Sports Drink Update

KEY POINTS: 1)The ideal fluid replacement beverage is one that tastes good to the athlete, does not cause gastrointestinal discomfort when consumed in large volumes, promotes rapid fluid absorption and maintenance of extracellular fluid volume, and provides energy to working muscles. 2)Sports drinks containing 6-8 percent carbohydrate maintain circulatory and thermoregulatory function during exercise as well as plain water and provide greater performance benefits than water. 3)The small amount of sodium provided by many sports drinks may help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance during prolonged exercise in the heat. 4)Flavored, sweetened beverages encourage voluntary fluid consumption, a response that helps ensure adequate fluid intake during exercise in the heat.     

Protein Nutrition and Endurance Exercise: What Does Science Say?

Introduction Athletes,coaches and scientists have recognized for decades that training and nutrition are highly interrelated when it comes to improving performance.An accumulating body of scientific evidence now confirms that nutrition can profoundly influence the molecular and cellular processes that occur in muscle during exercise and recovery[1].     

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and Macklin effect: Overview and appearance on computed tomography

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum(SPM) is described as free air or gas located within the mediastinum that is not associated with any noticeable cause such as chest trauma.SPM has been associated with many conditions and triggers,including bronchial asthma,diabetic ketoacidosis,forceful straining during exercise,inhalation of drugs,as well as other activities associated with the Valsalva maneuver.The Macklin effect appears on thoracic computed tomography(CT) as linear collections of air contiguous to the bronchovascular sheaths.With the recent availability of multidetector-row CT,the Macklin effect has been seen in the clinical setting more frequently than expected.The aim of this review article is to describe the CT imaging spectrum of the Macklin effect in patients with SPM,focusing on the common appearance of the Macklin effect,pneumorrhachis,and persistent SPM with pneumatocele.     

Effects of Tai Ji Exercise on Bone Structure and Function

To evaluated the effects of the 24 movements Tai Ji exercise on bone structure and function. Broadband Ultrsonic Attenuation (BUA) and velocity of sound (VOS), bone formation marker Osteocalcin (OSTN) and bone resorption markers urinary Pyridum crosslinks (PYR and D-PYR) were studied before and after four months of Tai Ji exercise. Improved bone structure and increased bone density in menopausal women were reflected by BUA results. The increased BUA appears to be associated with increased bone formation rather than decreased bone resorption.     

胫骨平台后侧解剖型钢板治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的生物力学研究

Objective To investigate the biomechanical properties of the posterior tibial anatomic plate. Methods A total of 25 fresh frozen adult tibial top and matching femur specimens were randomly divided into four groups. One specimen was used as normal control ( N group), and the remaining 24specimens were with Schatzker Ⅵ tibial plateau fracture and accompanied by rear split and backward fracture displacement. The lateral margin of the tibia was fixed with a L-type plate, and the medial margin was fixed with the same plate after remodeling. The 24 specimens were divided into three groups, eight specimens per group. The posterior margin of the tibia was fixed by posterior tibial anatomic plate ( Group A), T-type plate ( Group B) or straight reconstruction plate ( Group C). The strength, stiffness, torsional biomechanics and failure load performance of the plates in each group were evaluated. Results The strength and stiffness of test groups was superior to that of Group N ( P ＞ 0.05 ), and the torsional biomechanics of test groups was close to that of Group N ( P ＞ 0.05 ). The posterior tibial anatomic plate was superior to T-type plate and straight reconstruction plate in aspects of strength, stiffness, torsional biomechanics and failure load performance ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions Posterior tibial anatomic plate has excellent biomechanical properties, and it is superior to other materials in treating posterior tibial plateau fracture and restoring the stability of the knee.     

颅神经血管压迫症的MR血管断层表现与微血管减压术疗效的相关性

Objective To explore the correlation of the operation effects of the miorovascular decompression(MVD) and the findings on magnetic resonance tomographic angiography(MRTA) in patients of neurovascular compression of the cranial nerves.Methods Two hundred and twenty three patients treated with the microvascular decompression were analyzed retrospectively.They were grouped and graded according to the vessel compression on the cranial nerves.The compression were grouped as none, moderate and severe, and the operation effects were graded as Ⅰ ( complete relief), Ⅱ ( partial relief) and Ⅲ ( no relief).The operation effects grades were correlated according to the compression groups by Kruskal-Wallis test and the operation effects between each two of the groups were compared using Nemenyi test.P < 0.05 was defined as statistic significant.Results Of the 53 cases of non-compression group, 31 cases were graded as Ⅰ , 13 cases were graded as Ⅱ and 9 cases were graded as Ⅲ, according to the operation-effects of the decompression.Of the 110 cases of moderate group,95 cases were grade as Ⅰ , 11 cases were graded as Ⅱ and 4 cases were graded as Ⅲ.Of the 60 cases of severe group, 48 cases were graded as Ⅰ, 7 cases were graded as Ⅱ and 5 cases were graded as Ⅲ.There were statistic significance among the three groups,where χ2= 16.84 and P <0.05.The mean rank of the non-compression, the moderate and the severe group was 134.21,102.37 and 110.4 ,respectively.The difference of the mean ranks between the non-compression group and the moderate group was 31.84, and between the non-compression and the severe group was 24.17, respectively, where P < 0.05 both.Conclusions There was close relationship between the findings on magnetic resonance tomographic angiography and the operation effects of the MVD.The operation effects of patients with moderate and severe vessel compression were much better than the non-compression group.MRTA is helpful for MVD surgical indication and its prognosis.     

颅神经血管压迫症的MR血管断层表现与微血管减压术疗效的相关性

Objective To explore the correlation of the operation effects of the miorovascular decompression(MVD) and the findings on magnetic resonance tomographic angiography(MRTA) in patients of neurovascular compression of the cranial nerves.Methods Two hundred and twenty three patients treated with the microvascular decompression were analyzed retrospectively.They were grouped and graded according to the vessel compression on the cranial nerves.The compression were grouped as none, moderate and severe, and the operation effects were graded as Ⅰ ( complete relief), Ⅱ ( partial relief) and Ⅲ ( no relief).The operation effects grades were correlated according to the compression groups by Kruskal-Wallis test and the operation effects between each two of the groups were compared using Nemenyi test.P < 0.05 was defined as statistic significant.Results Of the 53 cases of non-compression group, 31 cases were graded as Ⅰ , 13 cases were graded as Ⅱ and 9 cases were graded as Ⅲ, according to the operation-effects of the decompression.Of the 110 cases of moderate group,95 cases were grade as Ⅰ , 11 cases were graded as Ⅱ and 4 cases were graded as Ⅲ.Of the 60 cases of severe group, 48 cases were graded as Ⅰ, 7 cases were graded as Ⅱ and 5 cases were graded as Ⅲ.There were statistic significance among the three groups,where χ2= 16.84 and P <0.05.The mean rank of the non-compression, the moderate and the severe group was 134.21,102.37 and 110.4 ,respectively.The difference of the mean ranks between the non-compression group and the moderate group was 31.84, and between the non-compression and the severe group was 24.17, respectively, where P < 0.05 both.Conclusions There was close relationship between the findings on magnetic resonance tomographic angiography and the operation effects of the MVD.The operation effects of patients with moderate and severe vessel compression were much better than the non-compression group.MRTA is helpful for MVD surgical indication and its prognosis.     

新型载人离心机在军事航空医学中的应用

Objective To investigate the approaches and the application effects of acceleration tolerance screening and training for fighter pilots,-Gx experience,dynamic flight simulation (DFS) experience and physiological evaluation of anti-G equipment on new human centrifuge. Methods ①Twenty-four pilots underwent the relaxed+Gz tolerance examination on a single degree of freedom centrifuge (Model 63) and on new human centrifuge for comparison.②One hundred high performance fighter pilots carried out centrifuge training.Among them,42 pilots were in passive control mode while the other 58 pilots were trained by close-loop mode.③Eight pilots experienced -1.5 Gx and-2.0 Gx on the new centrifuge.④Eighteen pilots performed aerobatic maneuvers,such as left spiral,right spiraI,split S loop,immelmann,and barrel roll in DFS awareness.⑤Six volunteers and 9 pilots served as subjects.The tests of anti-G capability evaluation for suits,suits combined with pressure breathing for G (PBG),and suits combined with PBG and anti-G strainingmaneuver (AGSM) were conducted respectively. Results ①The mean relaxed+Gz tolerance of pilots obtained on the new and old centrifuge was (4.25±0.34) G and (4.41±0.14) G respectively (t=3.03,P<0.01).The difference would be relative to fatigue that caused by continuous running and pilots' endurance to the reduplicate riding.So the current+Gz tolerance screening method was applicable on the new centrifuge regardless of the influence of the above mentioned factors.②In the training under passive control mode,25 of 42 pilots completed the training of 7 G for 10 s,9 pilots for 8 G for 10 s and 2 for 9 G for 10 s.In the close-loop control training,48 pilots passed training of 7 G for 10 s,19 pilots for 8 G for 10 s,and 23 for 9 G for 10 s.③During-Gx experience,the feelings of dizzy and disgust were evident during the roll and pitch movements.④Pilots reported that DFS training was similar to actual flight and possessed great practical value in improving aerial combat ability.⑤The performance of anti-G equipments reached the functional requirement. Conclusions New human centrifuge can be applied in acceleration tolerance screening and training for high performance fighter aircraft pilots,-Gx experience,DFS training,and physiological evaluation for anti-G equipments.Relevant approaches have been established,and the application of new human centrifuge has acquired a satisfactory result.which lays the foundation for further work.     

Applications of multi-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T

AIM: To discuss the advantages of ultra-high field (7T) for 1H and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of metabolism.made at both 3 and 7T using 1H MRS. Measurements of glycogen and lipids in muscle were measured using 13C and 1H MRS respectively. RESULTS: In the brain, increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dispersion allows spectral separation of the amino-acids glutamate, glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), without the need for sophisticated editing sequences. Improved quantification of these me-tabolites is demonstrated at 7T relative to 3T. SNR was 36% higher, and measurement repeatability (% coefficients of variation) was 4%, 10% and 10% at 7T, vs 8%, 29% and 21% at 3T for glutamate, glutamine and GABA respectively. Measurements at 7T were used to compare metabolite levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula. Creatine and glutamate levels were found to be significantly higher in the insula compared to the ACC (P < 0.05). In muscle, the increased SNR and spectral resolution at 7T enables interleaved studies of glycogen (13C) and intra-myocellular lipid (IMCL) and extra-myocellular lipid (EMCL) (1H) following exercise and refeeding. Glycogen levels were sig-nificantly decreased following exercise (-28% at 50% VO2 max; -58% at 75% VO2 max). Interestingly, levels of glycogen in the hamstrings followed those in the quadriceps, despite reduce exercise loading. No changes in IMCL and EMCL were found in the study. CONCLUSION: The demonstrated improvements in brain and muscle MRS measurements at 7T will increase the potential for use in investigating human metabolism and changes due to pathologies.     

Usefulness of the Guglielmi detachable coil for embolization of a systemic venous collateral after Fontan operation: A case report

Embolization of collateral veins is often treated with rigid coils(Gianturco and interlocking detachable coils type).However,when dealing with tortuous and dilated collateral veins,there is a high risk for technical failure and coil migration due to inflexibility of the coils.To safely and successfully solve this problem,Guglielmi detachable coils(GDC) can be used for embolization.Their flexibility allows for easy navigation in tortuous veins,low risk of unintended coil release or coil migration,and safe deployment.A 12-year-old girl with a single ventricle had severe cyanosis and a low exercise tolerance 5 years after Fontan procedure.The symp-toms were caused by a tortuous and dilated collateral from the left phrenic vein into the left pulmonary vein,forming a right-to-left shunt.The collateral,which had a large diameter and high flow,and therefore a high risk of coil migration,was successfully embolized with 8 GDC.There were no complications such as coil migration or cerebral infarction.Transcatheter embolization increased her systemic oxygen saturation from 81%-84% to 94%-95%,and increased her ability to exercise.The embolization procedure using flexible GDC was low risk compared with other rigid coil embolization techniques when performing embolization of tortuous and dilated collateral veins.     

乳腺癌术后放疗3种治疗计划的剂量学研究

Objective To investigate the dosimetric characteristics of helical tomotherapy(HT),intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)and three.dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3D-CRT)for the post-operative breast cancer as well as their comparison in protecting the normal tissues.Methods The CT images of 10 postoperative patients with early stage breast cancer were transferRed into HT and IMRT and 3D- CRT planning system respectively after the target region and normal tissues were drawn out with the same doctor.Each prescribed dose for three kinds of plans was 50 Gy/25 fractions.Inrradiation doses and volume at heart and double lungs as well as conformity index(CI)and homogeneity index(HI)were evaluated.Results The PTV volume of prescribed target dose of 95% and 100%in HT, IMRT and 3D-CRT groups were 99.13%and 95.87%,97.80%and 94.05%,96.37%and 87.29%.respectively.The CI and HI in HT.IMRT and 3D-CRT groups were 0.80±0.10 and 1.09 ±0.03,0.65±0.07 and 1.14±0.02,0.40±0.08 and 1.17±0.04,respectively V5,V10 and V20 of the heart were the lowest at 3D-CRT than HT and lM RT.V5 of the diseased lung was the lowest at 3D-CRT compared to HT and IMRT.V5 and V10 of the healthy lung were the lowest at 3 D-CRT compared to other groups.Conclusions Compared with IMRT and 3D-CRT.HT technique in treating breast cancer had the best conformity index and homogeneity index as well as steeper dose gradient.Irradiated doses and volume at the heart was the lowest at 3D- CRT and the highest at IMRT.Irradiated doses and volume of the heart and healthy lung as well as the diseased lung were the lowest at 3D-CRT compared to HT and IMRT groups.     

乳腺癌术后放疗3种治疗计划的剂量学研究

Objective To investigate the dosimetric characteristics of helical tomotherapy(HT),intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)and three.dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3D-CRT)for the post-operative breast cancer as well as their comparison in protecting the normal tissues.Methods The CT images of 10 postoperative patients with early stage breast cancer were transferRed into HT and IMRT and 3D- CRT planning system respectively after the target region and normal tissues were drawn out with the same doctor.Each prescribed dose for three kinds of plans was 50 Gy/25 fractions.Inrradiation doses and volume at heart and double lungs as well as conformity index(CI)and homogeneity index(HI)were evaluated.Results The PTV volume of prescribed target dose of 95% and 100%in HT, IMRT and 3D-CRT groups were 99.13%and 95.87%,97.80%and 94.05%,96.37%and 87.29%.respectively.The CI and HI in HT.IMRT and 3D-CRT groups were 0.80±0.10 and 1.09 ±0.03,0.65±0.07 and 1.14±0.02,0.40±0.08 and 1.17±0.04,respectively V5,V10 and V20 of the heart were the lowest at 3D-CRT than HT and lM RT.V5 of the diseased lung was the lowest at 3D-CRT compared to HT and IMRT.V5 and V10 of the healthy lung were the lowest at 3 D-CRT compared to other groups.Conclusions Compared with IMRT and 3D-CRT.HT technique in treating breast cancer had the best conformity index and homogeneity index as well as steeper dose gradient.Irradiated doses and volume at the heart was the lowest at 3D- CRT and the highest at IMRT.Irradiated doses and volume of the heart and healthy lung as well as the diseased lung were the lowest at 3D-CRT compared to HT and IMRT groups.     

The challenges of precision radiotherapy technology to the traditional theory of radiobiology

With the development of modern computing technology and medical physics, radiotherapy has made great progress. The theoretical basis of radiobiology seems to lag behind the clinical application of radiotherapy, which hampers the further improvement of treatment efficacy and the optimization of treatment modality. In this paper, some emerging challenges of precision radiotherapy technology to the traditional theory of radiobiology, such as radiosensitivity, dose-response curve and survival curve, linear-quadratic model, 4Rs theory, as well as the interaction between cancer and microenvironment, radiation-induced second primary cancers (RISPC), will be discussed. The interplay between precision radiotherapy and traditional radiobiology theories will be addressed with the aim to potentially solve some of the challenging problems.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in glenohumeral instability

The glenohumeral joint is the most commonly dislocated joint of the body and anterior instability is the most common type of shoulder instability.Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging,and more recently,MR arthrography,have become the essential investigation modalities of glenohumeral instability,especially for pre-procedure evaluation before arthroscopic surgery.Injuries associated with glenohumeral instability are variable,and can involve the bones,the labor-ligamentous components,or the rotator cuff.Anterior instability is associated with injuries of the anterior labrum and the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament,in the form of Bankart lesion and its variants;whereas posterior instability is associated with reverse Bankart and reverse Hill-Sachs lesion.Multidirectional instability often has no labral pathology on imaging but shows specific osseous changes such as increased chondrolabral retroversion.This article reviews the relevant anatomy in brief,the MR imaging technique and the arthrographic technique,and describes the MR findings in each type of instability as well as common imaging pitfalls.     

Imaging appearance of bone tumors of the maxillofacial region

This paper reviews the imaging appearance of benign and malignant bone tumors of the maxillofacial region.A benign bone tumor commonly appears as a well circumscribed lesion.The matrix of the tumor may be calcified or sclerotic.Malignancies often display aggressive characteristics such as cortical breakthrough, bone destruction,a permeative pattern and associated soft-tissue masses.Computed tomography scan is an excellent imaging modality for accurate localization of the lesion,characterization of the tumor matrix and detection of associated osseous changes such as bone remodeling,destruction or periosteal reaction.Magnetic resonance imaging is of limited value in the evaluation of maxillofacial bone tumors.     

MDCT in the diagnostic algorithm in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia and a major cause of morbidity.Arrhythmogenic foci originating within the pulmonary veins(PVs) are an important cause of both paroxysmal and persistent AF.A variety of endovascular and surgical techniques have been used to electrically isolate the PV from the left atrium.Pulmonary venography for localization of the PV ostium can be difficult to perform during the ablation procedure.While the anatomy of the PV is patientspecific,non-invasive imaging techniques may provide useful diagnostic information prior to the intended intervention.In this context,multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) visualization of the left atrial and PV anatomy prior to left atrial ablation and PV isolation is becoming increasingly important.MDCT imaging provides pre-procedural information on the left atrial anatomy,including atrial size and venous attachments,and it may identify potential post-procedural complications,such as pulmonary vein stenosis or cardiac perforations.Here,we review the relevant literature and present the current"state-of-the-art"of left atrial anatomy,PV ostia as well as the clinical aspects of refractory AF with MDCT imaging protocols and procedural aspects of PV ablation.     

99Tcm-N-NOET负荷和延迟门控心肌灌注显像对高血压患者的临床价值

Objective To investigate clinical significance of the 99Tcm-bis (N-ethoxy-N-ethyl-dithiocarbamato) nitridotechnetium(99Tcm-N-NOET) exercise and delayed myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in hypertensive patients. Methods Sixty patients with hypertension and 19 normal subjects were carried out 99Tcm-N-NOET exercise and delayed MPI, and analyzed the results of MPI, exercise electrocardiography (ECG), cardiac function parameters end-diastolic volume(EDV), end-systolic volume(ESV), left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), △ LVEF (LV EF exercis-LVEF delay) and coronary angiography(CAG). Results ① Sixty patients with hypertension, 22 cases(36.7%)of exercise ECG were abnormal, 16 cases (26.7%)were the chest tightness in exercise, 13 cases (21.7%) were blood pressure excessive reaction in exercise; control group, 2 cases (10.5%) of exercise ECG were abnormal, 1 case (5.3%, 1/19) was chest tightness in exercise,no per-son was blood pressure response in excessive. ②The positive rate of myocardial perfusion in hyper tensive group was significantly higher than the control group (31.75％ vs.5.30％, P<0.05). ③Cardial function parameters in hypertension group [exercise EDV =(79.75 ±29.10)ml, ESV =(28.82 ± 15.73)ml, LVEF =(65.78 ±1.27)%; delay EDV=(81.42±3.47)ml, ESV=(30.62±2.05)ml, LVEF=(64.20±9.70)%] and control group[exercise EDV=(79.63 ±21.65)ml, ESV=(27.37±10.71)ml, LVEF=(66.42±1.55)%; delay EDV=(82.89±4.96)ml,ESV=(31.42±3.06)ml, LVEF=(63.16 ±7.54)%] were no statistical difference(exercise EDV: t=0.161, ESV: t=0.112, LVEF: t=0.261; delay EDV: t=0.276, ESV: t=0.197, LVEF: t=0.184, P>0.05), △ LVEF<0%, 28 cases (46.7%) in hypertension group, 4 cases (21.1%) in control group, χ2=3.929, P<0.05; 11 cases (57.9%) in MPI positive group, 12 cases (29.3％) in MPI negative group, χ2=4.501, P<0.05. ④Nineteen hypertension underwent CAG, 11 cases were abnormal, 8 cases were normal. MPI results: 9 cases were ischemia, 10 cases were normal, and they were no statistical difference (χ2=0.25, P>0.05). The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of 99Tcm-N-NOET MPI were 72.7％, 87.5％ and 78.9％. Conclusions ①99Tcm-N-NOET exercise and delayed MPI can diagnose whether hypertension patients with myocardial ischemia or not. ② △ LVEF of hypertensive patients reduced, △ LVEF is lower in hypertensive patients of MPI-positive.     

Oncological imaging of the abdomen and pelvis: Spectrum of trends and advances

Advancements in medical imaging have brought about unprecedented changes in the assessment, management and post-treatment follow-up of cancer. Sonography, positron emission tomography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the primary tools being developed for oncological imaging. Advancements in these modalities, the introduction of new imaging and treatment techniques, as well as recent management of tumors, have led to continuous changes in diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we discuss the wide spectrum of imaging trends and advances.     

Spinal fusion-hardware construct: Basic concepts and imaging review

The interpretation of spinal images fixed with metallic hardware forms an increasing bulk of daily practice in a busy imaging department. Radiologists are required to be familiar with the instrumentation and operative options used in spinal fixation and fusion procedures, especially in his or her institute. This is critical in evaluating the position of implants and potential complications associated with the operative approaches and spinal fixation devices used. Thus, the radiologist can play an important role in patient care and outcome. This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used imaging methods and reports on the best yield for each modality and how to overcome the problematic issues associated with the presence of metallic hardware during imaging. Baseline radiographs are essential as they are the baseline point for evaluation of future studies should patients develop symptoms suggesting possible complications. They may justify further imaging workup with computed tomography, magnetic resonance and/or nuclear medicine studies as the evaluation of a patient with a spinal implant involves a multi-modality approach. This review describes imaging features of potential complications associated with spinal fusion surgery as well as the instrumentation used. This basic knowledge aims to help radiologists approach everyday practice in clinical imaging.     

Low-dose radiation and Alzheimer''s disease: Neuronal effects and a potential modality for therapy?

Exposure to low-dose radiation (LDR, mostly less than 100 mGy) may reduce the vulnerability of exposed tissues to subsequent high-dose radiation (HDR)-induced damage, a phenomenon known as adaptive responses, which occurs via mechanisms including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Alzheimer''s disease (AD) is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. Using the available literature, this review will examine whether there is any effect of LDR on AD. The available evidence shows that although LDR can alter the expression of some genes related to AD such as Apbb1, Lrp1, and Il1α, these alterations do not cause AD-like syndromes in animals, suggesting that LDR may also simultaneously upregulate several protective mechanisms that prevent the eventual development of AD. Furthermore, LDR seems capable of improving the symptoms of AD, as evidenced by the experience of an 81-year-old female AD patient. This patient was diagnosed with AD more than 10 years ago and gradually progressed to advanced AD in 2015, despite routine treatment. The patient then received about 12 computed tomography scans (about 40 mGy each) up until Nov. 2017, which significantly improved her quality of life and reduced several AD symptoms. The improvement in this patient''s medical condition led to a few recent clinical trials investigating the effects of LDR on AD. To date, there is no efficient therapy available for AD, thus whether exposure to LDR at 100 mGy can provide a preventive or therapeutic effect for AD is an important issue. If LDR is a potential treatment for AD, as suggested by this reported case, this non-invasive approach would also bear the merit that it would be unlikely to cause a significant radiation health risk, as the LDR could be delivered locally to the head without any impact on other organs.