20(S)-人参皂苷Rg_3对脑缺血大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用

目的研究20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3对脑缺血所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用,探讨20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3抗缺血性脑中风的机制。方法用栓线法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)模型,测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、膜磷脂含量、呼吸功能、线粒体呼吸酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、Ca2+等。结果大鼠MCAO后24 h,脑线粒体损伤明显,表现为肿胀、膜流动性降低,膜磷脂降解、呼吸功能衰减,呼吸酶、SOD活性降低,Ca2+、MDA含量升高;静脉注射20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3(5,10 mg.kg-1)能明显抑制缺血脑线粒体膜流动性的降低,膜磷脂降解,减少脑缺血引起的线粒体肿胀,抑制NADH脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素C氧化酶活性的降低,改善线粒体呼吸功能;同时20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3能明显降低脑缺血大鼠脑神经细胞线粒体MDA含量、升高SOD活性、抑制Ca2+过多摄入。结论20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3对缺血脑神经细胞线粒体的损伤有明显的保护作用,该作用可能与清除氧自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、拮抗Ca2+有关。     

羟基红花黄色素A对脑缺血所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用

目的研究羟基红花黄色素A对脑缺血所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用。方法用栓线法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)模型，测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、膜磷脂含量、呼吸功能、线粒体呼吸酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、Ca²⁺等。结果羟基红花黄色素A(10，20 mg·kg^-1)能明显抑制缺血脑线粒体膜流动性的降低，膜磷脂降解，减少脑缺血引起的线粒体肿胀，抑制NADH脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素c氧化酶活性的降低，改善线粒体呼吸功能；同时羟基红花黄色素A能明显降低中风大鼠脑细胞线粒体MDA含量、升高SOD活性、抑制Ca²⁺过多摄入。结论羟基红花黄色素A对缺血脑细胞线粒体的损伤有明显的保护作用，该作用可能与清除氧自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、拮抗Ca²⁺有关。     

后适应对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤线粒体结构和功能的影响

目的观察后适应对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤线粒体结构和功能的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血-再灌注模型组(MCAO)、MCAO 预适应组、MCAO 后适应组和MCAO 尼莫地平组。大鼠脑缺血-再灌注24 h后,取脑进行TUNEL染色,免疫组织化学检察Bcl-2,Bax,Casepase-3和p53的蛋白表达,测定大鼠脑组织线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、膜磷脂(PL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、测定线粒体Na -K -ATP酶、Ca2 -ATP酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,并观察线粒体超微结构的改变。结果脑缺血-再灌注后半暗带线粒体的MDA含量明显增高,PL含量减少,膜脂流动性降低;ATP含量及Na -K -ATP酶、Ca2 -ATP酶、SOD活性明显降低。与MCAO组比较,后适应组大鼠凋亡细胞和Bax、Casepase-3、p53蛋白表达明显减少,ATP含量及Na -K -ATP酶、Ca2 -ATP酶、SOD活性明显升高。MCAO组大鼠脑线粒体肿胀,线粒体嵴断裂、溶解和消失,后适应明显减少缺血-再灌注引起的线粒体损伤程度。结论后适应对MCAO大鼠脑和线粒体的保护作用可能与其减少神经原凋亡,抑制p53、Bax、casepase-3表达,增加线粒体Na -K -ATPase、Ca2 -ATPase、SOD活性有关。     

人参皂苷Rg1对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑线粒体功能的影响

目的观察人参皂苷Rg1对缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及其对线粒体功能、抗氧化酶系的影响.方法采用大鼠右侧大脑中动脉阻断(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.缺血前灌胃人参皂苷Rg125,50,100 mg·kg-1,给药7 d.末次给药1 h后制备MCAO模型,缺血2 h,再灌注24 h后,用Longa's法、TTC染色法、干燥失重法评价大鼠神经功能状态、脑梗死面积及脑水肿程度;电镜下观察线粒体超微结构,检测海马线粒体呼吸酶、ATPase、抗氧化酶活性及MDA含量的变化.结果人参皂苷Rg1(50,100 mg·kg-1)明显减少MCAO再灌后脑梗死面积、脑水肿程度及改善神经功能症状,减轻线粒体损伤,升高线粒体呼吸酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和Na+/K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase活性,降低MDA含量.结论人参皂苷Rg1对脑缺血再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用,其可能的作用机制之一是保护线粒体功能及抗氧自由基.     

氨基胍对局灶性脑缺血大鼠线粒体损伤的影响

目的观察选择性诱生型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍(aminoguanidine,AG)对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑线粒体损伤的作用,探讨其改善缺血性脑损伤的作用机制。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血对照组、AG治疗组,采用线栓法复制大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型,分别于缺血后2、6、12h给药治疗3d,迅速断头取脑,差速离心法提取缺血侧脑组织线粒体,测定线粒体总ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)活性,以及线粒体一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量;电镜观察了缺血后皮层神经元超微结构的改变及AG对此改变的影响。结果在大鼠MCAO后线粒体NO生成明显增加,线粒体总ATP酶、SOD、GSHPx活性均有明显下降,线粒体MDA含量明显升高;缺血2、6、12h给予AG治疗3d与缺血对照组相比NO生成有所下降,总ATP酶、SOD、GSHPx活性均升高,MDA含量下降。电镜结果显示脑缺血后皮层神经元水肿,线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂、溶解、消失,且随缺血时间延长损伤加重;AG能明显改善脑缺血引起的神经元水肿、线粒体肿胀和空泡化。结论AG能明显抑制脑缺血后线粒体NO生成,改善线粒体能量供应,增加线粒体抗氧化作用,从而减轻脑缺血损伤。     

黄芪提取物对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的抗氧化及线粒体保护作用

目的　研究黄芪提取物 (Extractofastragalus,EA)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的抗氧化及线粒体保护作用。方法　采用栓线法复制局灶性脑缺血 (MCAO)再灌注损伤模型,观察EA对大鼠脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和乳酸 (LD)的影响;检测脑组织线粒体组分中的SOD、MDA含量及ATP酶活性的变化 ;电镜观察缺血再灌注后脑组织神经元超微结构的改变。结果　EA对大鼠MCAO2h再灌注 24h后脑组织及其线粒体组分中SOD活性的降低有明显的抑制作用,能抑制大鼠脑组织和脑组织线粒体组分中MDA含量的增加,能抑制大鼠脑组织LD含量的增加; EA可明显提高脑组织线粒体组分中Na+,K+ ATPase,Ca2+,Mg2+ ATPase活性;电镜照片显示EA组能改善脑组织神经元在脑缺血再灌注后的结构破坏情况。结论　EA对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的保护作用的机制可能与其抗脂质过氧化和保护线粒体的作用有关。     

丁基苯酞对局灶性脑缺血过程中线粒体损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨抗脑缺血新药丁基苯酞(NBP)对缺血脑线粒体结构和功能的影响,以阐明其改善缺血脑损伤的作用机制。方法　用大鼠大脑中动脉阻断(MCAO)和原代培养神经元的低糖低氧损伤模型,测定神经细胞线粒体的膜流动性、膜电位、总ATPase活性和超微结构的影响。结果　大鼠于MCAO后1 h线粒体膜流动性显著降低。经低糖低氧处理后神经细胞线粒体膜电位和总ATPase活性也明显降低。NBP ip能逆转缺血期线粒体膜流动性降低; dl-,l-和d-NBP能使线粒体膜电位和线粒体总ATPase活性恢复至正常水平。电镜结果显示NBP能明显改善脑缺血再灌引起的线粒体肿胀和空泡化。结论　NBP从形态和功能方面对线粒体发挥保护作用,从而改善缺血脑的损伤。     

白藜芦醇苷对羟自由基所致大鼠脑线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用

目的　研究白藜芦醇苷对氧自由基所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用 ,探讨白藜芦醇苷治疗心脑血管疾病的机制。方法　利用Fe2 + +VitC系统产生·OH ,诱导大鼠脑线粒体损伤 ;测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、膜磷脂含量以显示线粒体膜功能 ,测定ATPase ,细胞色素C氧化酶活性以显示线粒体能量代谢能力 ,测定超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以显示线粒体抗氧化能力。结果　·OH造成线粒体显著损伤 ,白藜芦醇苷 (终浓度 10 0、2 0 0、4 0 0mg·L-1)明显抑制膜磷脂降解、线粒体肿胀 ,增加膜流动性 ,改善线粒体能量代谢状态 ,增强抗氧化能力。结论　白藜芦醇苷对氧自由基所致大鼠脑线粒体损伤有明显保护作用 ,其机制与清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化有关     

磷脂酶C抑制剂苯甲磺酰氟改善脑缺血线粒体损伤(英文)

目的:研究磷脂酶C抑制剂PMSF在缺血性脑线粒体损伤中的作用。方法:采用全脑缺血模型,观察Wistar大鼠脑缺血20分钟再灌流1小时脑线粒体磷脂含量、膜流动性、呼吸控制率,研究磷脂酶C抑制剂PMSF对上述指标的影响。结果:(1)脑缺血20分钟再灌流1小时脑线粒体磷脂含量、膜流动性、呼吸控制率显著下降;(2)PMSF治疗组脑线粒体磷脂含量、膜流动性、呼吸控制率显著高于治疗对照组。结论:PMSF能改善缺血性脑线粒体损伤,其机制与抑制磷脂酶C有关。     

拟人参皂苷元对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用

目的观察拟人参皂苷元对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法缺血前给予拟人参皂苷元1.25、2.5、5、10、20mg.kg-1,灌胃7d,末次给药1h后制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞局灶性缺血模型(MCAO),12h后测定大鼠脑梗死面积并进行脑组织病理观察,制备脑组织匀浆测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果大鼠脑缺血12h后,脑组织出现大面积梗死灶,且MDA含量增加,SOD活力降低。拟人参皂苷元(5mg.kg-1)能减小脑梗死面积,改善缺血损伤所致的脑组织病理形态学改变,并且降低缺血脑组织中MDA含量,升高SOD的活性。结论拟人参皂苷元对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤具有明显保护作用,该作用可能与抑制脂质过氧化、提高抗氧化酶活性有关。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.