新型隐球菌颅内感染101例临床特点及诊断

目的总结新型隐球菌颅内感染的临床特点及临床诊断。方法用临床病例分析统计方法,对101例确诊的新型隐球菌脑膜炎或脑炎患者的发病规律和临床特点进行归纳、分析。结果101例患者中95例(94.1%)为亚急性或慢性起病,85.0%以上的患者有头痛、发热,72例(71.3%)患者出现呕吐,另外意识障碍、精神异常、发作性抽搐、视力、听力损害也较常见。97例脑脊液涂片发现隐球菌;2例多次涂片阴性,隐球菌培养阳性;1例经脑实质穿刺活检病理确诊;1例小脑囊肿术后病理确诊。大部分病例确诊前被误诊为其他疾病。结论新型隐球菌颅内感染大多数以亚急性或慢性起病,临床表现、脑脊液常规、生化检查及头颅影像学检查均缺乏特异性。脑脊液或脑组织病原学检查发现隐球菌为诊断的金标准。     

艾滋病并发新型隐球菌脑膜炎临床分析

目的分析获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）并发新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床特点。方法腰椎穿刺术获得脑脊液,采用脑脊液乳胶凝集（LA）法检测新型隐球菌抗原。结果隐球菌脑膜炎是AIDS患者常见的中枢神经系统机会性感染,病死率高,易复发。结论早期诊断本病对提高治愈率、改善预后至关重要。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎患者抗原及抗体检测的临床评价

目的:评价隐脑患者血液、脑脊液中抗原抗体检测的临床意义。方法:应用乳胶凝集试验和试管凝集法检测28例隐脑患者脑脊液和血液中的抗体和抗原并对部分患者的抗原抗体进行动态监测。结果:应用乳胶凝集试验检测,28例隐脑患者脑脊液和血液中的抗原全部阳性,15位患者血液中抗体12例阳性,3例阴性。结论:应用乳胶凝集法检测脑脊液和血液中的抗原对隐脑的早期诊断有重要临床诊断意义。动态监测抗原可对隐脑的治疗效果进行评价     

新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 分析新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床及脑脊液改变特点。方法 对2例新型隐球菌脑膜炎进行回顾性分析。结果 2例病人均有发热、头痛、脑膜刺激征阳性。突出特点是颅内压力显著增高，脑脊液涂片墨汁染色1例在入院后首次检查发现新型隐球菌，另1例反复多次检查才发现新型隐球菌。死亡1例，痊愈1例。结论 新型隐球菌脑膜炎除脑膜炎的表现外，突出特点是颅内压力显著增高，脑脊液墨汁染色查见新型隐球菌是确诊的依据，但需多次检查才能发现新型隐球菌，导致诊断困难，不能及时抗真菌治疗，本病预后差，病死率高。     

隐球菌抗原检测对隐球菌脑膜炎的诊断价值

为了提高隐球菌脑膜炎患者脑脊液检测的阳性率,首次使用隐球菌抗原乳胶凝结试验法,对13例患者进行了检测,阳性率为100％。该方法快速、敏感和可靠,是诊断隐球脑膜炎的一种新方法。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎23例脑脊液细胞学分析

目的分析隐球菌性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学特点,比较脑脊液细胞学染色、墨汁染色、乳胶凝集实验检出隐球菌的敏感度及特异度,以提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的认识。方法总结2008年1月至2013年2月确诊的23例隐球菌脑膜炎患者与同期住院的23例非隐球菌脑膜炎患者临床资料及脑脊液细胞学资料并予以分析。结果脑脊液细胞瑞氏吉姆萨染色检测灵敏度91.3%,明显高于墨汁染色灵敏度43.4%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);脑脊液细胞学瑞氏吉姆萨染色检测特异度100%,明显高于乳胶凝集实验法特异度56.5%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑脊液细胞学检查比传统的墨汁染色法及乳胶凝集实验有更高的灵敏度及特异度,且更直接,是一种先进快捷便利的检测方法。     

新型隐球菌脑膜炎的诊断探讨及文献复习

目的:探讨新型隐球菌脑膜炎(CNM)的临床特点及诊断方法。方法:对18例CNM患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析并文献复习。结果:18例患者均经病原学确诊。大部分CNM患者为亚急性起病,临床表现无特异性,误诊率高,首诊误诊率为72％,其中误诊为结核性脑膜炎的占69％。结论:脑脊液中找到新型隐球菌是诊断该病的重要依据,多种快速检测手段结合可提高早期诊断率。     

脑脊液中新型隐球菌计数与预后的关系

目的 探讨在普通光镜下如何识别新型隐球菌及脑脊液中新型隐球菌数量与预后的关系。方法 在入院及治疗１月后各腰穿取脑脊液３～４ｍｌ，充入白细胞计数池内，观察隐球菌形态并计数。分析隐球菌数量动态变化与临床疗效的关系。结果 隐球菌与细胞在高倍镜下形态明显不同。２例首次脑脊液隐球菌数＞２００×１０６／Ｌ者，均恶化。脑脊液隐球菌数小于５０×１０６／Ｌ的３例患者全部治愈。治疗１月后４例隐球菌转为阴性者１例好转，３例痊愈；２例隐球菌数大于２００ ×１０６／Ｌ者，病情无好转。结论 脑脊液隐球菌数量与临床疗效及预后有关。     

影响新型隐球菌脑膜炎正确诊断的因素和治疗探讨

新型隐球菌脑膜炎是最常见的颅内真菌感染。该病起病隐匿，临床症状、体征及CSF检查不典型，使误诊率较高。现将1973年～2003年间我院神经科住院诊治的均经CSF墨汁染色新型隐球菌阳性≥2次，同时乳胶凝集试验新型隐球菌荚膜抗原阳性或CSF培养出新型隐球菌的16例新型隐球菌脑膜炎病例进行回顾性分析，旨在早期诊断，并探讨有效的治疗方案。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎78例脑脊液细胞学改变

目的总结隐球菌性脑膜炎(CNM)的脑脊液标本细胞学检测资料,提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的诊断。方法总结近6年(2003年1月至2008年7月)我院CNM的临床资料、脑脊液诊断情况。结果共78例患者,常规涂片墨汁染色首检阳性者48例(61.5%),26例(33.3%)重复送检时发现隐球菌,余4例(5.1%)墨汁染色始终呈阴性,靠隐球菌培养确诊。55例(70.5%)行细胞学检查的患者首次送检即直接找到隐球菌。结论脑脊液细胞学较常规涂片墨汁染色首检隐球菌阳性率更高。CNM的诊断有赖于脑脊液墨汁染色、细胞学检查、隐球菌培养等多种手段相结合以提高其阳性率。     

Clinical and CSF cyto-proteic findings in 23 patients with CSF eosinophilia

Clinical diagnosis and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein pattern were studied in 23 patients who had eosinophilic granulocytes in the CSF. Clinical data revealed that an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) was evident in 20 cases. A lymphoid reaction and elevated CSF total protein were found in most of the cases, but the most important finding was an increase of CSF gamma-globulin in 12 patients, of whom 10 had oligoclonal patterns. Our results may give support to a relationship between intrathecal eosinophilic reaction and inflammatory diseases of the CNS with subacute or chronic course accompanied by intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins.     

脑脊液淋巴样细胞检出对结核性脑膜炎早期诊断价值

目的：为了使脑脊液细胞学检查能对结核性脑膜炎提供早期诊断依据。方法：用侯氏法收集脑脊液细胞,对７８例结核性脑膜炎与８５例其它中枢神经系统感染患者脑脊液细胞学结果经分析。结果：结核性脑膜炎脊液中淋巴样细胞和浆检出阳性率分别为９５％和６２％,而毒性脑膜炎则为７３％和４９％、隐球菌性脑膜炎为５０％和３３％、寄生虫性脑膜炎为５６％和３１％、化脓性脑膜炎为２５％和１３％,均明显低于结核性脑膜炎、结论：脑脊液     

Serial MRI findings in patients with CNS cryptococcosis]

We reported the serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of two patients with central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcal infection without AIDS. The diagnosis of CNS cryptococcosis was made by visualizing the fungi in the CSF with the India ink test, detecting cryptococcal antigens, and culturing the fungus. Both patients had dilated perivascular Virchow-Robin (V-R) spaces, which were defined as small rounded lesions greater less than 3mm diameter that were hyperintense on T2-weighted images. They were present in the basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebral white matter. Case 1 had bilateral parietal arachnoid cyst which was thought to represent a focal collection of organisms and mucoid material within subarachnoid space. Abnormal optochiasmatic arachnoid enhancement detected in case 2, who had complete loss of vision. With disease progression perivascular V-R increased in size, resulting in the developing cryptococomas which were defined as rounded lesions greater than 3mm diameter, and were hyperintense on T2-weighted images in the basal ganglia, cerebellum and cerebral white matter. In follow-up MRI of those patients, radiological progression was seen despite appropriate treatment and falling CSF cryptococcal antigens. In conclusion, this spectrum of MRI appearances in CNS cryptococcosis reflects the pathological mechanism of invasion by the fungus, and may be relatively specific for cryptococcosis.     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的临床特点比较

目的对比和分析综合性医院新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(CNM)与结核性脑膜炎(TBM)的临床特点。方法分析62例CNM及219例TBM患者的一般资料、临床症状、脑脊液细胞学(CSFC)、头颅影像学的特点。结果两种脑膜炎均呈亚急性或慢性起病相对于TBM,CNM延误诊断时间更长、临床症状中癫痫出现比率(24.2%)、头颅影像学中脑膜强化出现比率(17.7%)较高,腰穿脑脊液(CSF)压力(268.7±67.6mmH_2O)、CSF单核细胞占比(21.0±17.5%)高,CSF白细胞计数(84.8±88.1×10~6/L)、CSF糖(1.9±1.4mmol·L~(-1))较低。结论两种脑膜炎临床表现不典型,两者之间不易鉴别,容易误诊漏诊。临床上需综合判断,CSF瑞氏吉姆萨染色和改良抗酸染色有助于两者病原学确诊。     

Cryptococcosis in AIDS patients: observations concerning CNS involvement

Summary The clinical course and response to therapy of seven patients with cryptococcosis and AIDS were reviewed. One patient was still in the primary stage of cryptococcosis in AIDS, i.e. the stage that is characterized by the sole cultural detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract. The other six patients were in the secondary stage, where C. neoformans can be detected from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, faeces and other body sites. The main presenting features (headache, fever, nausea) were due to central nervous system involvement, although meningism and mental changes were rarely present, and CSF changes were very subtle. Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine was very effective, there being no more growth of fungi in cultures in most cases. Adverse reactions to the drugs used occurred frequently and consisted mainly of anaemia, hepatosis and fever. Diagnosis in the primary stage of cryptococcosis may improve the prognosis.     

Cerebrospinal fluid testing for the diagnosis of central nervous system infection.

The central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, and prion diseases. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is crucial in diagnosing these infections. Cerebrospinal tests may directly identify an organism and its nucleic acid and surface constituents by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or antigen detection. Alternatively, antibody to an organism may be identified in CSF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, or complement fixation assay. This article discusses how these CSF tests are performed and addresses the sensitivity and specificity of such tests for the diagnosis of selected CNS infections.     

Cerebrospinal fluid in infection of the central nervous system by yeasts of the genus Candida: analysis of 11 cases

This study is based on the analysis of 44 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 11 patients with central nervous system (CNS) Candida infection. Risk factors for CNS fungal infection were present in all patients. Five had a chronic meningitis syndrome; two had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); two had cranial trauma followed by chronic meningities; one had intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome and sepsis; and one had systemic candidiasis after kidney transplant. Etiological diagnosis was made in all by the CSF examination. Nine cases had positive CSF culture for Candida. Two patients presented the yeast in the direct examination, and one of them had reagent complement fixation test for Candida in three successive samples of CSF. Changes found in the CSF composition are discussed in order to evaluate the inflammatory response to CNS infection by Candida.