SCMC-ALL-2005方案治疗儿童B细胞型急性淋巴细胞白血病疗效观察

目的评估上海儿童医学中心-急性淋巴细胞性白血病-2005(SCMC-ALL-2005)治疗方案治疗儿童B细胞型ALL的疗效。方法按照SCMC-ALL-2005方案,5家医院对2005年5月1日至2009年4月30日新发B细胞型ALL患儿进行诊断、治疗和随访。结果研究期间共收治B细胞型ALL患儿601例,539例(89.68%)随访至2011年9月30日。601例患儿中,低危284例、中危231例、高危86例,均按照诊疗建议治疗。诱导期间缓解率为98.84%(7例未缓解),第一次事件发生时的中位时间为35个月(2.94年),至随访终止日的539例随访病例中共完成治疗403例(74.77%);低危组完成治疗223例(86.43%),中危组150例(73.17%),高危组30例(39.47%),三组间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。采用KaplanMeier方法评估患儿随访3年的总生存率为(83.3±1.8)%,3年无事件生存(EFS)率为(79.2±1.9)%;随访5年总生存率为(79.5±3.3)%,5年EFS率为(70.9±3.7)%。低、中、高危三组间3年及5年EFS率差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论SCMC-ALL-2005方案治疗儿童B细胞型ALL的疗效比较满意,多中心协作有助于儿童白血病的规范化治疗。     

中国儿童白血病协作组2018方案治疗儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病的多中心中期结果总结

目的总结中国儿童白血病协作组2018(CCLG-ALL 2018)方案对急性T淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)的治疗效果, 并探讨影响预后的相关因素。方法前瞻性多中心队列研究。纳入国内21家三甲医院的新诊断T-ALL患儿共299例患儿为研究对象, 接受CCLG-ALL 2018方案的治疗, 收集临床资料, 评估治疗效果, 通过Lasso回归进行变量筛选, 利用筛选的变量进行模型构建, 评估与无事件生存率(EFS)、总生存率(OS)及累积复发率相关的预后指标。结果纳入299例新诊断T-ALL患儿, 占全部急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的9.9%(299/3 026), 其中男224例、女75例, 发病年龄7.0(4.7, 10.6)岁。经过规范CCLG-ALL 2018方案治疗, 随访31.1(17.3, 43.8)个月, 患儿3年OS为(91.3±1.8)%, 3年EFS为(83.2±2.7)%, 累积复发率为(7.9±1.7)%。诱导治疗第15天微小残留病(MRD)>10.00%为EFS(HR=1.89, 95%CI 1.04～3.44)、OS(HR=2.82, 95%CI 1.35～5....     

CCCG-ALL 2005方案单中心10年随访研究

目的评价234例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)单中心10年临床疗效及主要预后相关因素。方法以2006年1月—2015年4月于我院血液科符合入组标准的234例ALL患儿纳入研究,接受CCCG-ALL 2005方案治疗随访,分析疗效及预后因素。结果 234例患儿诱导缓解率为96. 6%。5年累积复发率为(17. 5±2. 6)%,10年累积复发率为(22. 3±3)%,中位复发时间为26. 5(2～95)个月。5年EFS为(74. 8±2. 8)%,10年EFS (68. 7±3. 3)%,5年OS (82. 6±2. 5)%,10年OS (79. 6±3. 0)%。234例患儿根据不同危险度分为低危组(n=86)、中危组(n=69)、高危组(n=79)。三组的5年EFS率分别为(84. 6±4. 0)%、(67. 5±5. 7)%、(61. 0±5. 7)%,10年EFS率分别为(79. 8±5. 0)%、(65. 5±6. 0)%、(55. 4±7. 4)%。低危组患儿的长期生存情况明显优于中高危组患儿(P=0. 003)。多因素分析,早期治疗反应、治疗后低MRD水平是影响EFS的预后因素,诱导治疗后第55天MRD持续阳性预后不良。结论泼尼松治疗反应、MRD监测对ALL患儿预后评估有意义。诱导治疗第55天MRD水平是影响长期生存的预后因素;其持续阳性患儿预后较差。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床分析

目的 分析初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床特征及远期疗效情况,提高急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的总生存率（overall survival,OS）和无事件生存率（event-free survival,EFS）.方法 收集2005年至2010年住院治疗的初诊急性淋巴细胞白血病80例患儿的临床资料,采用急性淋巴细胞白血病IC-BFM2002为基础的化疗方案,运用Kaplan-Meier法统计分析患儿的5年OS和EFS.结果 80例患儿,男女比例1.22∶1,中位年龄4岁3个月,标危33例（41.2％）,中危37例（46.3％）,高危10例（12.5％）,白细胞（WBC≥20×109/L）22例（27.5％）,BCR/ABL阳性3例（3.8％）;MLL基因重排1例（1.3％）;TEL/AML阳性17例（21.3％）.完全缓解79例（98.8％）,5年OS和EFS分别为（85.9±4.0）％和（79.2±4.7）％,其中标危组5年EFS（86.6±6.4）％,中危组5年EFS （81.1±6.4）％,高危组5年EFS（48.0±16.4）％,组间比较差异有统计学意义（x2=7.03,P＜0.05）.复发12例（15.o％）,中位时间23.5个月.死亡11例（13.8％）,中位时间13个月.结论 初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的疗效好,标准的分型诊断及危险度分层治疗有利于提高患儿的生存质量.     

188例急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿的疗效及预后分析

目的 对中南大学湘雅医院、广西医科大学第一附属医院急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿的治疗结果及影响无事件生存率(EFS)的因素进行分析.方法 所有病例均采用中华医学会儿科学分会血液学组1998年第二次修正的小儿ALL诊疗建议(简称荣成方案)化疗,采用Kaplan-Meier方法评估依从治疗的188例患儿EFS,组间患儿EFS差异用Log-rank检验,用COX比例风险模型分析独立因素对EFS的影响.结果 374例接受诱导治疗儿童的完全缓解(CR)率为93.6%(354例),全程依从治疗的188例ALL的5年EFS为(68.1±5.6)%,标危、高危组5年EFS分别为(75.2±6.0)%、(47.6±11.6)%;总复发率为10.6%,复发的中位时间为13个月;188例患儿中共有29例死亡,死亡率15.4%;化疗相关死亡13例(7.0%).危险度分组、t(9;22)/bcr-abl融合基因和白细胞计数为独立的不良预后因素.结论 两家医院通过荣成方案治疗儿童ALL的总EFS接近70%,需要进行更加详细的危险因素评估和分组,降低治疗相关死亡率,提高儿童ALL治疗的依从性,以进一步提高EFS.     

GD-ALL-2008方案治疗后ALL患儿复发的特征及危险因素分析

目的分析GD-ALL-2008方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的复发情况,明确诱导缓解后复发的因素,为临床更准确地评估早期治疗反应和预测复发提供依据。方法收集2008年6月-2015年2月间在我院接受GD-ALL-2008方案化疗的ALL患儿的临床资料,结合电话随访评估患儿复发情况。通过X~2检验或t检验分析比较计数资料或计量资料的组间情况,用Kaplan-Meier法对复发率进行分析,应用Cox比例风险模型对影响患儿复发的危险因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果本研究共纳入364名患儿,复发率为19.5%(71/364),中位复发时间14.2(2.7~52.2)个月;5年生存率(OS)为(75.0±3.0)%,5年无事件生存率(EFS)为(71.0±3.0)%。Cox回归多因素分析显示,患儿年龄(RR=1.099,95%CI:1.022~1.182)、初诊白细胞数(RR=1.003,95%CI:1.001~1.005)及BCR/ABL基因阳性(RR=0.013,95%CI:1.313~9.753)是影响复发的独立危险因素。结论年龄≥6岁、初诊白细胞数≥100×10~9/L及BCR/ABL基因阳性是ALL患儿复发的独立危险因素,有利于识别ALL复发的高危患儿,利于临床进行早期干预。     

儿童急性白血病染色体异常与预后关系研究进展

近年来,儿童急性白血病的预后有了很大的提高.急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL)患儿5年无事件生存率(event-free survival, EFS)已经达到70%～80%,而急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)的5年EFS也达到50%左右,这得益于危险度分级和个体化治疗的广泛应用.白血病细胞的染色体/基因改变是影响预后的关键因素之一,以下就近年国内外对于儿童急性白血病染色体异常与预后关系的研究进展进行综述.     

CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗不同分子生物学特征儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的长期疗效分析

目的 探讨CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗具有不同分子生物学特征的初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的长期疗效。方法 选取按照CCLG-ALL2008方案治疗的940例初诊ALL患儿为研究对象,针对不同分子生物学特征ALL的长期疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 940例ALL患儿中,男570例,女370例,中位年龄5（1~15）岁,中位随访时间65（3~123）个月。完全缓解（CR）率为96.7%,预期10年总体生存（OS）率为（76.5±1.5）%,无事件生存（EFS）率为（62.6±3.0）%。患儿经治疗达CR后,总复发率为21.9%,其中ETV6-RUNX1阳性患儿复发率最低,且易于晚期复发;MLL重排阳性患儿复发率最高,且易于早期复发。ETV6-RUNX1阳性患儿的预期10年OS率明显高于伴有TCF3-PBX1阳性、BCR-ABL阳性、MLL重排及无分子生物学特征患儿（P < 0.05）。ETV6-RUNX1阳性患儿的预期10年EFS率明显高于伴有BCR-ABL阳性和MLL重排患儿（P < 0.05）。结论 分子生物学特征是影响ALL患儿长期预后的指标,MLL重排、BCR-ABL融合基因阳性是预后的不良指标,ETV6-RUNX1融合基因阳性患儿长期生存率较高。     

10岁以上儿童青少年急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床特点及预后分析

目的研究10岁以上儿童青少年初诊急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿的临床特点及预后。方法对86例10岁以上ALL患儿(B-ALL 62例,T-ALL 24例)的临床特点、治疗疗效及预后因素进行回顾性分析,采用Kaplan-Meier分析评估患儿无事件生存率(EFS)和总生存率(OS),COX回归模型评估EFS、OS的影响因素。结果 86例患儿中,中危组和高危组患儿分别为62例和24例。首诊表现为肝肿大的53例(62%),脾肿大50例(58%),淋巴结肿大46例(54%)。初诊时外周血WBC≥50×109/L者29例(34%)。78例进行了染色体核型分析,21例(27%)染色体数目异常,其中15例为超二倍体(19%)、4例(5%)为亚二倍体,2例(3%)为假二倍体;11例(14%)染色体结构异常,其中Ph染色体阳性1例,t(1;19)1例。TEL-AML1融合基因3例(4%),E2A-PBX1融合基因3例(4%),BCR-ABL融合基因6例(7%),SIL-TAL1融合基因4例(5%)。1疗程完全缓解率为99%(85/86)。5年EFS率、OS率分别为64%±6%和75%±5%。中危组的5年EFS率、OS率均高于高危组(P0.05)。B-ALL患儿5年EFS率优于T-ALL组(P0.05)。COX多因素回归分析显示,初诊时白细胞计数、诱导缓解末微小残留病是EFS、OS的独立影响因素。结论 10岁以上ALL患儿具有不利预后的临床特征,初诊时白细胞计数、诱导缓解末MRD是决定远期疗效的重要因素。     

婴儿白血病化疗疗效分析

目的回顾性分析CCLG-ALL 2008和BCH-AML 05方案治疗婴儿白血病疗效,为改进婴儿白血病的治疗提供临床资料。方法 2011年1月-2019年1月期间符合入组标准的32例婴儿白血病患儿,其中20例婴儿ALL患儿接受了CCLG-ALL 2008方案治疗,合并MLL基因重排(MLL-r)者12例,无MLL-r者8例;12例婴儿AML接受BCH-AML 05方案治疗。回顾性分析病人治疗结果及治疗相关毒副作用。结果 20例婴儿ALL,中危7例,高危13例;诱导完全缓解(CR)率100%;治疗相关死亡(TRM)10%(2/20);2年累积复发率为(17±0.11)%,2年总体生存率(OS)为(72±0.13)%,2年无事件生存率(EFS)为(67±0.13)%。12例婴儿AML,中危10例,高危2例;CR率为100%;TRM为8%(1/12);2年累积复发率为(34±0.16)%,2年OS为(83±0.11)%,2年EFS为(61±0.16)%。结论CCLG-ALL 2008方案治疗婴儿ALL,CR率高,复发率低;BCH-AML 05方案治疗婴儿AML获得了与年长儿童相同的疗效。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.