１株海洋来源真菌Cladosporium halotolerans次级代谢产物的研究

摘 要：目的 对１株来源于中国西沙群岛的珊瑚Sarcophyton trocheliophorum共附生真菌Cladosporium halotolerans（18XS79ZP-2）进行次级代谢产物的化学成分研究。方法 利用薄层色谱、硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱和中压制备液相色谱等分离手段对真菌Cladosporium halotolerans的次级代谢产物进行分离、纯化；运用核磁共振波谱、质谱等方法，并通过与报道的数据进行对比，对化合物的化学结构进行鉴定。结果 从真菌Cladosporium halotolerans的次级代谢产物中分离鉴定10个化合物，分别为1-Acetyl-β-carboline（1）、(K)-3a-hydroxyfuroindoline（2）、3-Hydroxyacetylindole（3）、(R)-3-Hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)indolin-2-one（4）、(R)-3-hydroxy-3-( 2"-oxopro-pyl) indolin-2-one（5）、Nb-acetyltryptamine（6）、cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Leu)（7）、cyclo(L-Pro-L-Phe（8）、cyclo-(L-Val-L-Tyr)（9）、cyclo-(L-Val-L-Leu)（10）。结论 从真菌Cladosporium halotolerans的次级代谢产物中分离得到10个已知化合物，化学结构类型分别属于β-carboline类生物碱、吲哚类生物碱和二酮哌嗪类生物碱。化合物1~10均为首次从真菌Cladosporium halotolerans中得到。     

南极海绵共附生真菌Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200次级代谢产物研究

目的对南极海绵共附生来源真菌Talaromyces sp.HDN1820200的次级代谢产物进行研究。方法对菌株发酵液粗提物利用柱层析(VLC,ODS)、凝胶分子筛(LH-20)以及半制备高效液相(MPLC)等方法进行次级代谢产物的分离纯化;利用现代波谱学方法(核磁共振NMR、圆二色谱ECD、红外光谱IR等)对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果分离鉴定了8个单体化合物:(2E,4E,6E)-4-methyldodeca-2,4,6-trienoic acid(1)、(2E,4Z,6E)-4-methyldodeca-2,4,6-trienoic acid(2)、Herbaridine B(3)、Kasanosin C(4)、Citrinolactone A(5)、Citreorosein(6)、1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione(7)和Rugulosin B(8)。结论从南极海绵来源真菌Talaromyces sp.HDN1820200中分离得到了化合物1~8,其中化合物1和2为新化合物,属于脂肪酸类化合物,无明显细胞毒活性。     

锉海绵属海绵Xestospongia sp.甾体类成分研究

目的 对广西涠洲岛北部湾海域来源的锉海绵属（Xestospongia）海绵中获得的结构新颖、活性良好的甾体类成分进行研究。方法 根据甾体类化合物的结构特性，利用多种柱色谱和高效液相色谱（HPLC）等方法，通过高分辨质谱（HRMS）、核磁共振（NMR）和旋光（ORD）等方法并结合文献对照对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果 从锉海绵属海绵中分离得到9个甾体化合物，分别为7-ketocholesterol (1)、3β-Hydroxy-24-methylene-5-cholesten-7-one (2)、(22E)-3β-Hydroxychoiesta-5,22-dien-7-one (3)、(22E)-3β-Hydroxychiest-5,22-diene-7,24-dione (4)、Dictyopterisin G (5)、Dictyopterisins D (6)、Dictyopterisins E (7)、antrocarine E (8)和Fucosterol (9)。结论 化合物2-8均为首次从该属海绵中分离得到，6和7母核上C-7位为少见的甲氧基，8是首次从海绵中分离得到5-OH和7羰基的甾体化合物。     

海绵共附生真菌Hansfordia sp.次级代谢产物的分离与鉴定

目的从海绵共附生真菌Hansfordia sp.的次级代谢产物中得到具有活性的化合物。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱和半制备HPLC色谱分离纯化,根据化合物的NMR、MS波谱数据和理化性质进行结构鉴定。结果从真菌Hansfordia sp.的固体发酵物的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到8个单体化合物,分别鉴定为1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methylxanthone(1)、4-chloro-1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methylxanthone(2)、6-hydroxymellein(3)、(R)-4ydroxymellein(4)、3-(2-hydroxypropyl)-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin(5)、2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone(6)、(S)-regiolone(7)和cy-clonerodiol(8)。结论化合物1～8全部为首次从Hansfordia属真菌中分离得到。     

一种西沙掘海绵Dysidea sp.的化学成分研究

目的 对西沙掘海绵Dysidea sp.进行化学成分研究;方法 运用正相硅胶柱色谱、反相ODS柱色谱、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱以及高效液相色谱(HPLC)等多种分离手段对西沙掘海绵Dysidea sp.化学成分进行分离纯化;并通过理化性质、波谱学数据等结构信息鉴定其化合物的结构。结果发现：从西沙掘海绵Dysidea sp.中分离鉴定了8个化合物,分别为dictyoceratin C（1）、dactyloquinone B（2）、aminoquinone（3）、dictyoceratin A（4）、dactyloquinone D（5）、dactyloquinone E（6）、(1R*,2E,4R*,7E,10S*,11S*,12R*)-10,18-diacetoxydolabella-2,7-dien-6-one（7）和?,?-unsaturated ester（8）,结论 化合物1?6和8均为首次从该属海绵中分离得到。     

南极真菌Penicillium sp. S-3-88次级代谢产物的研究

目的 对源于南极(44.42° W,60.54° S,水深239 m,水温-1.16 ℃)海参体内共附生真菌Penicillium sp. S-3-88的次级代谢产物进行研究。方法 采用Sephadex LH-20色谱、反相ODS柱色谱、高效液相柱层析等色谱分析方法,对Penicillium sp. S-3-88发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取部位进行系统分离,并通过₁H和₁₃C NMR及质谱(LC-MS)等现代波谱解析手段,并与相关文献比对,鉴定化合物结构。结果 分离得到9个单体化合物。结论 鉴定化合物 1 – 9 分别为2-acetyl-4(3H)-quinazolin--one(1), benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one(2), Octadecyl phenylpropanoate(3), diisobutyl phthalate(4), butyl-isobutyl-phthalate(BIP)(5), ergosterol peroxide(6), melithasterol B(7),22E,24R-5α,6α-epoxyergosta-8(14),22-diene-3β,7α-diol(8)和cerevisterol(9)。     

1株海洋来源真菌Penicillium chrysogenum生物活性成分研究

摘 要：目的 研究一株中国西沙群岛永兴海域简易板海绵Plakortis simplex共附生真菌Penicillium chrysogenum（14XS09-2）的次级代谢产物。方法 利用薄层色谱、硅胶色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、ODS中压色谱、半制备HPLC等方法对次级代谢产物进行了分离纯化；通过NMR、MS等方法进行进一步的数据分析，与相关文献结合，鉴定化合物结构。结果 从真菌Penicillium chrysogenum（14XS09-2）中分离得到10个化合物，分别为isoroquefortine C(1)，meleagrin(2)，2",3"-dihydrosorbicillin(3)，sohirnone A(4)，sorbicillin(5)，rezishanones D(6)，N-(2-methoxyphenyl)(7)，2-苯并唑啉酮(8)，cyclo-(L-Try-L-Pro)(9)，Nb-acetyltryptamine(10)。结论 化合物3和4在40 μmol·L?1浓度水平，对PTP1B的活性抑制率分别是10.58%、8.47%。     

海绵共附生真菌Penicillium janthinellum的次生代谢产物研究

目的 研究海绵共附生真菌Penicillium janthinellum LZDX-32-1中的活性次生代谢产物。方法 利用硅胶、半制备HPLC等色谱学方法对菌株发酵提取物进行分离纯化，利用UV、NMR、MS等波谱学分析及文献数据比对确定了化合物的结构，采用MTT法检测了化合物的人肿瘤细胞毒性。结果 分离鉴定了5个化合物，分别为okaramines H（1）、okaramines J（2）、fumitremorgin B（3）、verruculogen（4）、paspaline（5）。细胞毒活性测试发现在浓度为10μM条件下，化合物5对A549、HCT-8和MCF-7三种细胞具有一定细胞毒活性（抑制率分别为70.45%、67.03%和88.54%）。结论 从海绵共附生真菌P. janthinellum LZDX-32-1中分离鉴定了5个生物碱类化合物，其中化合物1-4为首次从该种真菌中分离得到，化合物5具有肿瘤细胞毒性。     

真菌Penicillium sp. DT-F27次级代谢产物及其活性研究

摘要：目的 一株海洋来源真菌Penicillium sp. DT-F27次级代谢产物及其抗肿瘤活性的研究。方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、反相高效液相制备色谱等方法,对该真菌发酵产物的乙酸乙酯提取物进行分离纯化;采用波普解析方法对化合物的结构进行鉴定;采用MTT法测定化合物对人前列腺癌PC-3细胞的抗肿瘤作用。结果 从真菌Penicillium sp. DT-F27的发酵物中分离得到15个化合物,分别为麦角甾醇（1）,dehydrocyclopeptine（2）,3-O-methylviridicatin（3）,verrucofortine（4）,cyclopenin（5）,cyclo(dehydroala-L-Leu)（6）,cyclopenol（7）,4-hydroxy-2-methoxy acetanilide（8）,trans-(3RS,4RS)-3,4-dihydro-3,4,8-trihydroxynaphthalen-1(2H)-one（9）,cyclo(D-Pro-D-Val)（10）,brevianamide F（11）,cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)（12）,anacine（13）,cyclo(L-Orn-L-Tyr-L-Orn-L-Ala)（14）,cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr)（15）。结论 从真菌Penicillium sp. DT-F27的次级代谢产物中分离15化合物,其中麦角甾醇（1）和3-O-methylviridicatin（3）具有较强的抗肿瘤活性,抑制率分别为45.6%和34.8%。     

毛蚶共附生Aspergillus clavatonanicus JL001含氮类次级代谢产物的研究

目的 研究毛蚶共附生Aspergillus clavatonanicus JL001的含氮类次级代谢产物,并探索其细胞毒活性。方法 静置发酵后,萃取得到粗提物。采用正反相硅胶色谱法、半制备高效液相、制备薄层色谱法（TLC ）分离纯化真菌的次级代谢产物,根据化合物NMR和HRMS数据结合文献报道确定其结构。利用CCK8法测定次级代谢产物1～5对人肿瘤细胞HepG2的细胞毒活性。结果 从毛蚶共附生Aspergillus clavatonanicus JL001中分离得到了8个含氮类化合物,分别为tryptoquivaline L（1）、quinadoline A（2）、scequinadoline I（3）、prelapatin B（4）、clavatustide B（5）、环（(苯丙-丙)二肽（6）、环（(酪-亮)）二肽（7）和环（(酪-异亮)）二肽（8）。其中化合物3和4对HepG2细胞具有一定的增殖抑制作用。结论 研究结果为从海洋动物共附生真菌中寻找新型抗生素提供参考和依据。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.