脑深部电刺激双侧苍白球治疗Meige综合征3例并文献回顾

目的： Meige综合征是一种特发性累及头面部的肌张力障碍,有时也会影响到颈部。脑深部电刺激（DBS）双侧苍白球内侧部（GPi）治疗肌张力障碍的报道比较多,但治疗Meige综合征的很少。方法对3例双侧GPi-DBS术后的Meige综合征患者进行随访4、6和60个月。所有患者术前术后均采用国际通用的Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating 量表（BFMDRS）评分,包括BFMDRS-Ⅰ（Movement 量表）和BFMDRS-Ⅱ（Disability量表）两个部分。结果3例Meige综合征患者手术后症状均有明显改善,BFMDRS第一部分和第二部分评分的改善率分别为（78±3．1）％（范围75％～83％）和100％。结论双侧GPi-DBS是治疗原发性Meige综合征的一种有效安全的手术方式。     

丘脑底核脑深部电极刺激术治疗Meige综合征

目的 观察双侧丘脑底核-脑深部电刺激术( STN - DBS)治疗3例Meige综合征患者的术后长期疗效.方法 3例Meige综合征患者接受双侧脑深部电极刺激术,术中微电极记录确定准确靶点定位,术后进行参数程控.术后1、3、6、12、24个月及最后一次复诊时进行随访,采用BFMDRS评价治疗效果,观察参数变化.结果 3例患者术后症状均得到明显改善,术后1个月时3例患者BFMDRS总评分、运动评分及功能障碍评分均有下降,术后3-6个月3例患者BFMDRS总评分、运动评分及功能障碍评分改善最明显,改善率达到90％以上,6个月后疗效稳定.结论 STN- DBS治疗3例Meige综合征患者效果理想,可以成为治疗Meige综合征的一种选择.     

脑深部电刺激苍白球内侧部治疗肌张力障碍

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激(DBS)苍白球内侧部(GPi)治疗肌张力障碍的有效性和安全性,以及术后程控策略.方法 采用微电极记录GPi的电生理信号,埋置脑深部刺激器治疗肌张力障碍患者8例,同时记录患者对侧受累肌肉的电活动.所有患者的刺激靶点均为双侧GPi.结果 除1例继发性全身肌张力障碍患者外,其余患者因随访时间长短,均有不同程度改善,随访时间12-36个月,改善率35.5％～87.5％.其中随访超过18个月的患者症状改善率均＞59.6％.1例因全身扭动造成电极外露,锁骨下切口感染,最终将DBS装置取出.另有1例术后靶点区域少量出血,血肿吸收后原有症状仍有改善.结论 通过对现有DBS刺激GPi治疗肌张力障碍病例资料有效性和安全性的总结,DBS成为治疗肌张力障碍的一种有效方法.GPi是治疗肌张力障碍较为有效的靶点.     

立体定向苍白球毁损术对难治性帕金森病的疗效观察

目的：探讨“难治性”帕金森病的手术治疗效果。方法：对３０例难治性帕金林病患者行立体定向苍白球毁损术治疗,观察术前术后对药物反应情况和症状改善程度。结果：苍白球毁损术对“难治性”帕金森病患者的僵直改善率为９２．０％,对运动迟缓改善率为８７．５％,对震颤改善率为７５．０％。Ｈｏｅｈｎ－Ｙａｈｒ分级显著改善。结论：苍白球毁损术对治疗“难治性”帕金森病有良好的治疗效果。     

微电极记录技术在帕金森病手术治疗价值

目的　总结微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病的临床经验及治疗效果。方法　自 1 999年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 2月采用微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病 350例 ,其中苍白球腹后部毁损术 (PVP) 2 78例 ,丘脑腹中间核 (Vim)毁损术 35例 ,同期同侧PVP和Vim毁损术 1 5例 ,行同期双侧PVP 1 1例 ,分期双侧PVP 8例 ,分期一侧PVP或另一侧Vim毁损术 3例。对手术前后的“关”状态和“开”状态进行生活能力评分、UPDRS评分 ,并进行门诊随访。结果　术后日常生活能力评分“关”状态提高 2 9.8% ,“开”状态提高 2 5 .9%。UPDRS :在“关”状态下 ,总的改善率为 57.3 % ,其中精神行为情绪改善率为 50 .8% ,日常活动改善率 59.1 % ,运动功能改善率 58.2 %。结论　PVP对震颤效果不如Vim毁损术 ,对震颤明显 ,无明显僵直的患者可选择Vim毁损术 ,对震颤僵直型患者可分期双侧PVP毁损术。     

立体定向射频颅内靶点毁损治疗帕金森病

目的总结立体定向射频毁损丘脑腹中间核(Vim)和苍白球内侧部(GPi)治疗帕金森病的经验。方法对28例帕金森病病人行MRI、CT定位,微电极引导,配合术中测量阻抗和电刺激确定Vim、GPi靶点,以80℃、90s毁损。结果术后89.3%的病人即刻症状消除,10.7%症状减轻。手术后帕金森病统一量表(UPDRS)评分显著性下降(P <0.01)。随访3～48个月,复发率10.7%。结论立体定向射频毁损Vim、GPi治疗帕金森病有效率高;准确定位是手术成功的关键因素。     

CT引导毁损苍白球内侧部治疗帕金森病17例分析

目的 探讨在CT导向下脑立体定向计算机辅助规划射频毁损苍白球内侧部(GPi)对帕金森病(PD)的治疗效果.方法 使用南京麦迪柯科技公司98-Ⅲ型脑立体定向计算机辅助规划手术系统,对17例PD患者的头颅CTGPi的直接定位,用N-30型射频仪(西安黄河),制造一个约8毫米直径的毁损灶.结果 按帕金森评定量表(Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale,UPDRS)运动评分,术后1周,在关状态下,术后症状改善率47.1%,在开状态下改善率41.1%,开-关症状和异动症均消失.经随访3年,显效64.7%,改善23.5%,无效11.8%.并发症:术后8小时内出现对侧肢体部分发作肌痉挛者2例(11.8%),均在3天后消失.对侧肢体轻偏瘫者1例(5.9%),2周内恢复正常,无其他并发症及死亡.结论 PD患者行GPi毁损术后僵直、震颤多可消失,运动不能等症状有所改善.     

苍白球内侧核脑深部电刺激联合内囊前肢毁损术治疗Meige综合征的长期疗效评估

目的探讨苍白球内侧核脑深部电刺激(GPi-DBS)联合双侧内囊前肢毁损术(BAIC)治疗Meige综合征的长期疗效。方法回顾性分析19例Meige综合征病人的临床资料,行GPi-DBS联合BAIC治疗,术前及术后不同时间段(3、6、12、18、24、36个月)采用肌张力障碍运动评分量表(BFMDRS)、Yale-Brown强迫症状量表(Y-BOCS)、Hamilton抑郁症状量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑症状量表(HAMA)评分,评价手术疗效。结果术后18个月,共随访19例病人,术后3、6、12、18个月BFMDRS评分较术前明显下降(P0.05),术后12、18个月Y-BOCS、HAMA、HAMD较术前明显下降(P0.05);术后3、6、12、18个月BFMDRS评分平均改善率分别为69.8%、71.6%、72.1%、73.2%。术后24个月,共随访11例病人,BFMDRS、Y-BOCS、HAMA、HAMD术后评分较术前明显下降(P0.05);BFMDRS评分平均改善率为76%。术后36个月,随访3例病人,BFMDRS评分平均改善率为97.5%。1例随访48个月,肌张力障碍症状完全消失,同时强迫、焦虑、抑郁症状明显改善。病人均未出现颅内出血、感染及严重刺激相关并发症。结论 GPi-DBS联合BAIC治疗Meige综合征的长期疗效显著,并发症少,同时明显改善病人的焦虑、抑郁症状,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

脑深部电刺激苍白球内侧部和丘脑底核对帕金森病震颤改善的对比性研究

目的探讨苍白球内侧部(GPi)和丘脑底核(STN)作为脑深部电刺激(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的靶点,对震颤改善的差异。方法本院2016年1月—2017年12月行双侧DBS术的56例PD患者,按照手术靶点的不同随机分为STN组和GPi组。其中STN组30例,男20例,女10例,平均年龄(59. 3±10. 7)岁; GPi组26例,男19例,女7例,平均年龄(61. 3±7. 2)岁。采用国际通用的UPDRS评分表中的震颤评分项目对患者术前、术后3个月震颤进行评分。结果 STN和GPi组术后开机未服药状态的震颤评分比术前均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001,P=0. 001)。而两组间震颤改善率的差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。与术前比较,STN组术后开机服药状态的震颤评分改善有统计学意义(P 0. 05);而GPi组与术前开期比较,术后开期服药状态下的震颤评分改善无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组术后开机服药状态的震颤改善率比较,差异也无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 DBS是治疗PD震颤症状的有效治疗手段,无论靶点是STN或GPi。STN和GPi作为治疗PD的靶点,在改善震颤程度方面没有明显的差别。     

国产电刺激器左右异频治疗Meige综合征

目的观察脑深部电刺激术(DBS)使用国产刺激器异频程控治疗Meige综合征的疗效。方法回顾性分析1例Meige综合征的病例资料,在双侧苍白球内侧核(Gpi)植入国产电极刺激器,术中采用微电极准确定位靶点,术后1个月开机进行常规程控,3个月后实施左右异频程控。采用肌张力障碍评分量表(BFMDRS)评价疗效。结果术后1个月开机,症状明显改善,BFMDRS从术前22分降至6分。但由于右侧电极触点邻近内囊后肢,刺激电压较低,病人出现左侧肢体发麻现象,通过增加左侧刺激电压达到治疗效果。术后3个月时症状反复,BFMDRS评分升至10分;改用左右异频刺激,通过降低右侧刺激频率,提升右侧电压改善症状,并降低左侧电压以减少耗电量,病人左侧肢体麻感消失,症状进一步改善,BFMDRS降至4分。结论国产脑深部电刺激器实施双侧Gpi DBS治疗Meige综合征效果理想,左右异频刺激可降低不良反应,进一步提高疗效。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.