地西泮亚微乳注射液大鼠体内药动学

目的:研究地西泮亚微乳注射液在大鼠体内药动学特征.方法:大鼠股静脉注射地西泮亚微乳注射液(4 mg·kg-1),采用HPLC法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中的药物浓度,并用3P87药动学程序对血药浓度进行处理.结果:地西泮可与血浆中的其他成分较好地分离,在0.05～5 mg·L-1的血药浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系.地西泮亚微乳注射液和地西泮注射液2种制剂大鼠静脉给药后体内药动学符合三室模型,主要药动学参数t1/2β,AUC0～∞,MRT和Vc分别为:(10.97±1.89)和(5.72±1.24)h,(6.10±1.25)和(6.24±1.80)mg·L-1·h,(15.67±1.48)和(9.98±1.31)h,(0.34±0.03)和(0.10±0.01)L·kg-1;2种制剂的t1/2β,MRT和Vc均存在统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论:地西泮亚微乳注射液可在一定程度上延长药物体内循环时间.     

多替拉韦自微乳化释药系统的制备与大鼠药动学评价

目的 制备多替拉韦自微乳化释药系统（DTG-SMEDDSs）,并对其在大鼠体内的药动学行为进行评价。方法 2021年6月至2023年3月通过测定多替拉韦（DTG）在不同种类油、乳化剂和助乳化剂中的平衡溶解度、辅料配伍相容性实验来确定DTG-SMEDDSs的处方组成,根据伪三元相图初步确定各辅料的用量范围,评价DTG-SMEDDSs的热力学稳定性以及在不同稀释倍速中的稳定性,通过透射电镜观察到DTG-SMEDDSs形成乳液的微观形态,考察DTG-SMEDDSs的体外药物溶出速率,通过大鼠口服给药比较DTG混悬剂与DTG-SMEDDSs的大鼠体内药动学特征。结果 平衡溶解度和辅料配伍相容性实验确定选择单亚油酸甘油酯（Maisine）作为油相,吐温80作为乳化剂,二乙二醇单乙基醚（Transcutol HP）作为助乳化剂,其配比为30∶35∶35,制备的DTG-SMEDDSs具有良好的热力学稳定性及稀释稳定性,其自乳化形成的微乳呈类球形;DTG-SMEDDSs中的药物在10 min内基本完全溶出,其溶出速率显著快于DTG原料药;大鼠体内药动学结果显示,大鼠口服DTG-SMEDDSs后的达峰浓...     

经皮给药后尼索地平在大鼠体内血药浓度的LC-MS法测定

建立了液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠血浆中的尼索地平,并考察尼索地平微乳凝胶经皮给药后在大鼠体内的药动学.采用电喷雾离子源(ESI源),正离子检测,选择离子监测(SIM),监测离子对为m/z 411(尼索地平)和m/z 441(尼莫地平,内标).血浆中尼索地平在0.5～50 ng/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,方法回收率为95％～102％,RSD≤5.8％.血浆中药物的提取回收率大于70％.采用雄性SD大鼠考察微乳凝胶经皮给药后的体内药动学行为并与口服混悬剂进行比较.含尼索地平20 mg的微乳凝胶经皮给药后的主要药动学参数分别为tmx (42.00±6.92)h,cmax (27.53±1.88) ng/ml,AUC0→72h(1736.31±106.59) ng·h·ml1,AUC0→∞(1999.66±119.26) ng·h·ml-1,MRT (44.02±0.77)h和t1/2 (7.61±0.70)h.     

HPLC法研究SQ0801023在大鼠体内的药动学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中SQ0801023的高效液相色谱法,并研究其在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 Sprague-Dawley大鼠尾静脉注射SQ0801023(30 mg·kg-1)后,于不同时间点采血,HPLC法测定血浆中SQ0801023的浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果大鼠血浆中的SQ0801023在0.2⁵0.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r>0.9991),定量下限为0.2 mg·L-1,提取回收率为75.2%50.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r>0.9991),定量下限为0.2 mg·L-1,提取回收率为75.2%⁸7.2%,日内和日间精密度均小于13.7%。SQ0801023在大鼠体内的主要药动学参数:AUC0-t为(3.66±0.70)mg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(3.78±0.70)mg·h·L-1,t1/2为(0.22±0.10)h,ρmax为(17.3±3.90)mg·L-1。结论静注SQ0801023后,SQ0801023在大鼠体内快速代谢和消除。     

石墨炉原子吸收法用于奥沙利铂脂质体大鼠的药动学

目的建立一种石墨炉原子吸收分析方法测定奥沙利铂脂质体大鼠静脉注射给药后的血药浓度,并考察其药动学行为。方法采用微波消解法对血浆样品进行前处理,使用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪对药物浓度进行测定。大鼠分别尾静脉注射给药8 mg·kg~(-1)的奥沙利铂脂质体和注射剂,不同时间取血,分离获得血浆样品,利用所建立的方法测定血浆中奥沙利铂的浓度,计算药动学参数,考察其药动学行为。结果本方法可以准确、精密测定大鼠血浆中奥沙利铂的药物浓度,线性为0.52～187.25 mg·L~(-1),日内和日间变异系数均小于15%,最低定量限为0.327 mg·L~(-1)。奥沙利铂脂质体主要药动学参数:ρ_(max)为(120.64±18.42)mg·L~(-1),t_(1/2)为(11.61±5.22)h,V为(396.56±228.54)mL·kg~(-1),Cl为(24.07±9.43)mL·h~(-1)·kg~(-1),AUC_(0-24)为(311.38±93.29)mg·L~(-1)·h。结论该方法可以用于奥沙利铂脂质体大鼠药动学的研究,满足体内分析方法要求。与市售注射剂相比,奥沙利铂脂质体最大血药浓度与药时曲线下面积均显著提高,消除半衰期延长,显著改善了对应注射剂的体内药动学行为。     

紫杉醇自乳化微乳的制备及其在大鼠体内的药动学

目的:制备紫杉醇微乳,并对其急性过敏反应和大鼠体内的药动学进行考察。方法:三角相图法探讨了紫杉醇自乳化微乳(以下简称自微乳)的形成条件,采用均匀设计优化组成制备自微乳。以紫杉醇注射液对照,比较自微乳豚鼠的急性过敏反应和大鼠体内的药动学。结果: 以三辛酸甘油酯三丁酸甘油酯(1 ∶1)为油相,无水乙醇作助乳化剂制备的紫杉醇自微乳经生理盐水稀释后形成稳定的微乳,平均粒径为(16±s3)nm。以紫杉醇注射液作对照,自微乳豚鼠的急性过敏反应明显降低。统计矩分析,紫杉醇自微乳与紫杉醇注射液大鼠体内平均滞留时间分别为3. 89h和2. 52h,自微乳延长药物在大鼠体内的滞留时间。结论:通过优化处方制备的紫杉醇自微乳具有较好的稳定性,并可显著降低急性过敏反应。     

三七总皂苷口服脂质体的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的制备三七总皂苷(TPNS)口服胆盐脂质体,考察其药剂学特征及在大鼠体内的药动学行为。方法薄膜分散法制备TPNS胆盐脂质体,对其外观形态、粒径分布、包封率进行评价,并以注射用血栓通和血栓通胶囊为参比制剂,将18只大鼠随机分成血栓通胶囊灌胃组、TPNS脂质体灌胃组和血栓通溶液尾静脉注射组进行药动学行为考察。结果制备的TPNS脂质体呈类球形结构,粒径为(163.0±5.28)nm,包封率为(80.6±2.14)%,3组实验的AUC_(0~t)分别为865.39、1442.79和2124.38h·μg·mL~(-1),自制TPNS脂质体相对于血栓通胶囊的生物利用度为166.72%。结论 TPNS胆盐脂质体外观良好,包封率较高,能显著提高TPNS口服给药的生物利用度。     

羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸的制备及体外释放度考察

目的:制备羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸,并考察其在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法:以羧甲基玉米朊为肠溶材料,与阿司匹林按2∶1混合,加入乙醇作为黏合剂,采用挤压滚圆法制备羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸。以阿司匹林微丸作为参比制剂,考察受试制剂羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸灌胃给予15 mg/kg后在大鼠体内48 h内的药动学特征和4 h(前2 h在人工胃液中,后2 h在人工肠液中)内的体外释放度(n=5)。结果:所制羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸粒径为1 mm,规格为每丸3 mg。受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学特征均符合二室模型,主要药动学参数分别为t1/2β:(12.63±0.60)、(2.42±0.61)h,tmax:(11.07±1.10)、(3.41±0.84)h,cmax:(34.45±5.33)、(45.78±3.30)μg/ml,AUC0-∞:(613.52±41.14)、(550.69±34.44)μg·h/ml;与参比制剂比较,受试制剂的t1/2β、tmax、AUC0-∞均明显增加,cmax明显减小(P<0.05)。参比制剂2 h的累积释放度为87%,受试制剂2 h的累积释放度为1.7%、3 h的累积释放度达100%。结论:成功制得体外释放符合肠溶制剂要求的羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸。     

大鼠静脉注射康莱特注射液的药动学研究

目的:研究康莱特注射液在正常大鼠体内的药动学。方法:采用甘油三酯试剂盒检测康莱特注射液经尾iv后大鼠血清中外源性甘油三酯的浓度变化,外源性甘油三酯浓度为测定血样中甘油三酯扣除本底后的浓度,采用3P97药代软件计算药动学参数。Cmax为实测值,AUC计算采用梯形法。结果:康莱特注射液10、5mL/kg剂量的主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(8.532±1.031)、(5.418±0.764)mmol/L,AUC0-t分别为(13.248±3.692)、(5.339±1.219)mmol/L·h,Vc分别为(1.030±0.131)、(0.756±0.150)L2/(kg·mol),CLs分别为(0.838±0.319)、(0.975±0.330)L2/(kg·mol·h),t1/2α分别为(0.481±0.168)、(0.322±0.109)h,t1/2β分别为(1.452±0.776)、(1.384±0.404)h。结论:康莱特注射液经尾iv给药后在大鼠体内的药动学过程经拟合为二室模型。     

栀子-闹羊花配伍对大鼠血浆中闹羊花毒素Ⅱ和闹羊花毒素Ⅲ的药动学影响

目的考察栀子与闹羊花配伍对闹羊花中闹羊花毒素Ⅱ和闹羊花毒素Ⅲ药动学的影响。方法建立LC-MS/MS测定大鼠血浆中闹羊花毒素Ⅱ和闹羊花毒素Ⅲ的分析方法,并用此方法测定大鼠口服给予闹羊花与栀子配伍液及闹羊花单煎液后大鼠体内的闹羊花毒素Ⅱ和闹羊花毒素Ⅲ的血药浓度,计算其药动学参数并统计分析。结果闹羊花毒素Ⅱ在1～200 ng·mL^–1、闹羊花毒素Ⅲ在1～100 ng·mL^–1内线性关系良好(r>0.999),质控样本精密度均<12%,准确度RSD<20%。栀子配伍闹羊花给药和单独给药后体内闹羊花毒素Ⅱ的AUC_0–t分别为(260.44±51.67)和(213.39±59.03) h·ng·mL^–1,闹羊花毒素Ⅲ的AUC_0–t分别为(60.97±22.78)和(22.38±5.55)h·ng·mL^–1。与闹羊花单煎给药相比,栀子与闹羊花配伍给药后闹羊花毒素Ⅱ的T_1/2和MRT₍(0–t))显著升高,闹羊...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.