发生率,提高疗效,是今后发展方向。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析开颅夹闭术治疗的2例颅内复杂动脉瘤的临床资料。夹闭动脉瘤前,先行STA-MCA分流术。结果 1例破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示右侧颈内动脉后交通段巨大动脉瘤（责任动脉瘤）+左侧颈内动脉后交通段镜像动脉瘤,伴双侧胚胎型大脑后动脉,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤孤立术。1例未破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示MCA分叉部大型动脉瘤位,MCA M2段下干粗大,上干纤细,上干起始部均成为瘤颈的一部分,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤夹闭术。2例术后均无明显神经功能障碍,CTA示动脉瘤不显影、吻合口通畅,CTP显示脑灌注良好;术后6个月,改良Rankin量表评分0分1例,1分1例。结论 STA-MCA分流术能够延长安全临时阻断的时间,在动脉瘤孤立和载瘤动脉闭塞后提供保护性血流,在理想情况下双支STA分流术还可以提供高流量血流,替代复杂的桡动脉或大隐静脉分流术,简化手术操作。这项技术有利于提高颅内复杂动脉瘤的治愈率,降低手术并发症的发生率。     

灌注磁共振成像在缺血性脑血管病外科治疗中的作用

目的探讨灌注磁共振成像(PWI)在缺血性脑血管病外科治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析24例缺血性脑血管病患者的临床及影像学资料。并对外科治疗患者术前、术后均行PWI检查，以比较患者的脑血流灌注情况。结果本组患者中，单侧颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞9例，单侧大脑中动脉严重狭窄或闭塞8例，颅内、外动脉系统多发性狭窄或闭塞5例，烟雾病2例。术前PWI显示局部脑血流量(rCBF)正常、平均通过时间(MTY)升高15例，rCBF降低、MTT升高8例，rCBF和MTT均正常1例。23例接受外科治疗，其中13例行支架血管成形术，4例行颈动脉内膜切除术，6例颞浅动脉一大脑中动脉(STA—MCA)动脉吻合术；术后PWI改善19例(82．6％)，其中支架血管成形术12例(92．3％)，颈动脉内膜切除术4例(100％)，STA—MCA吻合术3例(50％)。结论PWI可以评价缺血性脑血管病患者的脑血流灌注异常及外科治疗后有效地改善脑血流灌注的情况。     

大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环320排计算机断层扫描血管成像联合脑灌注成像研究

目的   利用320排计算机断层扫描血管成像（computed tomography angiography,CTA）及脑灌注成像（computed tomography perfusion imaging,CTP）探讨单侧大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）重度狭窄或闭塞的急性缺血性卒中患者侧支循环与脑灌注的关系。 方法  对72例单侧MCA重度狭窄或闭塞的急性缺血性卒中患者行头部320排CTA及CTP检查,根据有无侧支循环分为2组,对2组CTA和CTP情况进行分析比较。 结果  共入组72例患者,有侧支循环组58例,无侧支循环组14例。有侧支循环组38例（65.52%）MCA闭塞,无侧支循环组中5例（35.71%）MCA闭塞,两组差异有显著性（P=0.041）。有侧支循环组脑灌注代偿率高于无侧支循环组（68.97% vs 21.43%,χ2＝10.595,P＝0.001）;在CTP异常的68例患者中,有侧支循环者54例,无侧支循环者14例,有侧支循环组患侧的脑血容量［35.00（29.92,41.13）ml/100?g vs 26.25（18.23,37.18）ml/100?g］及脑血流量［（2.39±0.73）ml/100?g·min vs （1.75±0.72）ml/100?g·min］高于无侧支循环组,P分别为0.007和0.040。但2组患侧平均通过时间（mean transit time,MTT）及平均达峰时间（time to peak,TTP）差异无显著性。 结论  320排CTA联合CTP检查显示急性缺血性卒中患者中有侧支循环者脑灌注代偿率高,而且其脑血容量和脑血流量均高于无侧支循环者。     

脑血运重建术治疗成人脑底异常血管网病的疗效分析

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术联合颞肌贴敷术治疗脑底异常血管网病（MMD）时单支血管分流术与双支血管分流术的疗效差异。方法 2020年1月至2022年6月前瞻性收治符合标准的MMD共59例,37例应用STAMCA单支血管分流术联合颞肌贴敷术治疗（单支分流组）,22例应用STA-MCA双支血管分流术联合颞肌贴敷术治疗（双支分流组）。结果 术后3个月DSA或CTA显示分流血管通畅,其中分流血管显影良好38例;49例（83.1%）神经功能改善（手术前后mRS评分差值>0）,47例（79.7%）脑组织血供改善（手术前后脑灌注评分差值<0）;未发生手术相关并发症。两组术后3个月m RS评分及脑灌注评分均明显改善（P<0.05）,而且,双支血管分流组明显优于单支血管分流组（P<0.05）。双支血管分流组术后mRS评分改善率、脑灌注评分改善率均明显高于单支血管分流组（P<0.05）。结论 STA-MCA分流术联合颞肌贴敷术治疗MMD疗效良好,而且双支血管分流术的短期预后优于单支血管分流术。     

Transient neurological deterioration due to watershed shift after STA-MCA bypass surgery in acute atherosclerotic occlusion

Superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery is considered not the primary but the last treatment option for acute atherosclerotic occlusions refractory to medical treatment. We retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent STA-MCA bypass surgery for acute atherosclerotic occlusion intractable to other treatments. From June 2010 to May 2014, 10 patients underwent STA-MCA bypass surgery for acute atherosclerotic occlusion at our hospital. The sites of occlusion were the internal carotid artery (n = 5) and the proximal MCA (n = 5). All 10 patients showed good patency in the anastomosis after bypass surgery, and postoperative cerebral angiography showed a newly formed border zone between the existing collateral blood flow and bypass graft blood flow. Transient neurological deterioration (TND) developed in 4 patients after STA-MCA bypass surgery (40%). All 4 patients showed worsened hemiparesis or aphasia 2–3 days after bypass surgery and improvement in neurological deficits within 1 week after bypass surgery. Diffusion MRI in patients with TND showed new cerebral infarctions near the newly formed border zone. In our series of bypass surgeries for acute atherosclerotic occlusion, postoperative changes in hemodynamic status, also called watershed zone shift, may be one of the causes of new cerebral infarctions near the newly formed border zone.     

Internal maxillary artery to intracranial artery bypass: a case series of 31 patients with chronic internal carotid/middle cerebral arterial-sclerotic steno-occlusive disease

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of internal maxillary artery (IMA) – radial artery graft (RAG) – middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery for chronic arterial-sclerotic severe stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or MCA.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 31 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease who underwent bypass surgery of the IMA with a RAG of the MCA. Twenty-seven patients had complete occlusion of the ICA or MCA, and four patients had severe stenosis of the M1 segment of the MCA.

Results: Patent IMA-RAG-MCA in 30 (96.8%) patients was confirmed by angiography after surgery. One case developed a new motor aphasia due to unsuccessful bypass. Eleven transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and five ischemic strokes resolved following surgery. The other 14 cases showed some improvement without ischemic events at one month following surgery. Prior to surgery, mean ± SD National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 5.4 ± 1.1 in the ischemic stroke group. In the first month post-procedure, the NIHSS score decreased significantly to 3.8 ± 1.2, (p < 0.01). Perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) or computed tomography perfusion (CTP) indicated improved hemodynamics in 30 patients. In addition, seven patients demonstrated improved glucose metabolism on 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) postoperatively. No new neurological deficit occurred in the 30 patients during a 2.19 ± 1.59 years of follow-up.

Conclusions: By supplying an adequate flow to a larger flow territory of chronically stenotic/occlusive major cerebral arteries, IMA bypass surgery is efficient for restoring hemodynamics in selected patients and improving their neurological deficits.     

Superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery bypass for ischemic atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery disease

Most recent studies on the effectiveness of cerebral revascularization have focused on the treatment of atherosclerotic internal carotid artery occlusive disease. The goal of the present study was to assess neurological function in 11 severe atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery (MCA) disease patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and hemodynamic compromise and determine the efficacy of superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass. There were eight patients with MCA occlusion and three with severe MCA stenosis. After the bypass procedure, all 11 patients experienced reduction in TIAs and no stroke during a mean follow-up of 34.36 months. Surgical revascularization increased regional cerebral blood flow (mL/100 g/min) from a mean of (± standard deviation) 25.9 ± 7.39 preoperatively to 32.3 ± 7.72 postoperatively, and improved regional cerebrovascular reactivity from ?6.42% ± 14.61% to 30.14% ± 23.93% (p = 0.014) in the eight patients with atherosclerotic MCA occlusion. Our findings demonstrated the benefit of STA-MCA bypass for patients with medically refractory and symptomatic atherosclerotic MCA occlusion with hemodynamic compromise.     

Surgical modulation of the natural course of collateral circulation in chronic ischemic patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate hemodynamic compromise in terms of baseline CBF and CRC in patients with chronic cerebral occlusive lesions and its modulation by a superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis. The study subjects were 10 healthy volunteers and 49 chronic ischemic patients with stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) The hemodynamics were measured using stable xenon enhanced computed tomographic CBF measurement with the acetazolamide challenge. The compromised hemodynamics in patients with chronic steno-occlusive lesions did not improve during their natural course after two months. STAMCA bypass modulated hemodynamic compromise in the ischemic patients. We recommend STAMCA bypass for patients with reduced CRC, regardless of whether baseline CBF is reduced or normal. Hemodynamic classification using a combination of baseline CBF values and CRC values is useful for evaluating cerebral hemodynamics and for choosing the best treatment for cerebral ischemia with occlusive lesions.