欧洲医药保健网分类系统用于解决呼吸科药物相关问题的效果评价

目的:评价欧洲医药保健网(PCNE)分类系统(8.0版)用于解决呼吸科患者出现的药物相关问题(DRPs)的效果和作用。方法:临床药师使用PCNE分类系统(8.0版)对呼吸科1例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者出现的DRPs进行药学监护,并对发生DRPs的类型、原因、干预措施、干预接受程度及问题状态等进行分析。结果:PCNE分类系统(8.0版)主要包括问题、原因、计划干预、干预方案的接受、DRPs状态五个方面,临床药师借助该系统明确了DRPs类型,对出现的两项DRPs均全部解决,临床医师接受干预并完全执行。结论:临床药师通过PCNE分类系统(8.0版)可系统地、规范化地对患者实施药学监护,能及时发现和解决DRPs,确保临床用药的安全、有效、合理。     

运用PCNE分类系统处理抗凝门诊中的药物相关问题

探讨欧洲药学监护联盟(PCNE)分类系统在抗凝门诊药物相关问题(DRPs)中的作用。采用PCNE分类系统9.0版对抗凝门诊每一个病例进行药学监护,分析其中的DRPs,并且对存在的DRPs进行系统而标准的分析、归类及干预,实现连贯的药学监护模式。PCNE可提高临床药师在抗凝门诊药学监护中的效率,实现药学监护模式的精准化与标准化。     

欧洲医药保健网分类系统在肿瘤科药物相关问题中的应用

摘 要 目的：通过欧洲医药保健网(Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe,PCNE）分类系统在临床病例中的实践,探讨PCNE分类系统在肿瘤科药物相关问题的中的应用。方法: 采用8.0版PCNE分类系统对肿瘤科两例病例进行药学监护,对发生的药物相关问题（drug related problems, DRPs）的类型、原因、干预、干预接受程度及DRPs状态等方面进行分析。结果: 通过PCNE分类系统的梳理,从性质上明确DRPs,能科学、系统地对其分析及干预,为患者提供个体化的药学监护,同时更全面地记录了临床药师工作。结论: 临床药师以PCNE分类系统为依托,建立完善的药学监护系统,精确分析DRPs,促进合理用药,保障患者用药安全,同时提高临床药师的工作效率和工作积极性。     

欧洲医药保健网分类系统在呼吸科老年人多重用药中的应用研究

目的采用欧洲医药保键网(Pharmaceutical care network Europe,PCNE)分类系统对老年多重用药患者的药物相关问题(Drug related problems,DRPs)进行分析和评估,从而为药师对老年患者的药学监护模式提供参考。方法回顾性收集2018-2019年在呼吸科住院且年龄≥65岁,服用5种药物以上的老年患者,对发生的药物相关问题的类型、原因、干预、干预接受程度及DRPs解决状态等方面进行分析。结果共纳入152例患者,发现DRPs共300个。平均年龄77.3岁,每人合并疾病的平均种类数3.4个,其中DRPs发生的次数1.97次/人。治疗安全性是主要问题,表现为药物不良事件,占54%。主要原因为药物相互作用,占39.7%。DRPs的干预类型中,针对医生方面占84%。DRPs问题最终解决65%。结论通过PCNE分类能及时发现和解决DRPs,同时有助于对老年多重用药患者的药学监护记录的标准化和规范化,为患者安全、有效、合理使用药物提供依据。     

基于MTM和PCNE分类系统对高尿酸血症患者开展药学监护实践

摘要：目的:考察药物治疗管理(MTM)和欧洲药学监护联盟(PCNE)分类系统在高尿酸血症患者药学监护中的应用情况,观察药学监护对高尿酸血症患者药物治疗结局的影响。方法:肾脏病科2019年3～9月的住院患者随机分为干预组和传统组,传统组临床药师不进行干预;干预组由临床药师进行药学监护,并使用MTM和PCNE分类系统对药学监护内容进行分析研究。记录干预组患者的药物相关问题(DRPs)数量、干预接受度(医护人员或患者)和解决情况。观察两组患者入院时和出院3个月后的血尿酸和血肌酐水平与达标率变化。结果:共纳入病例62例,传统组31例,干预组31例。干预组共发现DRPs31个,其中治疗效果问题25个(80.65%),治疗安全性问题6个(19.36%); DRPs原因共47个,其中医生医嘱相关9个(19.15%),患者相关38个(80.85%)。DRPs干预接受程度较高,85.71%得到完全解决,14.29%部分解决。两组患者出院3个月后血尿酸和血肌酐水平均较入院时明显下降(P<0.05),干预组血尿酸和血肌酐的控制水平,以及达标率增加值均优于传统组(P<0.05)。结论:MTM和PCNE分类系统的基本方法可以很好的用于高尿酸血症患者的药学监护,该方法通过减少患者的药物相关问题和提高患者的药物治疗自我管理能力,更好地帮助患者管理血尿酸和血肌酐水平,降低高尿酸血症对肾功能的影响。     

运用PCNE分类系统对骨科住院患者的医嘱分析

目的 运用欧洲药学监护联盟(Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe, PCNE)分类系统识别并分类骨科住院患者的药物相关问题(drug-related problems, DRPs),以促进骨科患者合理用药。方法 分析2021年1月1日～2021年2月28日我院骨科住院患者的病历及医嘱信息,基于PCNE分类系统对DRPs进行分析。结果 共纳入209名骨科住院患者,识别出253个DRPs问题,平均DRPs发生率为1.21次/人。主要为治疗安全性问题,共192个(75.89%),其次为61个(24.11%)治疗有效性问题。DRPs原因分析中最主要的为剂型选择问题,共182例次(71.93),其次有36例次(14.23%)为药物选择问题。结论 通过PCNE分类系统发现我院DRPs发生率较高,药师需针对剂型选择和药物选择等问题开展相应的药学服务,以促进骨科患者合理用药。     

运用欧洲药学监护联盟分类系统处理药物相关问题促进药学监护发展

摘 要药物相关问题（DRPs）的识别、预防和解决,是药学监护的核心过程,这些DRPs包括但不限于实际和潜在的药品不良反应和药物相互作用。因此,记录DRPs的潜在原因并对DRPs进行分类是药学实践发展的需要,也是药学研究的重要内容。欧洲药学监护联盟（PCNE）于1999年提出的PCNE分类系统经不断验证更新,已经在全球范围得以应用。对临床药师而言,PCNE分类系统能成为一个相对全面、规范、清晰的划分标准,推动药学监护朝有效负责的方向发展。另一方面,PCNE分类系统也能全面记录临床药师工作流程,可作为临床药师日常工作量化指标,提高工作效率和积极性。     

欧洲医药保健网分类系统在中枢神经系统药物相关问题中的干预效果评价

目的 运用欧洲医药保健网（PCNE）分类系统对中枢神经系统药物相关问题（DRPs）进行分析与评估,为临床药师进行合理用药提供依据。方法 选择2020年7月至2021年7月入住新疆医科大学附属中医医院神经内科并且服用中枢神经系统药物的病人,临床药师从药学服务中对发现的DRPs进行干预,并借助PCNE(V9.0)分类系统进行分类汇总。结果 纳入654例服用中枢神经系统药物的病人,106例（16.21%）病人共发生112个DRPs。其中DRPs的问题类别集中在治疗安全性（74.11%）和治疗有效性（16.07%）。DRPs发生频率较高的药物为抗精神病药、苯二氮?类药、抗焦虑抑郁药、解热镇痛抗炎药及抗痴呆药和改善脑代谢药。DRPs的原因主要是药物选择（79.65%）,其次是剂量选择（9.73%）。临床药师共进行了257次介入,其中207次介入被接受,成功率为80.54%。干预接受程度最高的是药物不良反应上报（100%）,其次是与病人层面（96.97%）、药物层面（77.98%）及医师层面（76.42%）。发生9例（1.37%）药物不良反应,临床药师参与评价及干预,9例病人均转归良好。结论 PC...     

运用PCNE分类系统对COPD和脑卒中患者进行药学监护的前瞻性队列研究

目的：本研究是中国临床药师首次将欧洲医药保健网分类系统（PCNE）应用于COPD和脑卒中患者的药学监护,探索解决药物相关问题（DRPs）的闭环管理模式（发现问题-分析问题-解决问题-评价结果）。方法：前瞻性收集某院2017年8月1日-2017年11月11日诊断为COPD或脑卒中住院患者,随机分为简单反馈组和药师主导的信息干预组（简称信息干预组）,依据PCNE分类,分析DRPs的数量、问题类别、原因、干预、转归和涉及药物等因素的差异。结果：（1）纳入病例791例（简单反馈组379例,信息干预组412例）;（2）DRPs发生数：信息干预组125例,简单反馈组25例,两组有显著性差异（P<0.01）。DRPs易发生于肝、肾功能不全（41.6%）及住院天数>15 d（26.5%）患者;（3）DRPs问题主要涉及治疗安全性（71个）和治疗有效性（46个）;原因主要为药物选择错误（80个）;药师干预中：医生层面147个（118个为药师主动干预）;药物层面131个;患者层面30个。干预接受率92.6%,其中88.1%干预完全执行。（4）DRPs涉及药物主要为质子泵抑制剂和辅助用药。结论：建立在信息系统基础上的PCNE分类系统可帮助临床药师更有效地发现COPD和脑卒中患者的DRPs,实现药学服务数据系统化的收集、分类、归纳和评估,有助于药学监护记录的标准化和规范化,也将为DRPs数据库建设提供模块化管理思路。     

基于化疗相关问题建立药学监护路径

目的 设计化疗相关问题药学监护路径并评估其是否有助于发现并干预化疗患者的药物相关问题（DRPs）。方法 通过药学监护实践经验建立并实施化疗相关问题药学监护路径表与流程图。将该药学监护路径实施前后入住我院接受化疗的患者分为对照组（实施前,60例）与观察组（实施后,64例）,提取对照组患者相关病历用以评估DRPs,对观察组患者进行化疗相关问题药学监护并提取DRPs。比较两组患者的基本情况、化疗情况、DRPs类别与干预情况、化疗所致不良反应、DRPs的欧洲医药保健网（PCNE）分类、DRPs发生时间、DRPs涉及的药物类别。结果 两组患者的基本情况、化疗方案与化疗药物类别比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对照组与观察组分别有46、37例患者发生DRPs。两组DRPs均主要发生在化疗期间,且主要为化疗前期。利用化疗相关问题药学监护路径,DRPs的识别率从对照组的52.17%显著提高至观察组的91.89%(P<0.05),干预率从对照组的32.61%显著提高至观察组的72.97%(P<0.05),不良反应发生率从对照组的28.33%显著降低至观察组的12.50%(P&l...     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.