壳聚糖微球/纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸复合支架制备及其蛋白缓释效果：与单纯纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸支架、壳聚糖微球的比较

背景：骨组织工程骨构建中如何使生长因子持续高效发挥作用是影响成骨速度和质量的关键,现多以各种材料的微球或支架作为缓释载体,但缓释作用有待提高。 目的：实验拟制备壳聚糖微球,然后复合到纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸支架上,形成双重缓释作用,并测量对牛血清白蛋白的释放效果。 方法：以牛血清白蛋白为模型药物,采用乳化交联法制备壳聚糖微球。将微球与纳米羟基磷灰石、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸按一定比例混合,以冰粒子为致孔剂,采用冷冻干燥法制备壳聚糖微球/纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸复合支架。利用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、压泵仪和力学性能测试仪检测复合支架的形态性能,考察药物在缓释支架上的体外释放规律。 结果与结论：所制备的壳聚糖微球形态良好,呈规则圆球形,粒径集中分布在20~40 μm,微球药物包封率为86.5%,载药量为0.8%,随牛血清白蛋白初始用量的增加,载药量可升高至2.6%,但包封率下降至74.1%。壳聚糖微球能均匀分布在聚乳酸-羟基乙酸支架上,形成壳聚糖微球/纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸复合支架,孔径为100~400 μm,孔隙率> 80%,压缩强度为1.1~2.3 MPa,10周降解率为26.5%。单纯纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸支架其牛血清白蛋白在36 h累积释放量达85%以上,壳聚糖微球其牛血清白蛋白10 d累积释放量为33.6%,复合支架其牛血清白蛋白40 d累积释放量为81.5%。结果证实包埋壳聚糖微球的纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸支架其压缩强度和降解速率合适,对蛋白类药物具有良好的缓释作用,有望作为组织工程的支架材料和生长因子的缓释载体。 关键词：聚乳酸-羟基乙酸;支架;壳聚糖;缓释载体;骨修复材料,组织工程;生物材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.03.017     

5000/壳聚糖水凝胶微球模板的载肝素层层自组装微胶囊

静电层层自组装是微胶囊载药简单有效的方法。本文采用硫酸钠沉淀的方法制备了具有正电荷的壳聚糖微球模板,通过层层自组装的方法装载抗凝血药物肝素。壳聚糖（CS）作为聚阳离子和肝素作为聚阴离子,在壳聚糖微球的模板上层层自组装形成{CS/Hep}3。{CS/Hep}3包被壳聚糖微球模板的微胶囊通过荧光倒置显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜和激光粒度分析进行了表征。壳聚糖和肝素的层层自组装过程通过Zeta电位分析进行了监测。结果表明{CS/Hep}3包被壳聚糖微球模板的微胶囊平均直径1μm,包封率和载肝素量分别为83.8%和3.05%。     

幽门螺杆菌全菌蛋白抗原壳聚糖微球体外释放特性

背景：不同方法制备出的幽门螺杆菌全菌蛋白抗原壳聚糖微球,其包裹率和控释效果也不同。 目的：探讨幽门螺杆菌全菌蛋白抗原壳聚糖微球的最佳制备方案,观察其体外释放特性。 方法：使用Berthold沉淀法制备壳聚糖微球,筛选最佳制备方案;使用扫描电镜及粒径分析仪观察壳聚糖微球的形态及粒径分布;冻干后的壳聚糖微球包裹幽门螺杆菌全菌蛋白抗原,使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测量分析微球的抗原包裹率、包裹量及释放率。 结果与结论：从32种壳聚糖微球制备方案中筛选出了以海得贝壳聚糖为原料、冰乙酸的浓度为1%、硫酸钠为沉淀剂、pH值为5.0、不进行超声处理方案为最佳制备方案,扫描电镜示微球光滑圆整、致密,粒径分布在1.0~5.0 μm;抗原包裹率为79.92%,包裹量为16.47%;体外释放实验表明,总抗原释放率为20.39%,呈缓慢释放状态。     

包裹转化生长因子β1壳聚糖缓释微球的研制*

目的：制备包裹转化生长因子β1的壳聚糖微球,并分析其各种特性。 方法：将壳聚糖溶解在2%乙酸中,利用吐温-80作为乳化剂,多聚磷酸钠作为交联剂,以乳化交联法制备载有转化生长因子β1的壳聚糖微球;同时制作空壳聚糖微球以及包裹牛血清白蛋白的壳聚糖微球作为空白对照和实验对照。对获得的3种冻干微球的形态,直径大小进行观察,对转化生长因子β1壳聚糖微球的分散情况及所载药物的体外释放情况进行检测,并测定空壳聚糖微球及包裹牛血清白蛋白壳聚糖微球的吸水膨胀率。 结果：冻干后的微球经过扫描电镜观察后发现：空壳聚糖微球直径约15 μm,表面光滑,有较多微小孔隙,而包裹了牛血清白蛋白及转化生长因子β1的壳聚糖缓释微球直径约为1 μm,大小较均一,表面光滑。包裹了转化生长因子β1的壳聚糖微球在释放实验中前12 h内释放速度较快,随后趋于平缓。6 d内微球的转化生长因子β1释放率为53.5%。壳聚糖微球及包裹了牛血清白蛋白的壳聚糖微球在1 h后增加的质量基本达到平衡,均超过700%,且发现微球越是在酸性环境中,吸水膨胀率越高。 结论：实验采用乳化交联法制备包裹转化生长因子β1的壳聚糖缓释微球的方法简单易行,成球性好,得率高,具有良好的缓释效果。且壳聚糖微球的超强吸水膨胀率对软骨组织工程支架提出了孔径大小及强度的要求。 关键词：壳聚糖;缓释微球;转化生长因子β1     

复合壳聚糖纳米微球聚乳酸-羟基乙酸/纳米羟基磷灰石缓释载体系统对蛋白的缓释作用

背景：聚乳酸-羟基乙酸支架材料具有良好的生物相容性、无毒、可以良好的塑性,并具有一定的强度和韧性。但其降解产物为酸性,会影响局部pH值变化,不利组织生长。 目的：制备能够良好缓释蛋白类药物的复合支架。 方法：以牛血清蛋白为模型药物,以离子凝胶法制备壳聚糖微球。将微球与纳米羟基磷灰石和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸按一定比例混合,以冰粒子为致孔剂,采用粒子沥虑-冷冻干燥复合工艺制备CMs/nHA/PLGA复合缓释支架。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、压泵仪和力学性能测试仪检测复合支架的形态和性能,并考察其在体外对蛋白类药物释放的规律。 结果与结论：制备的壳聚糖纳米微球形态良好,呈规则球形或类球形,粒径分布在220~770 nm,以380~650 nm为多。微球对药物的载药量为39.2%,包封率为68.3%,两者均与牛血清蛋白的初始量相关,载药量随牛血清蛋白初始量的增加而增加,包封率则反之。复合支架呈白色多孔状,孔径为125~355 mm,孔与孔之间联通良好,孔隙率达83.4%,压缩强度为1.4~ 2.1 MPa,10周降解率为28.6%。PLGA/nHA支架对牛血清蛋白的2 d累积释放量为85%,而壳聚糖和CMs/nHA/PLGA复合支架对牛血清蛋白的9 d累积释放量分别是为48.9%和35.7%。提示制作的壳聚糖纳米微球和CMs/nHA/PLGA支架材料对牛血清蛋白有良好的缓释作用,复合支架材料形态好,强度和降解速率合适。     

聚乳酸/海藻酸钠/壳聚糖复合材料的体外降解性能

背景：聚乳酸由于其疏水性以及在降解过程中的酸致效应，使其在应用中受到限制。通过静电组装技术在聚乳酸表面引入海藻酸钠/壳聚糖，可望克服上述缺点和不足。 目的：观察聚乳酸/海藻酸钠/壳聚糖可降解复合材料的体外降解性能。 设计、时间及地点：观察实验，于2007-09/2008-06在武汉理工大学生物中心实验室完成。 材料：采用1，6－乙二胺对聚乳酸表面进行胺解反应，形成胺化层，在其表面引入带正电的自由氨基，由静电作用依次组装上聚阴离子海藻酸钠和聚阳离子壳聚糖，获得聚乳酸/海藻酸钠/壳聚糖多层复合材料。 方法：将制备好的组装层数为5，10，15，20双层聚乳酸/海藻酸钠/壳聚糖复合材料置于37 ℃恒温的磷酸缓冲溶液中进行体外降解实验。 主要观察指标：定期测定并记录不同组装层数复合材料的pH值变化、失重及相对分子质量变化，用扫描电镜观察材料降解的形貌变化。 结果：聚乳酸/海藻酸钠/壳聚糖复合材料降解的pH值基本稳定在7.0左右；通过控制组装层数（5~15层）可有效调节材料降解过程中的pH值，pH值随层数的增加而增加。扫描电镜观察，复合材料降解7周后，材料已明显降解。 结论：聚乳酸/海藻酸钠/壳聚糖复合材料具有良好的降解性能。     

口服胰岛素缓释微球的制备

背景：口服胰岛素易被胃酸及胃肠道内的各种酶降解，难以透过胃肠道上皮细胞膜。针剂形式注射胰岛素也需要至少间隔36 h注射1次。 目的：制备口服胰岛素缓释微球。 设计、时间及地点：对比观察实验，于2003- 09/2004-12在南京信息工程大学药物化学实验室完成。 材料：胰岛素由南京生化制药厂提供。 方法：采用液中干燥法制备微球，利用在一定pH值条件下能溶解的丙烯酸树脂作为药物载体，得到包封胰岛素的丙烯酸树脂微球。 主要观察指标：扫描电镜观察口服胰岛素微球形态及粒径的大小。紫外分光光度法测定胰岛素的含量，考察内相聚合物浓度和搅拌速度对微球粒径和药物包封率的影响。 结果：扫描电镜下微球较圆整，表面较粗糙，球表面有许多小孔。随着搅拌速度的增加和内相聚合物浓度的减小，微球粒径减小，药物包封率有所增加。随着起始投药量的增加，微球中的含药量也相应增加，但投药量的高低对药物的包封率无显著影响。 结论：液中干燥法能较好地制备口服胰岛素缓释微球。     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白2壳聚糖纳米微球的制备及体外细胞毒性*☆

背景：通过各种微球负载骨生长因子使骨形态发生蛋白达到缓释效果逐渐成为研究热点,但关于载药壳聚糖纳米微球的生物相容性特别是细胞毒性的报道较少。 目的：对重组人骨形态发生蛋白2壳聚糖纳米微球进行细胞毒性检测,评估应用壳聚糖纳米微球作为重组人骨形态发生蛋白2缓释载体的生物安全性。 方法：通过离子交联法制备空白壳聚糖纳米微球,应用透视电镜观察微球的形态,激光粒径分析其粒径分布;通过重组人骨形态发生蛋白2壳聚糖纳米微球体外细胞毒性试验评估微球的生物安全性。 结果与结论：离子交联法制备的壳聚糖微球,球形规整,分散均匀,微球平均粒径为230 nm,分布较集中。载药及空白微球的反应分级为0或1级,均为合格。提示,离子交联法制备可成功制备出负载重组人骨形态发生蛋2的纳米微球,且微球细胞毒性检测合格,为进一步的骨组织工程研究提供理论实验基础。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶复合微球的制备及性能

背景：羟基磷灰石与高分子复合材料作为组织工程材料的报道很多,但多为粉体材料或块状材料,用于修复治疗时均存在一定的局限性。 目的：制备纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶复合缓释微球,观察其体外释药特性。 设计、时间及地点：重复测量设计,于2008-01/10 在北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院生物功能高分子实验室完成。 材料：纳米羟基磷灰石、壳聚糖、明胶、庆大霉素。 方法：利用微波辅助法,在pH=7的条件下,制备了针状羟基磷灰石。采用W/O型复乳化-交联技术制备纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶载药复合微球。 主要观察指标：①纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶复合微球的表面形貌、粒径分布。②载药复合微球的载药量、包封率及药物累积释放率。 结果：①纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶载药复合微球形态均匀,其粒径主要集中在10~30μm,壳聚糖-明胶对羟基磷灰石形成了很好的包覆。②复合微球平均载药量32.97%,平均包封率49.20%,在3 d内对庆大霉素的释放达到88%左右。 结论：所制备的纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶载药复合微球形态均匀,粒径分布窄,再分散性好,3 d内能维持有效的药物浓度。     

重组骨形成蛋白2/壳聚糖磷酸钙支架载体与经诱导骨髓间充质干细胞共培养的可行性★

目的：观察经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞在由重组人骨形成蛋白2（recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2,rhBMP-2）修饰后的壳聚糖-磷酸钙支架材料上的增殖和生长情况，以及其作为成骨细胞的支架载体用于构建组织工程化骨的可行性。 方法：实验于2007-02/08在暨南大学附属第一医院中心实验室及暨南大学理工学院材料科学与工程系实验室完成。①制备壳聚糖-磷酸钙支架，再将其放入rhBMP-2溶液中浸泡30 min，真空抽吸后冷冻干燥。②测量改良后壳聚糖-磷酸钙支架的孔隙率及抗压强度，扫描电镜观察其超微结构；同时，将兔骨髓间充质干细胞接种于复合支架上，用成骨细胞诱导液培养1周，扫描电镜观察成骨细胞在支架上的生长及黏附情况。 结果：①rhBMP-2/壳聚糖-磷酸钙支架复合体的孔径超过100 μm，空隙率为87%，压缩弹性模量为20 MPa。②扫描电镜结果显示支架材料内部为多孔结构，孔内见有细胞生长，细胞表面可见分泌颗粒。 结论：经复合rhBMP-2后的壳聚糖-磷酸钙支架是合适三维立体多孔复合支架，有较好的细胞相容性，可以作为成骨细胞的支架载体，用于构建组织工程化骨。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999