氯沙坦钾胶囊及其片剂在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:研究氯沙坦钾胶囊及其片剂在健康人体内的药动学特征,并评价两种制剂间的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿受试者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂和参比制剂50 mg,清洗期1周,LC-MS/MS法测定血浆氯沙坦和代谢物氯沙坦羧酸(E-3174)浓度.药代参数的计算与统计分析使用DAS2.0软件.结果:口服试验制剂和参比制剂后,受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174主要药代动力学参数如下:氯沙坦Cmax分别为(183.83±91.30),(176.45±93.97) μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(333.18±105.00),( 323.75±101.92) μg·h·L1;AUC0-∞分别为(344.88±104.15),(341.32±106.13) μg·h·-1;t1/2分别为(1.84±0.52),(1.99±0.60)h;tmax分别为(0.70±0.22),(0.98±0.62)h.E-3174 Cmax分别为(344.85±114.33),(329.95±106.42) μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(2 445.09±608.97),(2 332.54±564.72) μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(2 503.45±612.62),(2 390.92±567.03) μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.17±0.49),(4.13±0.66)h;tmax分别为(3.14±0.72),(3.39±0.96)h.试验制剂氯沙坦钾胶囊中氯沙坦和E-3174相对生物利用度分别为( 104.9±20.7)％和(105.2±12.1)％.结论:本试验采用的氯沙坦钾胶囊和氯沙坦钾片为生物等效制剂.     

国产氯沙坦钾片的生物等效性研究

18名健康男性志愿者交叉单剂量口服杭州默沙东产50mg氯沙坦钾片和英国默克产50mg氯沙坦钾片,以HPLC-UV法测定血浆中氯沙坦钾及其活性代谢产物E-3174的浓度,并对两种制剂进行生物等效性评价.试验结果表明:口服杭州产及默克产氯沙坦钾,氯沙坦钾Cmax分别为352.20± 196.09和291.20± 124.41m g·L -1, Tmax分别为0.91± 0.38和1.33± 0.69h,AUC0-∞分别为547.44± 226.77和499.52± 157.31 m g.h·L-1,t1/2分别为1.89± 0.49和1.80± 0.51h;E-3174 Cmax分别为545.07± 150.49和534.02± 142.88m g·L -1, Tmax分别为3.15± 1.07和3.37± 0.66h,AUC0-$ 分别为3641.57± 637.17和3631.72± 687.94 m g.h·L-1,t1/2分别为8.33± 2.05和7.74± 1.22h.统计分析表明,两制剂间氯沙坦钾的Cmax、Tmax有显著差异,而氯沙坦钾的AUC0-∞、E-3174的Cmax、Tmax 和AUC0-∞无显著差异.     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在维吾尔族和汉族健康志愿者的药代动力学

目的 研究维吾尔族和汉族健康受试者单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片(抗高血压药)的药代动力学特征.方法 20名健康受试者(其中维吾尔族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片50 mg;用高效液相色谱-荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,用DAS软件进行数据处理、SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 维吾尔族受试者单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片50 mg后氯沙坦和代谢物E-3174的主要药代动力学参数分别为:Cmax(344±153),(477±166)μg·mL-1;tmax(1.0±0.3),(2.6±0.5)h;t1/2(1.0±0.4),(2.9±0.8)h;AUG0-24h(598±216),(2243±518)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(632±242),(2429±552)μg.h·mL-1.汉族受试者单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片50 mg后氯沙坦和代谢物E-3174的主要药代动力学参数分别为:Cmax(351±168),(242±60)ng·mL-1;tmax(1.4±1.1),(3.6±1.7)h;t1/2(0.8±0.4),(4.7±1.1)h;AUC0-24h(497±172),(1853±194)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(523±184),(1960±182)ng·h·mL-1.结论 氯沙坦的代谢物E-3174的药代动力学参数t1/2、Vd、Cmax在维吾尔族和汉族健康受试者间的差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05),不同性别间药代动力学参数的差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05),所有药代动力学参数在同一民族和不同民族的个体间差异都很大,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案.     

HPLC-MS/MS法检测人血浆中氯沙坦、E-3174、氢氯噻嗪浓度及生物等效性评价

目的建立HPLC-MS/MS法检测氢氯噻嗪、氯沙坦及其活性代谢物E-3174的浓度,评价2种氯沙坦钾氢氯噻嗪片在人体内的生物等效性。方法 36名健康男性受试者,采用随机、开放、单一、两制剂、两周期、交叉试验设计,HPLC-MS/MS检测血浆中氯沙坦、E-3174及氢氯噻嗪浓度。结果受试者口服参比和受试制剂后氯沙坦、E-3174、氢氯噻嗪主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(211.3±133.8)、(191.0±103.1)μg·L-1,(453.4±149.6)、(441.4±157.1)μg·L-1,(92.1±27.4)、(88.6±21.3)μg·L-1,tmax分别为(1.2±0.8)、(1.0±0.6)h,(3.4±1.2)、(3.3±0.7)h,(2.4±0.9)、(2.2±0.9)h,AUClast分别为(322.6±104.9)、(332.6±108.1)μg·h·L-1,(3 220±817)、(3 220±879)μg·h·L-1,(585.5±134.9)、(608.1±206.3)μg·h·L-1;对参比制剂相对生物利用度分别为(104.5±18.7)%、(100.4±12.6)%、(106.5±31.9)%。结论建立的方法简便、快速、灵敏,可用于氯沙坦钾氢氯噻嗪片的生物等效性评价,受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟罗沙星片的人体生物等效性

目的:研究氟罗沙星片的人体相对生物利用度,评价受试制剂与参比制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者采用随机交叉给药方案,单次口服400mg国产氟罗沙星片受试制剂和参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)定量测定血浆氟罗沙星浓度,用DAS1.0程序计算两者生物利用度参数,并作出生物等效性评价。结果:单次口服400mg氟罗沙星受试制剂和参比制剂的主要生物利用度参数AUC0→t分别为(76 245.4±9 991.0)μg.h.L-1和(78 295.9±10 566.8)μg.h.L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(79 792.1±10 599.3)μg.h.L-1和(81 037.9±10 807.6)μg.h.L-1;Cmax分别为(5 218.8±1 493.8)μg.L-1和(4 983.9±910.7)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(1.8±1.0)h和(2.0±1.0)h。AUC0→t、AUC0→∞和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验以及tmax经秩和检验表明两制剂的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性,以AUC0→t计算受试制剂相对生物利用度为(98.4±13.4)%。     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在蒙古族和汉族健康人体的药动学特征

目的研究蒙古族和汉族健康受试者口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片的药动学特征。方法健康受试者20名（其中蒙古族10名,汉族10名,男女各半）,口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片50mg;用HPLC荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,DAS软件程序进行数据处理并采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果蒙古族受试者单剂量口服50nag氯沙坦钾片剂后氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数分别为：ρmax（438±254）、（358±169）μg·L-1;tmax（1．6±0．9）、（3．8±1．9）h;t1/2（1．9±1．2）、（4．4±0．7）h;AUC024（859±309）、（2516±652）P-g·h·L-1;AUC0→∞（944±338）、（2603±668）μg·h·L-1。汉族受试者氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数分别为：ρmax（351±168）、（242±60）μg·L-1;tmax（1．4±1．1）、（3．6±1．7）h;t1/2（0．8±0．4）、（4．7±1．1）h;AUC0→24（497±172）、（1853±194）μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞（523±184）、（1960±182）μg·h·L-1。结论氯沙坦钾片剂在蒙古族和汉族健康受试者体内药动学参数差异存在统计学意义,个体间药动学参数存在较大差异,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案,在不同性别间药动学参数差异无统计学意义。     

劳拉西泮片人体生物等效性研究

目的:进行劳拉西泮片试验与参比制剂单剂口服双交叉试验,研究其生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名随机分两组,随机交叉自身对照,高效液相色谱法测定劳拉西泮经时血药浓度,数据经DAS程序处理,得劳拉西泮片药动学参数.结果:劳拉西泮试验制荆和参比制剂主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(19.7±2.0)h和(18.9±1.7)h,tmax分别为(2.58±0.18)h和(2.60±0.21)h,Cmax分别为(24.8±4.0)μg·L-1和(24.6±3.6)μg·L-1,AUC0-60分别为(628.2±90.7)μg·L-1·h和(636.2±62.6)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(718.1±84.6)μg·L-1·h和(722.9±57.9)μg·L-1·h.试验制剂劳拉西泮片相对生物利用度F为(98.7±8.8)%.试验与参比制剂AUC0-∞、AUC0-60、tmax、t1/2、Cmax方差分析、双向单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数周期问、剂型间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:劳拉西泮血药浓度测定方法适用;试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸曲马多口腔崩解片人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性考察

目的:建立人血浆中曲马多浓度的高效液相色谱荧光检测方法,研究健康受试者口服盐酸曲马多口腔崩解片受试制剂和参比制剂的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机分成2组,先后单剂量、交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂100mg后,采用液相色谱-荧光测定方法测定血药浓度。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要动力学参数为:tmax分别为(2.2±0.8)h和(2.5±0.7)h,Cmax(实测)分别为(284.8±161.4)μg.L-1和(283.9±166.6)μg.L-1;t1/2分别为(6.4±2.3)h和(6.3±3.2)h;AUC0→t分别为(1963.3±1154.6)μg.h.L-1和(1991.6±1296.1)μg.h.L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(2260.6±1309.1)μg.h.L-1和(2354.7±1643.4)μg.h.L-1。结论:经方差分析、双单侧t检验及90%置信区间法统计表明两制剂具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定人血浆中氯沙坦/氢氯噻嗪的浓度及其人体相对生物利用度研究

目的 建立一种快速、灵敏的测定人血浆中氯沙坦/氢氯噻嗪(抗高血压药)浓度的高效液相色谱串联质谱法,并评价2种氯沙坦钾氢氯噻嗪片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性.方法 20例健康男性志愿者,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量口服受试或参比氯沙坦钾氢氯噻嗪片(50 mg/12.5 mg),用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中氯沙坦/氢氯噻嗪浓度.结果 20名健康男性受试者口服含氯沙坦钾50 mg、氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg的受试制剂和参比制剂后,氯沙坦:tmax分别为(1.09±0.56)、(1.12±0.55)h,Cmax分别为(118.9 ±68.9)、(110.2±51.0)μg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(3.15±0.76)、(2.96±0.71)h,AUC0-t分别为(22.2±65.0)、(241.9±77.4)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-t分别为(250.5±68.7)、(265.7±81.5)ng·h·mL-1;氢氯噻嗪:tmax分别为(1.93±0.54)、(2.25±0.60)h,Cmax分别为(73.2±11.0)、(74.5±17.4)ng·mL-1,t1/2分别为(9.45±3.57)、(8.33±2.58)h,AUC0-t分别为(401.8±138.3)、(390.6±149.3)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(438.2±146.8)、(415.5±156.1)ng·h·mL-1.以氯沙坦AUC0-t计算,氯沙坦钾氢氯噻嗪片中氯沙坦与氢氯噻嗪相对生物利用度分别平均为(96.5±21.2)、(106.8±22.9)%.结论 受试制剂与参比制剂在人体内具有生物等效性.     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在朝鲜族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学

目的:研究朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片的药代动力学.方法:健康受试者20名(朝鲜族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片剂50mg;用HPLC-荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,采用DAS软件和SPSS软件进行数据处理和统计学分析.结果:单剂量口服50 mg氯沙坦钾片后,朝鲜族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(524±349),(493±188)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.9±0.4),(2.4±0.8)h;t1/2(1.5±0.4),(3.1±0.7)h;AUC0-24分别为(682±319),(2563±752) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(752±331),(2608±766)ng·h·mL-1.汉族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Gmax分别为(351±168),(242±60)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.4±1.1),(3.6±1.7)h;t1/2分别为(0.8±0.4),(4.7±1.1)h;AUC0-24分别为(498±172),(1853±194) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为( 523±184),(1960±182) ng-h·mL-1.结论:氯沙坦钾片在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者体内药动学参数差异存在统计学意义,在不同性别间药动学参数差异无统计学意义,个体间药动学参数存在较大差异,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.