抗精神病药对体重和血糖的影响

目的：了解氯丙嗪、氯氮平和利培酮对体重和血糖的影响。方法：对84例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为3组，单用氯丙嗪、氯氮平和利培酮治疗，疗程8周，分别在治疗前及治疗后2、4、6、8周末观察体重及血糖的变化。结果：3组患者治疗后体重均有非常明显的增加，其中氯丙嗪、氯氮平组治疗4组末，利培酮组治疗6周末体重已比治疗前有明显增加。氯氮平组治疗4周末血糖有明显升高，体重与血糖升高有非常明显的正相关。结论：氯氮平、氯丙嗪和利培酮均能引起体重增加，氯氮平引起的血糖升高可能与此有关。结论：氯氮平、氯丙嗪和利培酮均能引起体重增加，氯氮平引起的血糖升高可能与此有关，应予以关注。     

氯氮平、利培酮和奎硫平对精神分裂症体重、血糖的影响

目的分析抗精神病药对首发精神分裂症患者体重及血糖的影响。方法将48例首发精神分裂症患者分为3组，并分别单用氯氮平、利培酮、奎硫平治疗8周。于治疗前及治疗后第2．4、6及8周末分别测查体重、血糖。结果3个组的患者治疗后体重均有所增加，氯氮平组第4周末血糖明显升高，体重与血糖升高呈明显正相关。结论氯氮平、利培酮及奎硫平均能引起体重增加，而氯氮平引起血糖升高可能与此相关，应予以重视。     

氯氮平与利培酮对体重的影响

目的：比较氯氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者体重的影响。方法：将136例精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平组与利培酮组各68例，进行2个月的临床观察。以简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效。结果：氯氮平组患者体重明显增加，平均增加2．4kg，利培酮组体重有增加趋势，但不显著，体重增加者疗效较好。结论：氯氮平易导致患者的体重增加，而利培酮对体重影响较轻。     

住院精神分裂症并发糖尿病患者与抗精神病药物应用的关系分析

目的探索抗精神病药物与精神分裂症伴发糖尿病的临床关系。方法观察445例住院精神分裂症患，将氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮及氯氮平合并氯丙嗪分组比较，研究药物种类、住院治疗时间对血糖的影响程度。结果血糖增高和糖尿病的发生率分别为19．78％和12．13％，都以氯氮平合并氯丙嗪组最高，氯氮平次之；氯丙嗪组、氯氮平组及氯氮平合并氯丙嗪组末次血糖浓度明显高于首次血糖浓度。除利培酮组外，住院治疗1～10年的血糖浓度明显增高，但10年后氯氮平组仍有增高趋势。结论氯氮平合并氯丙嗪对血糖代谢影响最大，氯氮平具有更长远的不利影响，使用抗精神病药物时应定期监测血糖。     

抗精神病药对血清酶水平的影响

目的：比较氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮对精神分裂症患者血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)及γ-羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)活性的影响。方法：对单用氯丙嗪(30例)、氯氮平(29例)或利培酮(32例)治疗的精神分裂症患者于治疗前、治疗4、8和12周末分别进行血清酶测定及对比分析。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效。结果：氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮均可引起精神分裂症患者AST、CK及HBDH活性明显下降，氯丙嗪组和氯氮平组下降更明显。氯丙嗪、氯氮平均可引起精神分裂症患者LDH活性明显下降。结论：氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮均可影响精神分裂症患者部分血清酶活性，但这些酶活性的改变不能说明精神分裂症发病和严重程度，也不能作为抗精神病药疗效指标。     

氯氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者体重增加影响的研究

目的探讨新型抗精神病药氯氟平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者体重的影响。方法将60例精神分裂症病人随机分为氯氯平组和利培酮组各30例，对所有患者在用药前、4周和8周时测体重、身高＋计算Quetelet指数，分析其变化。结果氯氮平组体重指数增加明显，治疗前后差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论氯氯平易导致体重增加，利培酮对体重影响较轻，治疗期间应对使用氯氯平的患者做好饮食指导。     

抗精神病药物对嗜酸性粒细胞的影响

目的探讨几种抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者嗜酸性粒细胞的影响。方法随机选取抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症患者300例,分别在治疗前及治疗后每周测定血细胞计数与分类。结果患者经利培酮、氯氮平和氯丙嗪治疗后嗜酸性粒细胞增多有的60例(20%)。氯氮平组发生率(29.1%)显著高于利培酮组(14%)(P<0.01),氯丙嗪组与利培酮组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论典型和非典型抗精神病药物对嗜酸性粒细胞均有影响,可能与免疫系统有关。     

抗精神病药所致体重增加

抗精神病药治疗期间出现体重增加者相当常见。研究发现 ,致体重增加作用最为明显的是氯氮平及奥兰扎平 ,甲硫达嗪、色汀度、氯丙嗪次之 ,利培酮又次之 ,氟哌啶醇及氟奋乃静等则相对较轻。因治疗期间体重增加直接影响患者对治疗的依从性 ,所以应引起足够的重视。     

首发青少年精神分裂症药物疗效的纵向比较

目的　了解利培酮、氯氮平、氯丙嗪、氟哌啶醇 4种抗精神病药物治疗首发青少年精神分裂症患者的近期和远期疗效。方法　将首发青少年精神分裂症 2 36例分成利培酮组、氯氮平组、氟哌啶醇组及氯丙嗪组 ,采用BPRS及TESS在患者首次住院治疗前及治疗后 2、4、6、8周进行评定 ,并观察 4组药物的副反应 ;对 4组患者出院后 3年内进行随访 ,并利用BPRS、TESS及SDSS每年评定 1次。结果　在首次住院中 ,4种抗精神病药物在治疗精神分裂症症状方面的近期疗效基本相同 ,但在药物副作用方面 4组患者有显著差异 ;在 3年随访中 ,4组患者在中断治疗、社会功能恢复等方面也有显著差异。结论　非典型抗精神药物的远期疗效优于典型抗精神病药物 ,提示在治疗青少年精神分裂症患者时可首选利培酮或氯氮平等非典型抗精神病药物     

氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者糖代谢、血脂和体重的影响

目的　探讨氯丙嗪、氯氮平和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者糖代谢、血脂和体重的影响。方法　将首发精神分裂症患者随机分为 3组 ,每组各 3 0例 ,分别单用氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮治疗。于治疗前、治疗第 3周末和第 6周末做糖耐量试验 ,并检测甘油三酯、胆固醇 ,计算体重指数 [BMI,体重 (kg) /身高 (m2 ) ]。结果　氯氮平组治疗后第 3周末、第 6周末餐后 2h的血糖值和第 6周末BMI值明显高于利培酮和氯丙嗪组 ,与治疗前相比也明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。利培酮组治疗第 6周末BMI值和餐后 1h血糖值比治疗前明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。氯丙嗪组治疗第 6周末BMI值比治疗前明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　氯氮平对精神分裂症患者糖代谢和体重影响最大 ,其次是利培酮 ,氯丙嗪影响最小     

抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者血脂、血糖和体重影响的研究

目的比较精神分裂症患者服用抗精神病药物后血脂、血糖及体重的变化,评价不同药物的安全性。方法选择109例单一应用抗精神病药物治疗满8周的精神分裂症患者,分别于第4周、第8周测量血脂(胆固醇、甘油三脂)、血糖和体重。结果服用抗精神病药物后女性、高龄患者甘油三脂增高显著,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.34,P<0.05;r=0.256,P=0.007);氯氮平对胆固醇升高影响显著高于利培酮、奎硫平、氯丙嗪、奋乃静等(P<0.05);氯氮平、氯丙嗪对甘油三脂升高影响显著高于利培酮(P<0·05);所有纳入研究的药物对血糖、体重有不同程度影响,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论大多数抗精神病药物可增加高血脂、肥胖的风险,选择药物应考虑性别及年龄因素。     

四种抗精神病药对糖代谢及脂代谢的不良影响

目的研究4种抗精神病药对糖代谢、脂代谢的不良影响。方法112例精神分裂症患者根据临床治疗需要分为氯氮平组（30例）、奥氮平组（24例）、利培酮组（29例）和舒必利组（29例），均治疗观察4周。每组患者于治疗前后测空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、胰岛素、C肽，量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围，并计算体质量指数（BMI）及胰岛素抵抗指数（IR）。结果（1）治疗后4组患者的空腹胰岛素、C肽及IR均升高，与治疗前的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；治疗后氯氮平组和奥氮平组患者的甘油三酯及胆固醇均明显高于治疗前（P〈0．05）。（2）治疗后BMI的升高程度为：氯氮平〉奥氮平〉舒必利〉利培酮，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。空腹胰岛素、C肽、甘油三酯、胆固醇及IR的升高程度为：氯氮平和奥氮平〉舒必利和利培酮，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）氯氮平组、奥氮平组的甘油三酯及IR升高程度均为男性大于女性，胆固醇升高程度为女性大于男性；舒必利组的变化则相反。结论氯氮平和奥氮平对糖代谢及脂代谢的影响大于利培酮和舒必利，并存在性别差异。     

Weight gain and antipsychotic medication: differences between antipsychotic-free and treatment periods.

BACKGROUND: We performed a retrospective analysis of data involving 121 inpatients to examine the rate of weight gain during antipsychotic-free periods and during treatment with various antipsychotic drugs. METHOD: Data were analyzed to determine differences in weekly weight change during antipsychotic-free (N = 65), typical antipsychotic (N = 51), or atypical antipsychotic (N = 130) treatment periods. Atypical antipsychotic treatment periods were further subdivided into olanzapine (N = 45), clozapine (N = 47), or risperidone (N = 36) treatment periods. A paired comparison was conducted on 65 patients who had an antipsychotic-free treatment period preceding or following a neuroleptic drug treatment period. In addition, patients were classified as either non-obese (with a body mass index [BMI] < or = 29.9 kg/ml) or obese (BMI > or = 30.0 kg/m2) to test whether the rate of weight gain during treatment periods was related to initial BMI. RESULTS: Across all treatment periods, weekly weight gain was as follows: 0.89 lb/wk (0.40 kg/wk) on atypical antipsychotic medication, 0.61 lb/wk (0.27 kg/wk) on typical antipsychotic medication, and 0.21 lb/wk (0.09 kg/wk) on no antipsychotic medications. The atypical antipsychotic versus antipsychotic-free comparison was significant (F = 3.51; df = 2,231; p = .031), while the typical antipsychotic versus antipsychotic-free comparison was not. Among the individual atypical antipsychotic medications, significantly more weight gain occurred during olanzapine treatment (1.70 lb/wk) (0.76 kg/wk) than with either clozapine (0.50 lb/wk) (0.22 kg/wk) or risperidone (0.34 lb/wk) (0.15 kg/wk) treatments (F = 7.77; df = 2,117; p = .001). In the paired analysis with patients serving as their own controls, the difference between weekly weight gain during atypical antipsychotic treatment and antipsychotic-free treatment was significant (t = -3.91; df = 44; p = .001), while the difference between weight gain during typical antipsychotic treatment and antipsychotic-free treatment was not significant. With the individual drugs. treatment with both olanzapine and clozapine caused significantly higher weekly weight gain than antipsychotic-free treatment (p = .001 and p = .036, respectively). while treatment with risperidone did not. Non-obese patients (BMI < 29.9 kg/m2) and obese patients (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2) did not differ significantly in their weight gain during typical or atypical antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSION: Treatment with atypical antipsychotics was associated with more weight gain than treatment with typical antipsychotics. Among the atypical drugs, olanzapine was associated with more weight gain than either clozapine or risperidone. The patient's admission BMI was not associated with the amount of weight gained during subsequent antipsychotic treatment.     

Serum leptin and triglyceride levels in patients on treatment with atypical antipsychotics

BACKGROUND: Weight gain is a common adverse effect associated with the use of most antipsychotic drugs. Leptin has been reported to be associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine and serum leptin levels. We planned to comparatively investigate the effects of the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine on leptin and triglyceride levels and weight gain. METHOD: The study population comprised 56 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia, who were divided into 4 treatment groups: quetiapine (N = 14), olanzapine (N = 14), risperidone (N = 14), or clozapine (N = 14) monotherapy, and a control group of 11 patients receiving no psychopharmacologic treatment. The patients were evaluated at baseline and at the sixth week according to the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), body mass index (BMI), weight, and fasting serum leptin and triglyceride levels. Data were gathered in 2001 and 2002. RESULTS: Olanzapine and clozapine caused a marked increase in weight and serum triglyceride and leptin levels, though increases in these variables were modest in the patients receiving quetiapine and minimal in those receiving risperidone. There were positive correlations between serum leptin levels and BMI and triglyceride levels. Clinical efficacy, as indicated by decrease in total PANSS scores, was associated with leptin levels in all atypical antipsychotic groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that leptin may be associated with olanzapine- and clozapine-induced weight gain and that quetiapine appears to have modest influence and risperidone appears to have minimal influence on leptin and triglyceride levels and weight gain compared with olanzapine and clozapine.     

氯氮平合并利培酮治疗难治性精神分裂症

目的：了解氯氮平全早培酮的治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法：２６例符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ精神分裂症诊断标准且临床判断属于难治性病人,予氯氮平合并利培酮治疗,疗程８周,分别在治疗前及治疗后进行阳性与阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）和不良瓜症状量表（ＴＥＳＳ）评定。结果：合并治疗８周后部是性,阴性及一般精神病理分治疗前后均有显著差异。ＴＥＳＳＵ叫分治疗前后无显著差异。副反应主要为静坐不能,肌张力增高,     

氯氮平和利培酮对血清催乳素及体重的影响

目的：比较氯氮平、利培酮对男性精神分裂症患者血清催乳素(PRL)及体重的影响。方法：将80例符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第2版修订本诊断标准的男性精神分裂症患者，随机分为氯氮平组和利培酮组，治疗6周。在治疗前后分别测定血清PRL水平及体重。结果：氯氮平组和利培酮组治疗后血清PRL、体重均显著增高，尤以利培酮组增加率显著较多。体重与血清PRL水平变化呈正相关。结论：氯氮平组及利培酮组血清PRL水平及体重均明显增加，利培酮组增加幅度更大。血清PRL水平的增加可能是引起体重增加的重要因素。     

Serum BDNF levels and weight gain in schizophrenic patients on long-term treatment with antipsychotics

Several lines of evidence suggest that central brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates food intake, metabolism, and increases in body weight. Reports have also shown that serum BDNF is altered in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotics. This study aimed to determine if there was a relationship between BDNF and antipsychotic-induced weight gain in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Serum BDNF was measured in 124 schizophrenia patients chronically treated with clozapine (n = 57), risperidone (n = 23) or typical antipsychotics (n = 44) and 50 healthy control subjects. To further assess group differences in serum BDNF, additional analyses were performed in a subset of patients and controls individually matched for body mass index (BMI). BDNF levels were lower in patients with schizophrenia than normal controls. However, this difference was not present when controlling for current BMI. In the individually BMI-matched sample, no differences in serum BDNF levels were observed in schizophrenic patients compared to BMI-matched healthy controls. BDNF levels negatively correlated with BMI gain in female but not in male patients when gender was considered. Antipsychotic class exerted differential effects over BDNF levels and BMI gain. Our findings suggest that decreased BDNF levels may be associated with weight gain in female schizophrenic patients on long-term antipsychotic treatment.     

The first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs affect ADP-induced platelet aggregation

Objective. Blood platelets play an important role in haemostasis and their hyperaggregability may lead to thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases. Increased incidence of mortality, caused by cardiovascular disease, and the increased risk of thrombotic complication in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotics have been reported. The effects of antipsychotic drugs on blood platelet function are not fully explained, therefore the purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the effects of the second-generation antipsychotic drugs used in schizophrenia (clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine), with the effects of the first generation antipsychotic, haloperidol, on the platelet aggregation induced by ADP in vitro. Methods. Blood obtained from healthy volunteers (n=25) collected into sodium citrate was centrifuged (250×g, 10 min) at room temperature to obtain platelet-rich plasma. Aggregation of blood platelets (10 µM ADP) was recorded (Chrono-log aggregometer) in platelet-rich plasma preincubated with antipsychotic drugs (final concentration: clozapine 420 ng/ml, risperidone 65 ng/ml, olanzapine 40 ng/ml, haloperidol 20 ng/ml) for 30 min. Results. Our results showed that all tested drugs inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP in vitro. Among studied antipsychotic drugs clozapine and olanzapine significantly reduced platelet aggregability in vitro. In comparison with control platelets (without the drug), clozapine inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 21% (P=3.7×10^?6) and olanzapine by 18% (P=2.8×10^?4), respectively. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate that antipsychotic drugs, especially clozapine and olanzapine, contrary to haloperidol, reduced response of blood platelets to ADP measured as platelet aggregation. This suggests that therapy with such antipsychotics, particularly with second-generation antipsychotics, may partly reduce prothrombotic events associated with the increased platelet activation observed in schizophrenic patients. The mechanism of antiaggregatory influence of antipsychotics requires further studies.     

氯氮平与利培酮对血清脂联素的影响

目的：研究氯氮平与利培酮对血清脂联素（Adi）等代谢的影响。方法：69例精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平组和利培酮组。治疗6周测定患者血清Adi，血脂，空腹血糖、胰岛素水平，计算胰岛素抵抗指数（IR），测量身高、体质量，计算体质量指数（BMI），并与36名正常对照者比较。结果：两患者组治疗后的血清Adi明显降低，氯氮平组血清Adi改变与BMI相关；利培酮组血清Adi改变与IR和利培酮剂量相关。结论：氯氮平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者可引起血清Adi降低，并与体质量增加、IR、血脂及利培酮剂量密切相关。     

维思通与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照分析

用维思通治疗精神分裂症３３例，与用氯氮平治疗的３１例进行对照研究。两组以阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ），阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ），简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）和副反应量表进行盲式评分。结果显示：虽然氯氮平对治疗阴性阳性症状均有较好疗效，但维思通更明显优于氯氮平，且副作用较小。本文对维思通的疗效，临床应用，副作用，作用机理进行了讨论。