儿童闭合性肾外伤的诊治

目的 提高儿童肾外伤的早期诊断和治疗，保存肾功能。方法 报告儿童肾外伤49例，年龄2-14岁，男37例，女12例，均有外伤史，其中23例合并其他脏器损伤，3例为先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻，86%有血尿，诊断主要依靠CT及静脉肾盂造影术（IVP）。结果 41例保守治疗，2例行肾缝合术，3例行肾盂输尿管连接部切除再吻合术，2例行患侧尿囊引流术，均痊愈，1例肾动脉栓塞保守治疗，随访肾功能未恢复。结论 肾外伤患儿一般不需手术治疗，手术指征为不能控制的出血，尿外渗，肾碎裂伤，肾血管损伤。     

肾损伤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨小儿肾损伤的诊断及治疗特点，方法：对30例小儿肾损伤临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果：临床表现以血尿，腰腹部疼痛为主，严重出现面色苍白、恶心、呕吐，30例中24例行保守治疗，6例行手术治疗，其中3例行肾修补术，3例因严重的肾碎裂伤或尿外渗而行肾脏切除，结论：血尿是小儿肾扣伤最常见的临床表现；B超、CT或静脉肾盂造影（IVU）检查，能及时确定肾损伤的程度、范围；保守治疗过程中应注意绝对卧床休息；手术应以尽量保留肾组织和肾功能为原则。     

新生儿肾积水

目的　探讨新生儿肾积水盂管交界处狭窄段的病理变化、手术及保守治疗的指征。方法　总结 10例新生儿肾积水的治疗。 10例均行B超、IVU或CTU、ECT检查。 7例 8个肾因肾盂及肾盏明显扩张、肾功能中至重度损害 ,行切除盂管狭窄段、肾盂成形及肾盂输尿管吻合手术治疗 ,切除的盂管狭窄段行病理及超微结构观察 ;1例由输尿管末端囊肿引起的肾积水 ,经膀胱行输尿管囊肿开窗术 ;另 3例肾积水较轻 ,肾功能正常或轻度受损 ,未手术只行长期观察随访。结果　 7例手术患儿术后恢复顺利 ,术后随访 3个月～ 3年 ,肾积水减轻 ,肾功能明显改善。病理检查 ,见管腔内上皮细胞无明显变化 ,管壁平滑肌细胞排列紊乱、退化、变性 ,细胞间隙增大 ,管壁内有大量胶原纤维增生致管腔狭窄。 3例观察随访的患儿无明显变化。结论　①对肾盂轻度扩张 (肾盂直径 <12mm) ,肾功能正常或接近正常 (相对肾功能大于 4 0 % )的患儿 ,可随访观察 ;②对肾盂扩张 ,积水程度严重 (中～重度 ) ,肾功能受损 ;或在观察治疗过程中 ,肾功能进行性减退的患儿 ,应行手术治疗 ,这类患儿多已存在不可逆的病理组织变化     

小儿肾孟输尿管交接处梗阻所致巨大肾积水的治疗

目的 探讨小儿先天性肾孟输尿管交接处梗阻所致巨大肾积水的治疗方式。方法 对12例小儿巨大肾积水的治疗方式、肾切除指标进行分析。结果 2例行肾切除术，10例行肾盂成形术。结论 小儿巨大肾积水应尽可能保留肾脏，对重度积水者先行肾造瘘术，如肾功能恢复至Ⅱ期，行肾盂成形术，如肾功能不能恢复，则再行肾摘除术。     

先天性肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨先天性肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻(UPJO)致肾积水的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析UPJO致肾积水患儿63例的临床资料.患儿均经彩超筛查、静脉肾盂造影(IVP)、磁共振尿路成像(MRU)或电子计算机X射线断层扫描尿路成像(CTU)确诊.单侧肾积水55例中47例行一期离断式肾盂输尿管成形术,切除无蠕动功能的肾盂输尿管狭窄段和大部分扩张的肾盂;5例因重度肾积水先行患肾穿刺造瘘引流3～6个月,其中3例二期行离断性肾盂成形术,另2例因肾脏无功能行肾切除术;3例保守治疗.双侧肾积水8例中3例一期完成双侧肾盂输尿管成形术,5例分次完成.结果 术后B超随访,肾积水均有改善,肾盂前后径缩小,肾实质增厚;IVP均证实肾盂输尿管吻合口通畅.肾脏积水导致肾功能受损者,术后肾动态显像榆查患肾功能均有恢复.结论 彩超为UPJO诊断最常用的筛查方法,IVU、MRU及CTU是确诊UPJO的可靠方法,先天性肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄是造成肾积水的首要原因、肾盂进行性扩张或肾功能损害进行性加重者需行离断性肾盂成形术.     

肾盂输尿管成形术患儿术后并发症的处理和预防

目的 探讨儿童肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻肾盂输尿管成形术术后并发症的原因、处理和预防.方法 1996年1月-2010年10月中山大学附属第一医院收治的肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻行肾盂输尿管成形术术后发生并发症患儿共22例.男20例,女2例;年龄8 d～9岁(平均3.5岁);左侧20例,右侧2例.对患儿进行随访,并结合其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 22例中吻合口狭窄10例,其中8例行再次肾盂输尿管成形术,2例行吻合口瘢痕松解、瘢痕狭窄切除再吻合;吻合口水肿伴泌尿系感染6例,3例行肾造瘘,3例延期拔除原肾造瘘管;单纯泌尿系感染2例,行抗感染治疗;输尿管中段狭窄1例,行输尿管中段狭窄切除再吻合;输尿管末段狭窄1例,行输尿管膀胱再吻合术;吻合口血肿伴泌尿系感染1例,行血肿穿刺引流、肾穿刺造瘘;巨大肾积水并无功能肾1例,行肾切除.10例吻合口狭窄切除标本病理:输尿管慢性炎症,肌层增厚;2例输尿管中、末段狭窄切除标本病理:输尿管慢性炎症,管壁变薄;1例肾切除标本病理:肾实质不同程度萎缩,间质慢性炎症并不同程度纤维化.随访6～36个月,临床症状均已消失,复查尿常规均无异常.超声检查21例患侧肾积水均减轻、肾皮质均有不同程度增厚;另1例患肾切除术后超声检查示对侧肾脏代偿性增大.结论 肾盂输尿管成形术术后需要密切随访,及时发现和治疗并发症.术前正确诊断,术中细致操作,术后精心护理及预防性使用抗生素均是预防并发症措施.     

小儿巨大肾积水的治疗

目的探讨小儿巨大肾积水保肾治疗方法的选择及提高疗效的方法。方法回顾性分析本院2005年3月-2009年3月行保肾治疗的37例巨大肾积水患儿的临床资料。其中直接行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术20例(直接手术组);先行肾穿刺造瘘引流,造瘘后行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术17例(19侧,造瘘组)。术后随访6个月～4 a,比较2种治疗方法的疗效。造瘘组患儿在造瘘期间,行B超检查并测定患肾肾盂尿清蛋白(Alb)和β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG),观察其患肾功能恢复情况。结果直接手术组患儿中2例因术后肾萎缩切除患肾,腹胀5例,曾有尿路感染2例,伴结石2例,B超检查轻度肾积水6例、中度9例、重度5例(其中2例肾萎缩),肾皮质厚度(5.35±2.00)mm(1～8 mm)。造瘘组患儿均无腹胀、尿路感染,B超检查无肾积水4例(4侧)、轻度积水11例(13侧)、中度2例(2侧),无重度肾积水、结石和肾萎缩患儿。肾皮质厚度(8.30±1.85)mm(6～13 mm)。造瘘后肾缩小,肾皮质变厚,患肾皮质厚度逐渐增加,在1周内最明显,4周后趋于平稳。肾造瘘后,肾盂尿β2-MG水平在4周内恢复正常;肾盂尿Alb水平降低,但造瘘12周后仍未恢复正常。结论...     

重肾双输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水的诊疗分析

目的 探讨小儿重肾双输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水的临床特点及诊疗方法.方法 回顾性分析本院近10年来收治的190例重肾双输尿管畸形病例中,6例合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水患儿的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、临床症状、解剖结构及处理方法等.结果 重肾双输尿管畸形患儿190例,合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水6例,占3.16%.其中男5例,女1例,年龄10 d至3岁7个月,平均13.8个月.围产期行B超检查发现肾积水4例,泌尿系感染1例,腹部包块1例.病变位于左侧3例,右侧3例;3例为重肾完全型双输尿管,3例为重肾Y型输尿管,其中1例为右重肾Y型输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄及下肾输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄.3例重肾完全型双输尿管病例中,1例行上组肾及输尿管切除＋下组肾离断性肾盂成形术,2例行下组肾离断性肾盂成形术;3例重肾Y型输尿管中,2例行上肾输尿管下肾盂端侧吻合＋下组肾离断性肾盂成形术,1例行上组肾及输尿管切除＋下组肾离断性肾盂成形术＋输尿管膀胱再植术.术后随访3~18个月,平均12个月,B超及IVP显示肾积水明显好转,无并发症.结论 重肾双输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水发病率低,易误诊.术前B超、IVP及MRU是有效的辅助检查手段.临床应根据患儿肾功能及解剖异常情况制定个体化的手术方案.     

重肾双输尿管合并肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻性肾积水的诊治分析

目的 探讨重肾双输尿管合并肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻性肾积水的诊断与处理方法。方法 回顾分析1986～2004年间收治重肾合并肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻肾积水8例的临床资料。男2例，女6例，年龄7个月～10岁，平均4．8岁。病变位于左侧3例，右侧5例；上肾积水2例，下肾积水5例，上下肾积水1例；3例为重肾完全型双输尿管，5例重肾Y型输尿管。结果 3例重肾完全型双输尿管中，上肾积水1例因肾实质薄无功能行上肾切除术，下肾积水伴上肾输尿管膨出症1例行上肾切除下肾离断性肾盂成形术，另1例下肾积水因临床症状轻微，IVP示积水半肾的肾盏变钝不明显，未行手术门诊随诊。5例重肾Y型输尿管中，上肾积水1例行上肾盂与下输尿管吻合，下肾积水3例行上肾输尿管下肾盂吻合 下肾离断性肾盂成形术，1例上下肾均积水行上下肾盂吻合 下肾盂成形术。术后3～6个月复查IVP肾积水明显好转。结论 重肾肾盂输尿管交界部梗阻肾积水发病率很低，术前不容易明确诊断或被误诊。腹部B超、IVP或MRU是有效的辅助检查手段。治疗应根据息肾功能、形态而定，如息肾功能严重受损，行患肾切除，反之，根据积水的部位、输尿管的形态选择手术方式。     

小婴儿中重度肾积水的外科治疗

目的探讨小婴儿中重度肾积水治疗方法的选择及提高疗效的方法。方法回顾性分析28例小婴儿肾积水的诊断和治疗经过,其中23例经B超及静脉肾盂造影证实,肾盂扩张>2 cm,伴肾盏扩张,直接行离断式肾盂成形术(直接手术组);5例巨大肾积水患儿(造瘘组)先行经皮肾微穿刺造瘘,观察4～12周,后行离断式肾盂成形术。结果直接手术组中1例因双J管位置移动而出现尿外渗,急诊手术重新放置双J管,漏尿停止,1例吻合口狭窄被迫二次手术。造瘘组经观察患肾缩小,肾皮质增厚,尿量稳定在20 mL·kg-1·d-1以上,于4～12周行肾盂成形术。患儿术后均规律随访,复查B超,患儿肾积水均得到改善,无肾盂增大或分离。结论小婴儿肾积水一般不考虑切除肾脏,对肾盂扩张的患儿应考虑早期手术干预,根据积水程度采取不同的手术方式。重度肾积水患儿应先行微造瘘,再行肾盂成形,可提高疗效。     

Urinary extravasation post blunt abdominal trauma. Is it possible an early diagnosis? Report of two cases

An injury to the upper urinary tract with urinary extravasation caused by blunt abdominal trauma is uncommon and often unrecognized in an initial evaluation. A late diagnosis of this injury significantly increases morbidity. Two cases are discussed, one with avulsion of right upper ureter and the other one with parenchymal and right renal pelvis laceration with delayed diagnosis and severe complications subsequent to a direct blunt abdominal trauma. Knowledge of the mechanism of trauma and the assessment of local signs and symptoms are important data for suspecting ureteropelvic injury regardless of the trauma severity. The absence of initial hematuria is not uncommon and their presence and degree is unrelated to the severity of the injury. An abdominal computed tomography with IV contrast evaluated in delayed excretory phase allows an early detection of extravasation of urine.     

Management of major blunt pediatric renal trauma: Single-center experience

ObjectiveTo review the impact of major pediatric renal trauma and its management on long-term function and morphology of the injured kidney.MethodsThirty-six blunt trauma patients (20 males, 16 females) presented in 2004–2007 (age range 2 days to 14 years; mean 6.2 years). Thirty-seven renal units were included: 13 grade III, 14 grade IV, and 10 grade V injuries. Follow up was for 3–38 (mean 14) months. Patients were managed non-operatively unless vitally unstable. The most common causes of trauma were motor vehicle accidents and falls. Fourteen patients had associated non-renal injuries. Four patients had pre-existing renal problems.ResultsThe surgical intervention group (13 patients, 36%) included 9/10 grade V and 4/14 grade IV renal injuries. Surgical repair of lacerations was performed in seven cases, partial nephrectomy in four cases and nephrectomy in two cases. Follow up showed no significant change in renal function, and none developed hypertension. The non-operative group (24 patients, 63.2%) included all grade III injuries, 10 grade IV injuries, and one grade V injury. There was an excellent outcome for 18/24 patients (75%) with kidney preservation, no complications from urinary extravasation and hematoma resolution. The remaining patients had lower polar infarction (1), renal atrophy (1), persistent subcapsular collection (2), recurrent hematuria requiring angioembolization (1), and there was one death related to central nervous system injury.ConclusionThe outcome of our management of pediatric major renal trauma was favorable overall. Longer follow up is needed with regard to renal function and development of hypertension.     

小儿闭合性肾损伤的治疗(附75例分析)

目的探讨小儿闭合性肾损伤的最佳治疗方案。方法回顾性分析75例小儿闭合性肾损伤临床资料。其中肾被膜下血肿29例,肾实质部分裂伤23例,肾实质完全断裂11例,肾实质碎裂7例,肾蒂伤2例,肾盂输尿管连接处断裂3例。合并其他脏器伤者16例。结果非手术治疗59例,手术治疗16例,切除伤肾11只。74例治愈,死亡1例。结论小儿肾损伤后应尽快判断出肾脏损伤的程度及出血情况,根据病情选择不同的治疗方案;绝大多数闭合性肾损伤可采用非手术治疗。     

Surgical or conservative treatment of congenital hydronephrosis. Ten years' experience

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists concerning the ideal management of hydronephrosis diagnosed in the perinatal period. Different opinions depend on the absence of an accurate tool and of well-defined cut-off values for each test. For these reasons we retrospectively evaluated our management protocol. METHODS: Two-hundred and seventy-two patients with single system hydronephrosis were evaluated. Patients with bilateral hydronephrosis or with other renal or ureteral abnormalities were excluded. Diagnosis and grading of hydronephrosis were done by ultrasound. Before 1995, grade II or greater hydronephrosis was also evaluated with diuretic intravenous urography, but in cases studied afterwards, a functional evaluation of the obstruction was reached with well tempered diuretic renogram. Indications for surgery were considered: recurrent urinary tract infections, grade IV hydronephrosis, obstructive drainage pattern and differential renal function less than 40%. Patients managed non-operatively received serial re-evaluation with US-scan, urine test and functional tests if necessary. RESULTS: Hydronephrosis was on the right side in 98 cases (36%), and on the left side in the other 174 (64%). There were 129 grade I hydronephrosis (47%), 46 grade II (17%), 57 grade III (21%), 40 grade IV (15%). Fifty-seven (21%) cases of hydronephrosis underwent surgery: 49 (86%) showing obstructive pattern at functional tests, 40 (70%) presenting a differential renal function less than 40%, 5 (8%) because recurrent urinary tract infections, 40 (70%) affected by grade IV hydronephrosis. No children received nephrectomy. Average postoperative follow-up was 2.8 years: pelvic dilatation improved or remained unchanged but the obstructive pattern at functional tests always disappeared after surgery. The average follow up in the observational group of 163 patients (60%) was 4.1 years. In 149 (91%) pelvic dilatation improved, but in 14 (9%) it remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal management of congenital hydronephrosis is still debated since the natural history of these disease is not still completely understood and there is no accurate tool to assess these renal units. We believe that grade IV hydronephrosis always need surgery as well as those ones with recurrent urinary tract infections, longer drainage time or a differential renal function less than 40%. On the other hand grade I hydronephrosis never need surgery. Mild grade hydronephrosis can be safely managed non-operatively with a meticulous follow-up and undergoing surgery only when signs of deterioration occur.     

新生儿重度肾积水的手术治疗及疗效观察

目的 探讨重度肾积水新生儿期手术干预的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析了新生儿期接受手术治疗的18例重度肾积水患儿的临床资料.结果 16例于新生儿期行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术(Anderso-Hynes术),2例Ⅰ期行肾造瘘术,Ⅱ期行肾盂成形术,所有病例术中麻醉及手术过程顺利,术后恢复满意.术后除1例有轻度切口疝外,无术后出血、感染、吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄等并发症.术后随访1.3年(3个月～4年),患儿生长发育正常,无尿路感染症状,患肾积水明显减轻、甚至消失,肾实质厚度增加,肾脏形态接近正常.结论 新生儿期手术干预能早期解除肾内压力,不仅能尽快恢复患肾功能,而且患肾形态有望恢复正常.产前诊断重度胎儿肾积水的患儿于生后1～2周应常规行B超检查,同时结合CTU或MRU加SPECT检查以明确诊断.确诊存在器质性梗阻的新生儿,若为重度肾积水,分肾功能<35%或伴发严重泌尿系感染者,建议尽早手术干预.     

腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗儿童肾积水并肾外伤6例

目的探讨腹腔镜肾盂成形术处理儿童肾积水并肾外伤的可行性及注意事项。方法总结郑州大学第一附属医院小儿外科2016年8月至2019年8月收治的肾积水并肾外伤患儿6例临床资料,年龄5~11岁,平均年龄7岁,外伤时间为1~4 d,均表现为患侧肾区疼痛,其中血尿4例,肾盂前后径均在25 mm以上,均予腹腔镜肾盂成形术并肾破裂修补术,术中留置输尿管内支架管、腹腔引流管和导尿管。结果患儿手术均顺利完成,均无输血,无中转开放手术,手术时间2.5~3.5 h,术中发现肾下极前方损伤2例,肾下极外后方受损4例,5例出现肾皮质肾盂破裂,1例为肾皮质破裂合并包膜下积血,术后肾周引流管3~5 d拔除,导尿管7~10 d拔除,输尿管内支架6~8周拔除,患儿均恢复顺利,积水均减轻,肾小球滤过率和分肾功能提高。结论腹腔镜一期肾盂成形术治疗儿童肾积水并肾外伤安全有效,儿童肾外伤多发于肾脏下极,外伤后如积水加重、症状持续不缓解等需尽早手术,术中可同时修补肾实质破裂区域。对于三级肾损伤术中出血需要贯穿缝合肾实质,清除坏死组织,方可达到止血效果。     

Prospective evaluation of selective criteria for imaging among children with suspected blunt renal trauma

The evaluation of children with suspected blunt renal injury relies mainly on clinical assessment, urinalysis, and imaging studies. Because imaging studies rarely influence management, yet entail both risk and expense, we investigated a protocol to define their appropriate use. During a one-year period, children seen in the emergency department underwent a mandated radiographic evaluation for renal injury only if they had (a) severe injuries or (b) a urinalysis with greater than 20 RBC/hpf. Thirty-two children were enrolled; 16 had imaging studies that detected four abnormalities, ie, three contusions and one incidental finding of renal papillary necrosis. All children with abnormal imaging studies had greater than 20 RBC on urinalysis. None of the 16 children who were not studied radiographically developed complications related to renal trauma during short-term follow-up. Our findings support earlier recommendations for limiting the use of imaging for suspected blunt renal trauma in children with minor to moderate injuries and hematuria of less than or equal to 20 RBC/hpf.     

儿童反射性无尿7例报告

目的 探讨儿童反射性无尿的诊断与治疗。方法对1995年1月42002年12月收治的7例患儿的临床及随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果7例患儿，男5例，女2例，年龄13d～6岁，均有先天性上尿路梗阻。3例为。肾盂和输尿管术后的患儿，余4例分别发生于下腹部外伤、腹泻、呕吐以及新生儿等状况下。初期1例患儿接受。肾盂成形术，1例行双侧输尿管膀胱再植术；后期2例予肾造瘘，3例予输尿管逆行插管引流，肾功能均恢复。结论上尿路梗阻的患儿易发生反射性无尿，其发生与输尿管痉挛相关，行上尿路引流是简单有效的治疗方法。     

Renal artery embolization in a child with delayed hemodynamic instability from penetrating knife wound

Penetrating laceration injury in the pediatric population may present as an acute or delayed life-threatening injury. Although emergent intra-arterial embolization is commonly utilized in adults, few cases have been reported for children. Surgical treatment for severe renal laceration injuries may require complete nephrectomy; an unfortunate outcome for a pediatric patient if a renal-preserving alternative is feasible. We present a case of penetrating renal laceration in a 10-year-old boy treated with intra-arterial embolization of the lacerated dominant renal artery and subsequent renal perfusion by an uninjured accessory renal artery allowing for renal preservation.