随访护理对改善成人癫痫患者焦虑抑郁情绪及生活质量的作用

目的观察随访护理改善癫痫患者焦虑抑郁情绪及生活质量的作用。方法选取2013-04—2015-03我院收治的成年癫痫患者124例,随机分为观察组与对照组,对照组实施常规护理,观察组在此基础上开展随访护理,比较观察2组焦虑抑郁情绪(临床自评量表SAS/SDS)与生活质量(癫痫患者生活质量量表QOLIE-31)情况。结果观察组护理干预后SAS/SDS评分均显著降低,且明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组QOLIE-31各项评分均明显升高,且高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论随访护理够有效缓解成年癫痫患者焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪,同时明显提高患者的生活质量,具有理想的临床应用价值。     

拉莫三嗪联合丙戊酸钠治疗脑卒中继发癫痫患者的疗效观察

目的 观察拉莫三嗪联合丙戊酸钠治疗脑卒中继发癫痫患者的临床疗效.方法 选取我院2011-01-2012-01收治的80例脑卒中继发癫痫患者为研究对象,将患者抽签速记分为观察组与对照组,每组40例.对照组给予丙戊酸钠治疗,观察组给予拉莫三嗪联合丙戊酸钠治疗,比较2组临床疗效,比较治疗前、治疗6个月、12个月后癫痫发作持续时间、生活质量评分及不良反应发生率.结果 观察组有效率95.00％,高于对照组的80.00％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组治疗前癫痫发作持续时间、生活质量评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗6个月、12个月后癫痫发作持续时间(2.76±1.53)min/次、(2.25±1.23)min/次,低于对照组;生活质量评分(63.82±6.30)分、(78.95±6.71)分,高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 拉莫三嗪联合丙戊酸钠治疗脑卒中后继发性癫痫,可提高临床疗效,缩短癫痫发作持续时间,提高生活质量,且不增加不良反应发生率,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

成年癫痫患者抑郁、焦虑状况及生活质量调查

目的调查成年癫痫患者抑郁、焦虑的患病率及可能的危险因素;评价抑郁及焦虑对癫痫患者生活质量的影响。方法采用Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)、贝克焦虑量表(BAI)及癫痫患者生活质量量表-31(QO-LIE-31中文版),对200例成年癫痫患者的抑郁、焦虑情况及生活质量进行评估。结果在200例癫痫患者中43.5%伴发抑郁,28.5%伴发焦虑,23%伴发抑郁及焦虑。发作频繁、无有薪职业是癫痫患者伴发抑郁的重要危险因素,无有薪职业是癫痫患者伴发焦虑的危险因素。抑郁组及抑郁伴焦虑组的QOLIE-31总分及各项评分均低于非抑郁非焦虑组(P=0.000);焦虑组的QOLIE-31总分(P=0.004)及发作的担忧(P=0.019)、认知功能(P=0.009)方面的得分均低于非抑郁非焦虑组。结论抑郁和焦虑是癫痫患者常见的精神共病,严重影响了癫痫患者的生活质量。积极控制发作、为癫痫患者提供更多的就业机会是改善癫痫患者生活质量的重要因素。     

甘肃农村地区癫痫患者生活质量及其影响因素调查

目的研究甘肃农村地区成年癫痫患者的生活质量及其影响因素。方法采用癫痫患者生活质量量表-31(quality of life in epilepsy inventory,QOLIE-31)对甘肃省农村地区154例癫痫患者及149名正常对照进行生活质量评估,分析社会人口学因素(性别、年龄、婚姻状况、职业、教育程度等)和临床因素(癫痫起病年龄、病程、发作类型、发作频率、服用药物种数等)对患者生活质量的影响。结果患者生活质量得分低于对照组[(47.63±7.74)vs.(52.28±5.75)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同性别、婚姻状况、职业、受教育程度、发作类型的患者生活质量得分无统计学差异(P>0.05),不同人均年收入、服用药物种数的患者生活质量得分有统计学差异(P<0.05)。经多因素线性回归分析,患者家庭人均年收入(β=3.115,P=0.002)、服用药物种数(β=3.261,P=0.027)是影响其生活质量的因素。结论成年癫痫患者生活质量较低,家庭经济状况、服用药物种类对患者生活质量影响较显著,合理选择药物是控制癫痫发作、减轻家庭经济负担、提高癫痫患者生活质量的有效措施。     

家庭护理干预对癫痫患者生活质量的影响

目的：探讨家庭护理干预对癫痫患者生活质量的影响。方法将2012-04—2013-04我院住院的74例癫痫患者采用随机数字表法均分为2组。对照组（37例）实施常规护理措施，观察组（37例）实施家庭护理干预措施。分别采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、Morisky-Green测评表及成人癫痫患者生活质量量表-31（QOLIE-31）对2组治疗前后的焦虑及抑郁情绪、服药依从性及生活质量进行评估，进而分析家庭护理干预对癫痫患者的应用价值。结果护理前2组患者负性情绪、治疗依从性及各项生活质量评分比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。护理后观察组SAS（40.28±3.19）分、SDS （41.27±2.27）分、护理依从性（1.81±0.58）分显著低于护理前（54.64±5.78）分、（55.23±3.41）分、（3.44±0.35）分及对照组护理后（48.79±3.25）分、（49.05±2.76）分、（2.56±0.63）分，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。护理后观察组各项生活质量评分—总健康水平（68.73±8.30）分、对发作的担忧（68.79±9.46）分、认知与社交（69.28±9.34）分、生活质量总分（68.75±8.42）分显著高于对照组（63.21±8.18）分、（63.54±9.38）分、（64.38±9.07）分、（64.44±8.81）分，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论家庭护理干预措施可有效提高癫痫患者的生活质量，在临床上具有一定的应用价值。     

癫痫发作对成年女性患者体质量及血清瘦素水平的影响

目的探讨癫痫发作对成年女性患者体质量及血清瘦素水平的影响。方法检测35例新诊断的成年女性原发性癫痫患者(癫痫组)和35名健康对照者(正常对照组)入组时及6个月后的体质量、身高及血清瘦素水平,并进行比较。观察癫痫患者的发作频率,对癫痫患者体质量与年龄、BMI和血清瘦素水平的关系进行相关性分析。结果 6个月后,癫痫组BMI及血清瘦素水平显著高于正常对照组(均P<0.05),并且体质量、BMI及血清瘦素水平显著高于入组时(均P<0.05)。6个月中,癫痫患者癫痫发作(2.57±3.73)次/月。癫痫患者的体质量与癫痫发作频率、血清瘦素水平呈正相关(r=0.42,P=0.013;r=0.54,P=0.001)。结论女性癫痫患者的体质量和血清瘦素水平明显增高,并且其体质量增加与癫痫发作频率、血清瘦素水平高有关。     

癫痫发作与假性发作患者脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶含量变化

采用放免分析法分析癫痫发作和假性发作患者发病后24小时内脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）含量变化。结果：癫痫发作组15例脑脊液NSE含量为27．63±6．39（μg／L）,假性发作组11例脑脊液NSE为9．85±1．43,正常对用组16例NSE为10．18±1．42;癫痫发作组与正常对照组和假性发作组比较均呈显著差异（P＜0．01）,正常对照组与假性发作组比较无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：癫痫发作后有一定程度的脑神经元损害;脑脊液NSE检查对癫痫发作与假性发作有鉴别价值。     

癫癎患者生活质量及其影响因素的研究

目的研究癫痫间患者的生活质量及其影响因素。方法采用癫痫间患者生活质量量表-31(QO-LIE-31)对56例确诊的癫痫间患者和46例对照者进行评价。结果癫痫间组患者QOL各项得分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);全身性强直-阵挛发作(GTCS)和复杂部分性发作(CPS)患者QOL各项得分无显著差异(P>0.05);伴有抑郁的癫痫间患者在对发作的担忧、情绪健康、精力/疲乏和总体健康水平方面低于不伴有抑郁的癫痫间患者(P<0.05);服用1种抗癫痫间药物(AED)的患者与服用1种以上的患者比较,在对发作的担忧、综合生活质量、情绪方面、药物的影响以及总体健康水平方面得分显著降低(P<0.05)。结论癫痫间患者生活质量显著降低,抑郁和服用多种AED对生活质量影响较大。     

颞叶癫痫认知下降特点及其相关因素分析

目的:比较颞叶癫痫海马硬化者和非海马硬化者之间认知的差别,并分析颞叶癫痫患者认知下降的相关性因素。方法:收集110例颞叶癫痫患者临床资料,包括发病年龄、病程、发作情况;用修订韦氏记忆和韦氏智力量表来评价患者的记忆和智力水平;总结手术后患者的病理资料以确定患者是否伴有海马硬化。结果:伴有海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者的长期记忆和总记忆商分别为37．4±10．0,81．8±19．1;非海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者的长期记忆和总记忆商分别为42．0±8．2,88．3±13．4,伴有海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者的长期记忆和总记忆商显著低于非海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者的长期记忆和总记忆商(P值分别为0．01和0．049)。左侧起源与右侧起源的颞叶癫痫患者的语言智商分别为88．9±9．8和95．0±11．4,二者相比有显著性差异(P=0．013<0．05)。颞叶癫痫患者的总记忆商与癫痫病程呈负相关(r=-0．256,P=0．007<0．01),操作智商与癫痫发作频率呈负相关(r=-0．206,P=0．031<0．05),总智商与教育程度呈正相关(r=0．189,P=0．048<0．05)。结论:海马硬化的颞叶癫痫患者比非海马硬化的颞叶癫痫患者具有更差的长期记忆和总记忆商,左侧起源的颞叶癫痫患者比右侧起源的颞叶癫痫患者语言智商损伤更明显。颞叶癫痫患者病程越长其记忆商越差;癫痫发作越频繁其操作智商越差;教育对保护颞叶癫痫患者的智能有一定的作用。     

癫痫持续状态患者血及脑脊液神经特异性烯醇化酶含量的变化及Mg2+的影响

目的　探讨癫痫持续状态 (SE)患者血及脑脊液神经特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)的含量变化 ,并观察Mg2 + 的作用。方法　将 40例SE患者分为 2组 :常规治疗组 2 0例 ,给予地西泮 1 0～ 2 0mg缓慢静注等常规综合治疗 ;Mg2 + 组 2 0例 ,辅助性应用硫酸镁治疗 ;两组患者在症状控制后 2 4h和 72h检查静脉血和脑脊液中NSE的含量。并分别与 2 0例非脑和脊髓病变的其它疾病患者 (无血和脑脊液NSE的异常 )作对照 (正常对照组 )。结果　正常对照组患者血和脑脊液NSE的含量分别为 9.1 1± 3 .2 4 μg/L和 1 1 .32± 3 .2 2 μg/L ;常规治疗组在症状控制后 2 4h和 72h血中NSE含量平均为 2 9.76± 6 .77μg/L和 2 6 .72± 5 .39μg/L ,均较对照组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,脑脊液NSE平均为34 .31± 7.64μg/L和 31 .84± 6 .41 μg/L ,均较对照组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;Mg2 + 组在症状控制后 2 4h和 72h血NSE平均为 1 6 .68± 3 .31 μg/L和 1 1 .35± 5 .68μg/L ,与常规治疗组比较均P <0 .0 1 ,与正常对照组比较在 2 4h时差异较显著(P <0 .0 5) ,72h时差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ;脑脊液NSE平均为 1 8.63± 6 .2 0 μg/L和 1 3 .94± 6 .2 3μg/L ,与常规治疗组比较差异均显著 (P <0 .0 5) ,与正常对照组比较在 2 4h时差异较显     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.