脑功能区自动提取法的研究及在PET／CT功能显像中的应用

目的：验证脑功能区的自动提取法在18F-FDG PET/CT脑显像中提取位置的准确性,并初步探讨在视觉功能区和储尿功能区中的应用。方法：对14例正常人按有无光刺激分成二组进行18F-FDG PET/CT脑显像以及25例正常人储尿和未储尿状态下分别进行18F-FDG PET/CT脑显像,采用图像配准和图像形变方法,将脑图像标化到标准的Talairach坐标空间,按各脑部功能区对全脑中坐标点分类,分析光刺激和受储尿刺激影响的脑解剖功能核团。结果：该方法成功地将目标图像与标准坐标空间配准,提取的视觉脑功能区和储尿中枢位置符合解剖学定义。受光刺激,6个核团代谢增高,5个核团代谢降低。受储尿刺激13个核团代谢增高,9个核团代谢降低。结论：脑功能区自动提取法对PET/CT脑显像对特定脑区分析显示快速,准确,重现性好的特点,为研究特定脑感兴趣区提供了一个客观,细致分析方法。18F-FDG PET/CT脑显像为临床研究脑功能提供了功能-解剖学参考和重要的影像学方法。     

正电子发射计算机断层显像在精神疾病中的应用研究及进展

精神疾病是一类功能性脑疾病,其发病率的不断增加而受到日益关注.选择合适的研究方法对精神疾病进行发病机制、诊断治疗的研究已成为医学研究的热点课题.正电子发射型计算机断层显像以其反映组织细胞血流、代谢、受体密度等分子功能显像的特点在精神疾病研究领域中发挥着独特的作用,尤其在脑神经递质和受体显像方面具有其他非侵入性影像学检查方法所无可比拟的优势.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的神经影像学研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)以夜间间歇性缺氧和睡眠片断化为特征,常伴有不同程度的神经认知功能损伤,是一种发病率高、严重影响生活并危及生命的睡眠疾病.近年来,随着神经影像学成像方法和图像处理技术的进步,越来越多的研究发现OSAHS病人存在显著的脑结构、代谢和功能异常,从而为深入了解OSAHS神经认知功能改变的病理生理学机制提供了重要信息.综述了神经影像学技术在揭示OSAHS相关脑改变方面的研究进展.     

复杂脑网络分析在甲状腺疾病认知异常中的应用

【摘要】甲状腺疾病是临床上常见的内分泌疾病之一,甲状腺激素的异常分泌可通过神经信号传导变化、氧化应激加剧、中枢神经系统中β-淀粉样蛋白转化或葡萄糖代谢异常而导致患者认知功能的恶化。近年来,复杂脑网络分析方法作为脑网络模型的重要量化工具,其系统化分析的优势,不仅有助于对神经精神疾病发病机制的认识,而且具有提供影像学标记物的潜在价值,为临床探究甲状腺疾病患者大脑结构和功能的变化提供了新的方法学视角。本文就复杂脑网络分析方法在甲状腺疾病患者认知异常研究中的应用进行综述。     

SPECT局部脑血流显像在皮质下梗死伴半侧空间忽略患者的应用

目的　探讨皮质下梗死所致半侧空间忽略与脑血流改变部位、范围及程度间的关系。方法　对 30例临床确诊为单侧皮质下梗死的右利手患者行SPECT局部脑血流 (rCBF)显像 ,判定rCBF改变的部位、范围及程度。结果　经忽略组合试验证实有半侧空间忽略表现的 2 1例皮质下梗死患者 ,SPECT显像示rCBF降低部位多累及大脑皮质功能区 (χ2 =7 91,P <0 0 0 5 )。最多见于额叶 ,其次是顶叶、颞叶和枕叶。最明显的部位是颞顶枕交界处。病灶区rCBF及rCBF降低百分比与忽略评分的r分别为 - 0 4 4和 0 31。病灶的范围、数量与忽略程度间呈显著正相关 (r分别为 0 74和 0 72 )。结论皮层下梗死所致忽略多累及皮质功能区。多部位联合损伤易出现忽略且程度更严重。     

创伤后应激障碍的脑磁共振成像研究及进展

近年来,随着功能神经影像学的发展,有关创伤后应激障碍的脑功能研究越来越多.脑磁共振成像尤其是功能磁共振成像在创伤后应激障碍中的应用日益增多,功能磁共振成像不但有利于观察创伤后应激障碍的脑形态学改变,还有助于了解创伤后应激障碍的脑功能区性能以及神经回路的改变;磁共振波谱成像可以从细胞代谢水平反映脑功能区代谢异常.综述脑磁共振成像在创伤后应激障碍中的应用及进展.     

创伤后应激障碍的脑磁共振成像研究及进展

近年来,随着功能神经影像学的发展,有关创伤后应激障碍的脑功能研究越来越多.脑磁共振成像尤其是功能磁共振成像在创伤后应激障碍中的应用日益增多,功能磁共振成像不但有利于观察创伤后应激障碍的脑形态学改变,还有助于了解创伤后应激障碍的脑功能区性能以及神经回路的改变;磁共振波谱成像可以从细胞代谢水平反映脑功能区代谢异常.综述脑磁共振成像在创伤后应激障碍中的应用及进展.     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍的结构及功能磁共振研究进展

非痴呆性血管性认知功能障碍（VCIND）处于血管性认知功能障碍（VCI）的早期阶段,血管性认知功能障碍是由血管性因素导致的从轻度认知功能障碍到痴呆的一类综合征.已有研究表明VCIND是可以逆转的,所以对其早期干预,有着重要的社会意义.近年来,随着功能磁共振的研究与应用,对脑结构和脑网络的研究也越来越受到关注,一些磁共振新技术如磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）和功能磁共振也应运而生,因其易操作性和无创性,且能够在体研究脑结构及脑功能方面的改变,使其越来越具有研究VCIND的生理病理机制的潜在性,本文就其在VCIND方面的研究进展进行综述.     

视觉、前庭觉及其相互作用对视觉认知的动态影响

航天飞行初期,空间运动病、空间定向障碍一直是航天医学界的重要难题,而两者的发生机制均与视觉和前庭觉有着紧密的联系。如今视觉刺激、前庭刺激对脑高级认知功能影响的研究已展开,但视-前庭联合刺激下对脑高级认知功能影响的研究,还处于探索阶段。目前认知有关的研究手段有很多,其中具有毫秒级时间分辨率的脑事件相关电位(event-related potentials,ERPs)是一种较为客观且简便易行的研究方法。本文综述了视觉、前庭觉与脑高级功能联系的解剖学基础,介绍了采用ERP为研究手段的部分视觉认知研究动态以及视-前庭相互作用对脑高级功能影响的研究现状,提出了今后的研究方向,为今后开展该方面研究提供了参考。     

核医学影像在肌萎缩侧索硬化临床研究中的应用

肌萎缩侧索硬化（ALS）起病隐匿、进展迅速、诊断困难,其神经影像学改变目前尚缺乏明确特异性指征。SPECT和PET是最早应用于ALS的神经影像学技术。像素分析软件的运用（如SPM等）使SPECT、PET对ALS的研究更加方便和客观。近年来,脑受体PET显像不断发展,逐渐显示出其在ALS早期诊断及认知功能受损研究中的重要价值。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

人体中的镭-226、镭-228、钋-210、铅-210

本文报道了广东阳江高本底地区6名、对照地区8名人尸体的骨²²⁶Ra、²²⁶Ra的浓度以及部分居民内脏器官中。²¹⁰Po、²¹⁰Pb的浓度。结果轰明阳江高本底地区和对照地区居民骨镭-226、镭-228的浓度分别为29.9pCi/kg, 26.9pCi/kgl 8.7pCi/kg, 8.2pCi/kg.由此估算出阳江高本底地区屠民骨中²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra的负薄璧及对骨衬、骨髓所产生的剂量当量分别为对照地区民民的3.4倍, 3.3倍。两地区居民内脏器官中^{210Po、210Pb的测定分析铡数较少但仍看出, 高本底地区均明显高于对照地区.}     

磁共振DWI和动态增强鉴别颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤的应用

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)和动态增强在颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤(IPA)鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 搜集经手术病理证实且影像学有鞍区破坏的颅底脊索瘤患者15例、向鼻咽部侵犯的IPA患者20例.测量二者的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析动态增强曲线的类型,统计达峰时间(TTP)、增强峰值(EP)和最大对比增强率(MCER),分析各个参数在鉴别诊断中的价值.结果 颅底脊索瘤的ADC值为(1.274±0.07)×10-3mm2/s,高于IPA ADC值(0.672±0.03) ×10-3 mm2/s(P ＜0.001),ADC阈值为0.964×10-3mm2/s时,ROC曲线下面积为0.997,敏感度为93.3％,特异度为100％.颅底脊索瘤时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)Ⅰ型14例,TICⅢ型1例,此例TICⅢ型者TTP约40 s;IPA TIC Ⅰ型7例,TICⅢ型13例.颅底脊索瘤和IPA的EP、MCER差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).结论 ADC值和TIC的类型及其相关参数(EP,MCER)有助于颅底脊索瘤和IPA之间的鉴别.