经皮射频消融术在肝脏肿瘤治疗中的临床价值

目的；对44例原发性肝癌和肝转移瘤行射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治疗，研究其近期局部治疗效果、不良反应和副作用。方法：原发性肝癌和肝转移瘤共44例，病灶总数共67个。经RFA治疗后随访2－6个月，运用螺旋CT三期扫描评价肿瘤治疗效果。结果：肝脏肿瘤直径≤3．0cm者26个、3．1－4．0cm者21个、4．1－5．0cm者11个，≥5.1cm者9个，经RFA治疗后肿瘤完全坏死分别为24个、19个、9个、6个。螺旋CT增强扫描表现为肿瘤去血管化征象，或并有体积缩小。结论：RFA治疗是效果好、副作用小、安全可靠的局部治疗肝脏肿瘤的方法。     

单针灌注电极射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤疗效分析

目的 评价CT引导下单针灌注电极在肝脏肿瘤射频消融(RFA)治疗中的临床价值.方法 2008年1月-2008年12月,在CT引导下对24例患者37枚肝脏肿瘤采用RITA UniBlate射频电极进行RFA治疗,其中单个肿瘤者14例,2枚肿瘤者7例,3枚肿瘤者3例;肿瘤最大径≤3 cm者24枚,3.1～5 cm者8枚,>5 cm者5枚;随访期12个月.结果 治疗后完全消融肿瘤22枚(22/37,59.5%),其中病灶长径小于3 CB者19枚(19/24,79.2%),3.1～5 cm者2枚(2/8),大于5 cm者1枚(1/5);未完全消融肿瘤15枚(15/37,40.5%).随访12个月仍存活者15例(15/24,62.5%);死亡患者9例(9/24,病死率37.5%).10例AFP阳性患者中,术后5例下降至正常水平,3例虽有下降但仍高于正常,2例持续升高.RFA治疗后1例患者肝脏包膜下少量出血;患者均有不同程度发热和上腹部疼痛.结论 CT引导下RITA UniBlate单针灌注电极RFA治疗创伤小、并发症发生率低,近期疗效确切,是肝脏肿瘤安全有效的局部治疗方法;对直径小于3 cm的肿瘤1次消融有较高的完全消融率;对大于3 cm的肿瘤,需行多点重叠消融并结合其他消融治疗方法以实现肿瘤病灶的完全消融.     

CT导向下经皮射频消融术治疗肾上腺恶性肿瘤

目的对29例肾上腺肿瘤患者行射频消融（RFA）治疗，研究其近期局部治疗效果、不良反应和副作用。方法肾上腺肿瘤患者共29例，病灶总数31个，其中直径≤2．0cm的病灶共5个，2．1-4．0cm者18个，4．1-6．0cm者5个，≥6．1cm者3个，经RFA治疗1个月后行螺旋CT双期增强扫描评价肿瘤治疗效果。结果上述病灶经消融治疗后达到完全坏死者分别为5个、18个、3个、2个。患者无严重并发症出现。结论RFA治疗安全可靠，副作用小，是治疗肾上腺恶性肿瘤的有效方法之一。     

集束电极射频治疗肝恶性肿瘤疗效和并发症的CT评价

目的　探讨经皮射频消融术 (RFA)治疗肝肿瘤CT检查的价值。方法　回顾性地分析 5 0例肝肿瘤 (原发性肝癌 36例 ,肝转移癌 14例 )共 76个病灶RFA术前和术后复查随访CT表现 ,CT检查分别于治疗后 1、3周及以后间隔 3～ 6个月不等进行 ,均采用平扫和增强扫描。结果　获得完全消融的病灶为 35例 49个 (6 4.5 % ) ,不完全消融的病灶为 18例 2 7个 (35 .5 % )。经RFA治疗的 76个病灶中 9个出现病灶内出血 ;1个发生脓肿 ;3例出现腹腔内出血 ;6例发生右侧反应性胸腔积液和 1例出现少量气胸。结论　增强CT检查对肝恶性肿瘤RFA治疗的效果评估以及局部复发和并发症发现具有很大的诊断价值     

经腹腔镜肝脏海绵状血管瘤射频消融术后的螺旋CT随访

目的利用螺旋CT评价经腹腔镜射频消融(RFA)治疗肝脏海绵状血管瘤(HCH)的效果。方法27例共50个病灶在全麻下行腹腔镜RFA治疗。术前1周内、术后1个月及6个月,分别进行全肝螺旋CT平扫及三期增强扫描,分析其CT表现。结果50个病灶均位于肝脏表面或邻近胆囊等空腔脏器,瘤体直径2.5~11.0cm,平均5.5cm。腹腔镜RFA治疗后1个月,86%(43/50)病灶直径增大,14%(7/50)病灶直径无明显变化。治疗后6个月,所有病灶均缩小,病灶区直径为原病灶直径的60%,病灶周围环状增强均消失。7例较大病灶RFA治疗后出现膈下及右侧胸腔少量积液。未发现肝内胆管扩张、肝段局部萎缩、门静脉血栓形成及肝动脉-门静脉瘘等并发症。结论HCH经腹腔镜RFA治疗后具有特定的CT表现,螺旋CT三期增强扫描可以准确评价腹腔镜RFA治疗后的疗效。     

鼻咽癌肝转移的综合介入治疗

目的对46例鼻咽癌肝转移患者行包括射频消融治疗(RFA)、化疗栓塞(TACE)等为主的综合介入治疗,研究其近期局部治疗效果和不良反应。方法鼻咽癌肝转移患者共46例,其中富血供型17例,病灶总数32个;乏血供型29例,病灶总数61个,分别进行以TACE和RFA为主的综合介入治疗。结果治疗结束后经CT评价均表现为近期有效,无严重并发症。结论综合介入治疗对鼻咽癌肝转移患者创伤微小,安全有效。     

射频消融联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝转移癌

目的 评价射频消融术(RFA)联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)对于肝转移癌的治疗效果.方法 搜集2005年3月至2010年10月36例肝转移癌患者的临床资料进行分析,其中男22例,女14例;年龄42～82岁,平均(63±12)岁;肿瘤最大径1.5～12.0 cm,平均(4.5±2.4) cm.其中单发转移灶29例,多发转移7例,共47个病灶.患者均为全身化疗失败或无法耐受,且无其他脏器转移证据者.术前CT扫描,对于富血供者先行TACE,术后3周内行RFA;对于乏血供者,先行RFA,术后3周内行TACE.对于多个病灶,采取分次逐一治疗.术后每个月行B超复查及肝功能、血象、肿瘤标记物检查,每3个月行腹部CT增强扫描1次.对于随访过程中肿瘤的局部残存及复发,在可能的前提下仍行RFA+TACE治疗.根据治疗后的影像表现分为病灶完全消融组和病灶部分消融组2个亚组,完全消融组不再进行任何治疗,定期随访观察;部分消融组如无法行进一步RFA治疗,则根据患者情况定期行TACE治疗.随访终点事件为患者死亡.对所有患者的整体生存期及两个亚组的生存期采用SPSS 18.0统计分析软件,Kaplan-Meier方法进行统计分析.结果 RFA全部采用经皮途径在局部麻醉结合静脉基础麻醉下完成,无严重并发症发生.16例患者经过1次或多次联合治疗后达到局部病灶完全消除(病灶完全消融组);20例患者病灶部分消除(病灶部分消融组).随访时间10～40个月,平均(25±10)个月.死亡23例,至今存活13例.中位生存期27个月(95%可信区间:24～32个月).至观察终点1、2、3年生存率分别为91.7%(33/36例)、55.5%(20/36例)、36.1%(13/36例).病灶完全消融组和部分消融组的3年生存率分别为75.0%(12/16例)和5.0%(1/20例),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 RFA+TACE可以有效控制肝转移癌患者肝内病变的进展,延长患者生存期.争取病灶的完全消融是提高疗效的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for treating of hepatic metastasis. Methods From Mar. 2005 to Oct. 2010, 22 males and 14 females with hepatic metastasis were enrolled in this study. Mean age of the patients was 63±12 (42-82) years. Tumor size was (4.5±2.4) cm (min.1.5 cm, max. 12.0 cm). Totally 47 lesions were treated with single metastasis in 29 cases and multiple ones in 7 cases. All cases were failed to chemotherapy or could not stand for the side effect of chemotherapy. Contrast enhanced CT scan was given to all patients before RFA+TACE. For lesions with rich blood supply, TACE was given and then RFA. For those with poor blood supply, RFA was given first and then TACE. For multiple lesions, RFA+TACE was given one by one for each lesion. As for follow up, ultrasound and blood check was given monthly. Enhanced CT scan was given every 3 month. For residual lesions or recurrent lesions, RFA+TACE were given repeatedly. The whole patients was divided into two groups according to the image follow up including complete ablation group and partial ablation group. For complete ablation group, no further treatment was given. For partial ablation group, if it was not suitable for further RFA, repeated TACE was given there after. The end point of follow up was death event. Survival of the whole group and the two subgroups was analyzed statistically by Kaplan-Meier method. Results All RFA procedures was given under intravenous anesthesia and local anesthesia, no severe complication was noted. Lesions in 16 patients were completely ablated after single or multiple sections of RFA+TACE. Twenty patients were in the partially ablated group. Follow up time was 25±10 (10-40) months. Twenty-three patients died and 13 kept alive during the follow up time. The estimated median survival time was 27 month (95%CI: 24-32 months). Survival ration at 1, 2, 3 years for the whole group was 91.7%(33/36),55.5%(20/36),36.1%(13/36) for the whole group. The 3 years survival for complete and partial ablation group was 75.0%(12/16),5.0%(1/20),there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). Conclusion For patients with hepatic metastasis, RFA+TACE can effectively control the local lesion. Complete ablation is the key point for a better survival.     

TACE联合RFA治疗膈下肝脏恶性肿瘤22例

目的 评价TACE联合RFA治疗膈下肝脏恶性肿瘤的安全性和疗效.方法 22例膈下肝脏恶性肿瘤患者共有26个病灶,单例病灶数目≤3个,直径≤5 cm.所有患者先行1～2次TACE术,术后3～5周行CT引导下RFA治疗,RFA术后4～8周复查MRI评价疗效.所有患者随访12 ～ 30个月,观察并发症和疗效.结果 22例患者26个病灶RFA术中未出现任何严重并发症,术后MRI复查22个(84.6％)病灶达到完全消融,4个(15.4％)病灶经2次RFA后达到完全消融.结论 TACE术可使肝脏恶性肿瘤病灶缩小,轮廓更加清晰,联合RFA治疗膈下肝脏恶性肿瘤更加安全、精确、有效.     

CT引导下经皮射频消融治疗肾上腺转移性肿瘤的初步疗效

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗肾上腺转移癌的近期疗效、安全性和不良反应.方法 肾上腺转移癌患者共19例,病灶总数24个,肿瘤直径为1.5-7.8 cm,平均直径3.5 cm.19例患者原发灶来源于肺癌6例,肝癌5例,肾癌5例,结肠癌3例.经RFA治疗3个月后行CT增强扫描评价肿瘤治疗效果.结果 上述24个病灶经消融治疗后,CT增强扫描显示20个肿瘤完全消融;其余4个病灶在治疗后仍有部分残留组织强化区,提示有残留肿瘤,未完全消融.5例患者出现血压波动,6例患者术后出现轻微疼痛,2例患者在术后出现一过性血尿.其余患者无严重并发症.结论 CT引导下RFA治疗肾上腺转移癌是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创治疗方法.     

CT导向下射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤

目的 研究射频消融(RFA)对肝脏恶性肿瘤的治疗效果.方法 对30例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者共38个病灶CT引导下进行经皮射频消融治疗,大小2.5～12 cm,其中原发性肝癌26例,转移性肝癌4例.应用美国RIDA 1500型射频消融仪,电极针为15G的9根伞状排列的可伸缩针,电极针打开后最大直径可达5 cm.术前术后均进行增强CT扫描,并定期随访.结果 RFA操作均顺利完成.平均5.5 d后患者康复出院或接受其他方案治疗. 治疗结束后即刻CT平扫,肿瘤内有小点状气体形成者20例,30 d后螺旋CT扫描,增强后38个结节中,直径≤3 cm的4个病灶全部坏死,直径在3～5 cm之间12个病灶,7个全部坏死,5个部分坏死, 直径>5 cm的22个病灶5个全部坏死,均为先行1～2次经肝动脉导管化疗栓塞治疗病人,17个病灶部分坏死.术后常见并发症主要为肝区疼痛、发热、气胸及胸腔积液,无射频治疗相关的死亡.结论 CT引导下经皮射频消融是一种安全有效治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的方法.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

Sexual homicide: Brief review of the literature and case report involving rape,genital mutilation and human arson

The objective of the current paper is to report a new case of sexual murder involving human arson and summarize the literature on the phenomenon of sexual homicide. The present case study is unprecedented in Greece and a rarity in international literature due to the fact that the victim suffered genital mutilation and incineration while still alive. The evaluation consisted of 176 articles; 53 were reviewed by the authors. The results revealed sparse, but significant, research findings. The authors discuss the limitations regarding research, incidence of the phenomenon, crime-scene patterns, offender characteristics (killing methods, motive inferences, sociodemographic data, classifications, psychopathology, modus operandi), and victim selection. The incidence of the phenomenon is unclear (1–4%) due to non-standardized criteria. It is an expression of displaced anger or sexual sadism and/or a way to elude detection (ancillary benefit). Most offenders (in their first kill) and victims were in their late 20s to early 30s and belong to Caucasian populations. Personal weapons were commonly used against women, strangulation is the prevalent killing method against children, and firearms against men. Most of the sexual homicide perpetrators are non-psychotic at the time of the attack, but experience personality pathology, primitive defenses, pathological object relations, and withdrawal into fantasy in order to deal with social isolation.     

Extension du modèle puissance–temps limite pour estimer la production d’énergie aérobie et anaérobie lors de l’exercice intense

Aim

Examine how the modelling of the relation between power and time to exhaustion can provide an estimation of the production of aerobic and anaerobic energy during intense exercise.

Current knowledge

The hyperbolic model made it possible to define the critical power corresponding to the maximal rate of energy renewed by aerobic metabolism. A new model distinguishing the critical power from the maximal aerobic power has been built to estimate more precisely the anaerobic contribution. Data from middle distance runners and subjects tested on cycle ergometer showed a relative contribution of anaerobic metabolism arising from critical power and increasing until around 10 % of total power when aerobic energy production reaches its maximum.

Prospects

Considering the slow component of oxygen uptake would provide a more precise analysis of energy production and transformation during exercise at high intensity.     

Beziehungen zwischen Aufprallgeschwindigkeit,Fahrzeugbeschädigungen,Frakturen und „Wurfweite” bei 50 tödlichen Fußgänger-PKW-Unfällen

Zusammenfassung Aus 160 Obduktionen von Fußgängern, die durch PKW getötet worden waren, sind 50 nach folgenden Gesichtspunkten ausgewählt worden:Auffahrunfälle Erwachsener mit gesicherten Angaben in den Gerichtsakten über Fahrzeugbeschädigungen, Zusammenstoßstellen, Endlage der Fußgänger und Bremsspuren. Aus diesen Daten wurden Ausgangs- und Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten berechnet sowie die Wurfweite der Fußgänger gemessen.Die Ausgangsgeschwindigkeiten, nach der Berechnung zwischen 32 und 95 km/h, lagen meistens etwas höher als die angegebenen Geschwindigkeiten. Zwischen Ausgangs- und Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten waren die Differenzen größer. Ab 12 km/h Aufprallgeschwindigkeit kam es bereits zu tödlichen Verletzungen. Auffallend ist die zweigipfelige Verteilung der Häufigkeit sowohl bei der Einteilung nach den Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten als auch nach den Deformationsarbeiten (Aufprallgeschwindigkeit: 26% bei 51–60 km/h und 22% bei 21 bis 30 km/h; Deformationsarbeit: 34% bei 39–200 kpm und 30% bei 701–1000 kpm).Bei Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten über 50 km/h wurden doppelt so viel Knochenbrüche an der Wirbelsäule und am Becken als bei Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten unter 50 km/h festgestellt.Bei 44 Fußgängerunfällen lag ein Drittel innerhalb der Erwartungsgrenze der Wurfweite nach Fiala, je ein Drittel aber darüber bzw, darunter.Das Beschädigungsbild und die Anstoßverletzungen geben Hinweise zur Ermittlung der Aufprallgeschwindigkeit, vor allem wenn weitere Berechnungsgrundlagen fehlen.

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Summary Fifty cases were selected from 160 autopsies performed on pedestrians who were accidentally killed by private motorcars; the cases were selected according to the following criteria:The cases were confined to impact accidents involving adults in which reliable evidence could be gathered from the Court records in relation to damage to the car, the place of collision, the final position of the injured pedestrian and the extent of skidmarks. The initial and collision speeds of the cars were calculated from these facts and the distance of projection of the pedestrians were measured.The initial speeds, calculated between 32 and 95 km/h, were, in most cases, higher than the declared speeds. The differences between initial and collision speeds were larger. Fatal injuries could arise from a collision velocity of only 12 km/h. A striking feature of the analysis was the distribution of two peaks of frequency whether these were classified according to the collision speeds or according to the deformation of the vehicle (collision speed: 26% at the speed of 51 to 60 km/h and 22% at the speed of 21 to 30 km/h; deformation work: 34% at the deformation work of 39 to 200 kpm and 30% at the deformation work of 701 to 1,000 kpm).Twice as many fractures of the vertebral column and pelvis were sustained at collision speeds over 50 km/h as were sustained under 50 km/h.In one third of 44 pedestrian accidents, the distance of projection was within the expected range described by Fiala; in one third the distance was above and in one third below the expected range.If additional data for calculation were lacking, the patterns in injury arising from the impacts gave indications from which it was possible to estimate the collision speed.

Stipendiat der Alexander v. Humboldt-Stiftung, Dozent Dr. med. S. Kamiyama, Dept. of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 313 Inohanacho, Chiba, Japan.     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

磁共振DWI和动态增强鉴别颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤的应用

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)和动态增强在颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤(IPA)鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 搜集经手术病理证实且影像学有鞍区破坏的颅底脊索瘤患者15例、向鼻咽部侵犯的IPA患者20例.测量二者的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析动态增强曲线的类型,统计达峰时间(TTP)、增强峰值(EP)和最大对比增强率(MCER),分析各个参数在鉴别诊断中的价值.结果 颅底脊索瘤的ADC值为(1.274±0.07)×10-3mm2/s,高于IPA ADC值(0.672±0.03) ×10-3 mm2/s(P ＜0.001),ADC阈值为0.964×10-3mm2/s时,ROC曲线下面积为0.997,敏感度为93.3％,特异度为100％.颅底脊索瘤时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)Ⅰ型14例,TICⅢ型1例,此例TICⅢ型者TTP约40 s;IPA TIC Ⅰ型7例,TICⅢ型13例.颅底脊索瘤和IPA的EP、MCER差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).结论 ADC值和TIC的类型及其相关参数(EP,MCER)有助于颅底脊索瘤和IPA之间的鉴别.     

Hip and pelvic injuries in the elderly

Fractures of the hip and pelvis are frequent and serious injuries in elderly patients. Due to the aging population, their incidence should double by 2050. Therefore, the social and economical implications of these fractures are significant. Delay in diagnosis increases the associated morbidity and mortality. The purpose is to review the imaging features of these fractures, the imaging techniques (projections, CT) to depict them and their classification based on severity.