胰胆管疾病的磁共振胰胆管成像与内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影初…

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）对胰胆管疾病的临床应用价值。材料与方法：２０例高度怀疑胰胆管疾病的患者均经内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）和ＭＲＣＰ检查，并将ＭＲＣＰ影像与ＥＲＣＰ影像进行非双盲对照分析，其中１５例经手术证实。ＭＲＣＰ采用屏气、一次激发半傅立叶转换快速自旋回波序列（ＦＡＳＥ）、重Ｔ２加权、二维（２Ｄ）多个平面成像技术。结果：冠状位ＭＲＣＰ图像与ＥＲＣＰ图像极其相似，ＭＲＣＰ图     

磁共振胰胆管成像在胰胆管疾病中的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲ ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＭＲＣＰ）对胰胆管疾病的诊断价值。材料和方法：用ｆａｓｔ－ＡＳＥ序列完成了８２例ＭＲＣＰ检查,其中有６３例经手术病理证实,余为超声或ＣＴ证实,经二维（２Ｄ）及三维（３Ｄ）处理图像,后以最大信号投影重建图像。结果：全部检查均获得成功。良、恶性胰胆管疾病在ＭＲＣＰ图像上具有一定的特征性。ＭＲＣＰ定位及定性准确率分别为１００％及８６％。结论：ＭＲＣＰ是一种无创伤性的有效手段,能清楚显示正常或异常的胰胆管结构,定性和定位准确率高,能为临床提供十分有意义的诊断资料。     

单次激发磁共振胰胆管造影的临床应用

目的：探讨单次激发快速自旋回波（ＳＳＦＳＥ）序列磁共振胰胆管造影的临床应用价值。方法：采用屏气、重Ｔ２ 加权、单次激发快速自旋回波（ＳＳＦＳＥ）序列、二维多平面成像技术做ＭＲ胰胆管造影８０ 例,其中３０ 例为正常者,５０例疑为胰胆系疾病的病人。结果：３０例正常者的胰胆管和胆囊的显示率为１００％ 。５０例疑为胰胆系疾病的病人,ＭＲＣＰ良好显示胰胆系病变部位及扩张的胰胆管,结合腹部常规ＭＲ,获得理想的综合影像诊断。结论：ＳＳＦＳＥ序列ＭＲＣＰ是一种安全简便、无创伤性的胰胆管影像学检查新技术,快速成像,图像清晰,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

单激发厚层投射MR胰胆管成像及其应用价值

目的：探讨单激发厚层投射磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）显示胰胆管树的能力和对胰胆管梗阻性病变的诊断价值,材料与方法：用重Ｔ２加权单激发ＴＳＥ序列、厚层投身成像技术做ＭＲＣＰ检查共１５０例,正常组５０例,病变组１００例。分析其对正常胰胆管各主要结构的显示率及对梗阻病变的检出率、定位和定性诊断准确率,将结果与ＣＴ、ＵＳ、ＥＲＣＰ／ＰＴＣ及手术和病理相对照。结果：本法可显示管径１￣２ｍｍ的胰胆管分支;准确     

磁共振成像在胰胆管疾病中的应用

目的：介绍用磁共振检查胰胆管疾病的四种扫描序列,并评价它们的作用和局限性。材料和方法：对５２例疑有胰胆管疾病的患者行两种Ｔ２加权和两种ＭＲＣＰ序列检查;横断位ＨＡＳＴＥ序列、冠状位ＴｒｕｅＦＩＳＰ序列、ＴｒｕｅＳＥ ＭＲＣＰ序列和ＨＡＳＴＥ ＭＲＣＰ序列。４２例经ＥＲＣＰ或手术病理证实,其检查结果与ＥＲＣＰ或手术对照。结果：所有图像的质量均达到了能够诊断的要求。四种扫描序列均显示了所有扩张的胰胆管,胆管结石定性的准确性分别为８７．５％、９１．７％、８７．５％和９５．８％,对肿瘤的定性准确性分别为８２．４％、７６．５％、６４．７％和７０．６％,结合所有序列对结石定性的准确性为１００％,对肿瘤的定性准确性为８８．２％。结论：上述四种扫描序列对显示胆胰管疾病各有其优点,结合应用可提高胰胆管疾病检出率和作出更准确的定性     

磁共振胰胆管造影的临床应用

目的：开发磁共振胰胆管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）的应用。材料和方法：采用ＧＥ超导０．５Ｔ，Ｖｅｃｔｒａ２磁共振成像仪，快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）重Ｔ２加权扫描及最大强度投影（ＭＩＰ）重建图像。对１１例胰胆病变患者作ＭＲＣＰ检查。结果：１１例均清楚显示胆系结构，结石或肿瘤所造成的充盈缺损或梗阻部位均能准确显示。１例胰头癌还同时清楚可见扩张的胰管。结论：磁共振胰胆管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）有很好的临床应用价值     

磁共振胰胆管造影诊断胆管系统结石

目的：评价磁共振胰胆管造影在胆管系统结石中的诊断价值。材料和方法：对１００例胆管系统结石的患者进行了ＭＲＣＰ检查,采用不屏气快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）序列重Ｔ２加权成像,并用呼吸触发、脂肪抑制和最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）的三维重建方法。对ＭＲＣＰ的诊断结果与手术或临床作了对照分析。结果：本组病例均获得了诊断质量的ＭＲＣＰ图像;１００例胆道结石的患者共有１５８处结石：肝内胆管结石２６例次,胆囊结石５６例次,总胆管结石７３例次和总肝管结石３例次。胆管系统结石的主要ＭＲＣＰ表现为：圆形或卵圆形信号缺失（充盈缺损）;倒杯口征;靶征;铸型样结石。ＭＲＣＰ结合原始图像对胆管系统结石诊断总检出率为９０％,而ＭＲＣＰ对胆管系统结石诊断部检出率为８２％两者比较（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：ＭＲＣＰ结合原始图像对胆管系统结石的诊断有较高的准     

磁共振胰胆管成像的临床应用研究

目的：评价磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）的临床应用价值。材料与方法：在Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ ＧｙｒｏｓｃａｎＴ１０－ＮＴ１．０超导型磁共振成像仪上进行ＭＲＣＰ检查５８例,其中作为正常对照组１６例,各种胰胆管病变者４２例。ＭＲＣＰ采用不屏气涡轮自旋回波（ＴＳＥ）序列的重度Ｔ２加权像扫描（ＴＲ／ＴＥ＝２０００ｍｓ／７００ｍｓ）,并应用呼吸触发及脂肪抑制技术。图像后处理以最大强度投影法（ＭＩＰ）进行三维（３Ｄ）     

磁共振胰胆管造影的临床应用

目的：评价ＭＲ胰胆管造影的临床应用价值。材料与方法：用重Ｔ２ＭＲ水成像技术做ＭＲ胰胆管造影１６３例。采用快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）和脂肪抑制技术，图像经三维（３Ｄ）最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）后处理。结果：临床检查１６３例中，６１例为胰胆正常者；１０２例疑为胰胆疾患者，其中９６例阳性，６例阴性。此技术可清楚描画胰胆管的形态，展示各种疾病的异常改变，诊断正确性高。结论：ＭＲ胰胆管造影是安全、可靠的非侵袭性的检查方法，不用造影剂，能较好地评价胰胆系统的解剖和病理变化，提高诊断能力。     

低场强磁共振胰胆管成像技术的临床应用

目的：探讨低场强ＭＲ胰胆管成像技术及临床应用价值。材料与方法：以０．３低场强ＭＲ、重Ｔ２ＷＩ ＭＲ水成像技术做胰胆管造影４０例。采用快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）非屏气扫描技术,加大ＴＲ／ＴＥ技术参数。图像经计算机叠加重建处理。结果：４０全名有１１例胰胆管正常;２９例患有胰胆疾患,其中１４例经手术病理证实。阳性患者均能显示各类疾病的异常改变,阴性者能展示胆总管、胆囊、肝总管、左右肝管的形态。结论：低场强Ｍ     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography image enhancement for automatic disease detection

AIM: To sufficiently improve magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) quality to enable reliable computer-aided diagnosis (CAD).METHODS: A set of image enhancement strategies that included filters (i.e. Gaussian, median, Wiener and Perona-Malik), wavelets (i.e. contourlet, ridgelet and a non-orthogonal noise compensation implementation), graph-cut approaches using lazy-snapping and Phase Unwrapping MAxflow, and binary thresholding using a fixed threshold and dynamic thresholding via histogram analysis were implemented to overcome the adverse characteristics of MRCP images such as acquisition noise, artifacts, partial volume effect and large inter- and intra-patient image intensity variations, all of which pose problems in application development. Subjective evaluation of several popular pre-processing techniques was undertaken to improve the quality of the 2D MRCP images and enhance the detection of the significant biliary structures within them, with the purpose of biliary disease detection.RESULTS: The results varied as expected since each algorithm capitalized on different characteristics of the images. For denoising, the Perona-Malik and contourlet approaches were found to be the most suitable. In terms of extraction of the significant biliary structures and removal of background, the thresholding approaches performed well. The interactive scheme performed the best, especially by using the strengths of the graph-cut algorithm enhanced by user-friendly lazy-snapping for foreground and background marker selection.CONCLUSION: Tests show promising results for some techniques, but not others, as viable image enhancement modules for automatic CAD systems for biliary and liver diseases.     

MR cholangiopancreatography

Although MRCP is still an evolving technique, it has established itself as clinically useful and comparable with ERCP for the evaluation of various biliary or pancreatic ductal diseases. MRCP is not only comparable with ERCP in its diagnostic ability, but it has the tremendous advantage of being noninvasive. Furthermore, MR imaging is useful in patients with incomplete or failed ERCP, and in patients with certain biliary or gastrointestinal surgical procedures it is the imaging modality of choice. ERCP will remain an extremely important modality because of the great clinical importance for interventional biliary procedures with this technique. Nonetheless, MRCP may in the near future replace most of the diagnostic imaging of the biliary tree, with diagnostic results even more improved with further developments of hardware and technique.     

MR cholangiopancreatography

In summary, over the past decade, MRCP has evolved not only as a feasible means of noninvasively evaluating the pancreaticobiliary tract but also as a technique with documented clinical utility. With the evolution of MRCP, there has been, by necessity, an evolution of ERCP. In fact, at some institutions MRCP has replaced diagnostic ERCP such that ERCP is reserved primarily for therapeutic interventions. When MRCP is performed in conjunction with abdominal MR and MRA, a comprehensive examination results that permits evaluation of the solid organs and vessels of the abdomen as well as the ductal systems.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) uses MR imaging to visualize fluid in the biliary and pancreatic ducts as high signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences; it is the newest modality for biliary and pancreatic duct imaging. MRCP is of proven utility in a variety of biliary and pancreatic diseases, including choledocholithiasis, congenital anatomic variants, chronic pancreatitis, post-cholecystectomy disorders, and neoplastic duct obstruction. MRCP is an evolving technique, but it has reached the stage of development where it is clinically useful and of comparable accuracy to conventional cholangiography. With further progress, it is likely that by the start of the new millennium MRCP will replace diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as the modality of choice for imaging the biliary and pancreatic ducts.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive imaging method for examining the biliary and pancreatic ducts. The technique uses heavily T2-weighted imaging, which produces high signal from bile and other static fluids by virtue of their long T2 time, while suppressing background signal. Fast scanning techniques, particularly half-Fourier fast spin-echo techniques, are continuing to improve image resolution and allow scans within short breath-holds, reducing the effects of respiratory movement. The MRCP method has reached a level of resolution and reliability where it may well largely replace diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the near future. A review of MRCP techniques and imaging findings is presented with emphasis on half-Fourier imaging, with reference to potential clinical indications and limitations. Use of MRCP shows a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of biliary dilatation, calculi, strictures and anatomical variants. Experience with MR imaging of the pancreatic duct is less extensively described in the literature, but pancreatic duct dilatation, calculi and anatomy can now be reliably detected. However, as experience with MRCP increases, some sources of errors and limitations are becoming apparent, with image artefacts, and gas, blood or sludge within ducts potentially mimicking stones or strictures.     

MR胰胆管成像加常规扫描在鉴别胆道术后病变良恶性上的意义

目的　探讨MR胰胆管成像 (MRCP)加常规扫描在鉴别胆道术后病变良恶性上的意义。方法　对 61例胆道术后出现不明原因发热、黄疸、右上腹痛等症状患者进行MRCP检查 ,同时行MR平扫及增强扫描 ,2位医师使用 3种不同的序列组合 (MRCP、MRCP +平扫、MRCP +平扫 +增强扫描 )独立对病变的良、恶性作出诊断。诊断结果分别与手术、病理结果对照。结果　对病变良恶性的诊断 ,仅用MRCP ,医师 1诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为 42 1%、80 9%、68 9% ,医师 2分别为47 4%、85 7%、73 8%。使用MRCP +平扫 ,医师 1诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为 78 9%、92 9%、88 5 % ,医师 2分别为 78 9%、95 2 %、90 2 %。使用MRCP +平扫 +增强扫描 ,医师 1诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为 84 2 %、95 2 %、91 8% ,医师 2分别为 84 2 %、97 6%、93 4%。MRCP +平扫的ROC曲线Az值 (医师 1为 0 90 7,医师 2为 0 92 0 ) ,较MRCP的ROC曲线下的面积 (Az值 ) (医师 1为 0 682 ,医师 2为 0 714)显著增大 (P <0 0 5 ) ,MRCP +平扫 +增强扫描的ROC曲线Az值 (医师 1为0 948,医师 2为 0 944 )较MRCP +平扫的ROC曲线Az值增大 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论MRCP加MR常规扫描有助于鉴别病变的良恶性 ,提高术后病变     

Comparison of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with MR cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatitis

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the evaluation of disease in patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed at 1.5 T in 39 patients with chronic (n = 30) or acute (n = 9) pancreatitis. The patients underwent a pancreas MR imaging protocol that included an MRCP sequence. Comparison was made with findings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), performed within 30 days. Three blinded readers used a scoring system to evaluate nine segments of the pancreatic and biliary ducts as depicted on the ERCP and MRCP images. MRCP image quality was also evaluated. RESULTS: Of 196 segments analyzed, 17 were not seen at MRCP (sensitivity, 91%). Of the segments visualized at MRCP, 14 were incorrectly characterized (accuracy, 92%). At MRCP, segments not detected or mischaracterized were either normal, slightly dilated, or narrowed. At ERCP, 42 segments in 19 patients were not visualized. MRCP findings were considered useful in all those cases. MRCP image quality was not interpretable in two cases due to artifacts. CONCLUSION: Very good correlation between ERCP and MRCP findings was demonstrated. Both modalities failed to depict pathologic conditions depicted by the alternative method. MRCP may obviate ERCP, particularly in patients who cannot undergo ERCP or in whom ERCP has been unsuccessful.