瑞舒伐他汀钙片体内外一致性评价研究

目的：通过体外溶出试验和体内生物等效性试验,考察瑞舒伐他汀钙仿制制剂与参比制剂的质量与疗效,同时采用GastroPlusTM进行群体药代动力学模拟,评估软件模拟预测的性能可靠性。方法：分别测定不同pH缓冲液（pH 1.0～8.0）中瑞舒伐他汀钙的溶解度;测定仿制制剂与参比制剂在pH 1.0盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液和pH 6.6枸橼酸盐缓冲液等3种溶出介质中的溶出曲线;采用f2因子法评价溶出曲线相似性。在28名健康成年中国志愿者中进行临床BE试验,评估两制剂的生物等效性。通过GastroPlusTM进行PK建模,在虚拟的28名健康成年中国人中进行群体药代动力学研究,将临床BE试验结果与GastroPlusTM模拟结果比较,验证虚拟生物等效性研究的可行性。结果：溶解度结果显示,瑞舒伐他汀钙属于高溶解性药物。体外溶出结果显示,仿制制剂与参比制剂在pH 1.0介质中,除批号170703的f2因子为49,其他批号的f2因子均＞50,两者基本相似;在pH 4.5介质中f2因子均＜50,溶出曲线不相似;在pH 6.6介质中,两者在15 min几乎完全溶出（> 85％）,溶出曲线相似。临床试验和软件虚拟预测BE结果均显示Cmax和AUC的几何平均比（仿制/参比）的90％ CI在80％～125％的范围内,仿制制剂与参比制剂生物等效。结论：仿制制剂与参比制剂生物等效,软件模拟BE可以用于仿制药一致性评价临床前的初步研究。     

厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片体外溶出与人体吸收相关性初步研究

目的初步探讨仿制制剂厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片与参比制剂CoAprovel。中厄贝沙坦的体外溶出曲线和体内生物利斥度的关系。方法测定仿制制剂和参比制剂中厄贝沙坦在多个介质的溶出曲线,采用尼评价其匹配情况。测定44名健摩志愿者口服仿制制剂与参比制剂后厄贝沙坦的血药浓度,评价其生物等效性。结果仿制制剂与参比制剂CoAprovel。刮厄贝沙坦在pH1．0和pH4．5介质中溶出匹配,在pH4．5＋0．4％SDS,pH6．8,pH6．8＋0．5％聚山梨酯20介质中溶出不匹配。体内生物利用度等效。结论本试验中的厄贝沙坦在体外溶出与体内吸收不完全相关。     

基于渗透速率及溶出曲线初步预测国产氯唑沙宗片的生物等效性

目的：从氯唑沙宗原料药的生物药剂学分类系统(BCS)分类出发,结合氯唑沙宗片的渗透速率及溶出曲线,对国产氯唑沙宗片仿制药与参比制剂的生物等效性进行初步预测。方法：采用人工仿生膜测定氯唑沙宗原料药渗透性,结合其在不同介质中的溶解度,对氯唑沙宗进行BCS分类判断。 选择水、pH 1.2盐酸溶液、pH 4.0磷酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液作为溶出介质,分别采用相似因子(f ² )法、AV值法及非模型依赖多变量置信区间法,对参比制剂与4家企业的国产氯唑沙宗片在不同介质中的溶出曲线进行相似性评价。计算仿制制剂与参比制剂在空腹肠及饱腹肠模拟液溶出介质中的渗透速率及总渗透量的90%置信区间,进行生物等效性预测。结果：氯唑沙宗为BCS Ⅱ类,低溶解度高渗透性药物。体外溶出试验显示国产氯唑沙宗片与参比制剂的相似性较低。渗透速率试验显示,在空腹肠模拟液溶出介质中,与参比制剂渗透速率的90%置信区间分别为101.05%~107.12%、 116.57%~120.13%、99.36%~105.72%、130.17%~139.62%之间,其中3家在80%~125%的生物等效接受标准范围内,1家不在范围内。在饱腹肠模拟液溶出介质中,与参比制剂渗透速率的90%置信区间分别为103.62%~115.49%、116.99%~134.85%、131.70%~141.93%、122.37%~127.23%,其中1家在 80%~125%的生物等效接受标准范围内,3家不在范围内。结论：基于溶出曲线结合渗透速率可在一定程度上较好地模拟药物在人体内的吸收转运过程,该联合应用方法可用于国产氯唑沙宗片与参比制剂生物等效性的初步预测。     

采用溶出-渗透分析模型预测盐酸环丙沙星片的生物等效性

目的 建立体内外相关分析模型研究盐酸环丙沙星片体外溶出及渗透过程,对仿制制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性进行预测,并与临床体内生物等效性研究结果进行比较.方法 采用MacroFlux型药物生物等效性预测系统,以空腹肠模拟液为介质,分别比较参比制剂和仿制制剂的溶出及渗透行为,通过关键质量参数考察药物的释放和吸收过程,评估预测仿...     

硝苯地平原研与仿制口服制剂体外释放度的对比研究

目的比较原研与仿制硝苯地平口服制剂的释放度,评价其体外溶出度的一致性。方法以0.25%十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液(900 mL)为溶出介质,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定硝苯地平浓度,转篮法考察硝苯地平口服制剂释放度。结果不同厂家硝苯地平口服制剂释放速度和释放量存在差异,原研缓释片4 h释放度为标示量的59.68%,11 h释放度为标示量的82.94%;但仿制缓释片4 h释放度达标示量的109.18%;两种缓释制剂释放相似度(f2)为60.26。仿制普通片1 h累计溶出度为82.19%,2 h为88.4%。结论硝苯地平原研、仿制缓释片及仿制普通片释放度符合药典规定,但两种缓释片缓释特点存在明显差异,释放相似度较低。进行仿制药与原研药体内外一致性评价,有利于提高仿制药质量。     

他克莫司胶囊在4种溶出介质中的体外溶出特性研究

目的:研究自研他克莫司胶囊在4种溶出介质中的体外溶出特性,并与原研他克莫司胶囊进行比较。方法:采用桨法测定溶出度,转速为50 r/min,介质体积为900 ml。以原研他克莫司胶囊为参比制剂,自研他克莫司胶囊为受试制剂,分别以p H 1.0盐酸溶液、p H 4.5磷酸溶液、p H 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液和水为溶出介质(均含0.005%羟丙基纤维素);以高效液相色谱法测定他克莫司含量,并计算累积溶出度,绘制溶出曲线;采用相似因子(f2)法对2种制剂溶出曲线的相似度进行评价。结果:在4种不同p H的溶出介质中,2种他克莫司胶囊溶出行为相似,90 min时溶出度均达到85%以上,f2均大于50。结论:自研他克莫司胶囊在4种溶出介质中均可以完全释放,与原研胶囊在不同溶出介质中体外溶出行为均相似。     

国内外硝苯地平缓释片体外释放行为一致性考察

目的：考察原研与国产仿制制剂硝苯地平缓释片体外释放行为的一致性。方法：参照日本橙皮书的释放度试验条件,分别考察国产制剂与原研制剂在pH 1.2溶出介质、pH 4.0醋酸盐溶出介质、pH 6.8磷酸盐溶出介质及水溶液中的体外释放行为,采用f2因子计算国产制剂与原研制剂释放曲线的相似性。结果：13家国产的硝苯地平缓释片在4种溶出介质中的释放行为存在一定差异,与参比制剂均不相似。结论：该药国产仿制制剂与原研制剂体外释放行为不一致。     

FDA关于普通口服固体制剂生物等效豁免的相关政策介绍

目的介绍FDA关于普通口服固体制剂生物等效豁免的相关政策。方法FDA针对普通口服固体制剂的生物等效豁免先后出台了4个指导原则,对其主要内容进行介绍,并说明起草背景。结果与结论自生物药剂分类系统（BCS）提出以来,对于普通口服固体制剂采用体外溶出对比研究来替代体内生物等效性研究（即生物等效豁免）已成为可能。     

仿制药盐酸胍法辛缓释片的制备及体外评价

目的 制备仿制药物盐酸胍法辛缓释片并探究仿制缓释制剂处方开发思路。方法 根据CFDA颁布的仿制药研究和评价相关指导原则为导向,结合原研药品处方的分析,对仿制药的体外药物释放、稳定性和工艺进行单因素研究。结果 用筛选得到的最佳处方完成盐酸胍法辛缓释片商业化批量的生产,可实现仿制药与原研药品在多种介质下释药曲线相似,同时满足小规格品种的BE豁免需求。结论 自研药物盐酸胍法辛缓释片处方设计合理,制剂制备工艺可行。     

一致性评价中部分品种BCS分类不明确问题的解决方案

基于生物药剂学分类系统（BCS）的生物等效性豁免旨在减少对体内生物等效性研究的需求,即可以提供一种体内生物等效性的替代方法。基于BCS分类的生物等效性豁免需提供药物的溶解性、渗透性和体外溶出数据。主要论述药物溶解性、渗透性和体外溶出度测定的方法,希望建立药物相关特性的标准化、规范化测定流程,以保证企业在申报生物等效性豁免时,所提供的数据是准确、可靠的。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。