左氧氟沙星羧甲基壳聚糖微球结肠靶向释药的实验研究

目的:检测所制备的左氧氟沙星羧甲基壳聚糖(LVFX/CMC)微球在人工消化液中和大鼠体内结肠靶向释药的性能。方法:以分光光度仪测定微球在人工消化液中的累积释放量,电镜观察微球在人工消化液中形态的改变。SD大鼠60只,随机分为两组,分别以LVFX/CMC微球(含40 mg左氧氟沙星)及等量左氧氟沙星溶剂灌胃,以高效液相色谱法对LVFX/CMC微球和左氧氟沙星(LVFX)灌胃后大鼠盲肠、结肠中药物浓度进行定量检测。结果:左氧氟沙星壳聚糖微球在人工胃液介质中溶解缓慢,2 h仅释药8.62%;在人工小肠液介质中溶解速度稍见加快,6 h释药29.39%,但表现为药物缓释曲线,24 h仅释药42.13%;在人工结肠液中,4 h后释药84.56%,24 h内累积释药量为93%。扫描电镜观察人工胃液中的微球明显溶胀,稍见变形;人工结肠液中的微球溶解,粒径明显减小。灌胃后LVFX/CMC微球组5和9 h时段盲肠、结肠药量明显高于LVFX组。结论:左氧氟沙星羧甲基壳聚糖微球在体外、体内实验中的释放符合结肠靶向释药的特点。     

酮洛芬异丙酯脂质微球的镇痛作用及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的:研究酮洛芬异丙酯脂质微球的镇痛作用及其在大鼠体内的药动学。方法:采用小鼠热板法考察酮洛芬异丙酯脂质微球的镇痛作用。大鼠静脉给药后,分别于0,0．083,0．25,0．5,1,1．5,2,4,6,8,12和24 h取血。以高效液相色谱法测定血浆中的酮洛芬浓度。结果:酮洛芬异丙酯脂质微球(6．5,13．0,26．0 mg·kg-1)可剂量依赖性延长小鼠热板痛阈时间,且效果好于等剂量酮洛芬溶液剂组。酮洛芬异丙酯脂质微球及酮洛芬溶液剂静脉注射后的消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为(8．40±1．15)和(5．91±1．27)h,清除率(CL)分别为(0．062±0．008)和(0．030±0．008)L·h-1,稳态表观分布容积(Vss)分别为(0．539±0．299)和(0．219±0．097)L。结论:酮洛芬异丙酯脂质微球较酮洛芬溶液剂镇痛作用增强,静脉注射后在体内消除较慢。     

兰索拉唑对乙醇诱导大鼠胃黏膜损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的　研究兰索拉唑 (LP)对乙醇诱导大鼠胃黏膜损伤的保护作用 ,探讨胃泌素受体和环氧化酶 2 (COX 2 )表达在此过程中的作用。方法　大鼠ig给予LP 0 5、5、5 0mg·kg-1·d-1,或ig联合给予LP 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1和胃泌素受体拮抗剂AG 0 4 1R 3、10、30mg·kg-1·d-1,对照组ig给予羧甲基纤维素 (CMC) 2 5mg·kg-1·d-1,连续 14d。末次给药后 8h各组大鼠ig给予无水乙醇 1ml,观察胃损伤指数 (LI)及光镜下的胃黏膜病理学改变。酶免疫方法测定胃黏膜前列腺素E2 (PGE2 )水平 ,WesternBlot和免疫组化检测胃黏膜COX 2表达。评价特异性COX 2抑制剂NS 398对LP诱导的PGE2 合成及胃黏膜保护作用的影响。结果　在 0 5、5、5 0mg·kg-1LP组 ,LI分别为 (2 5 3± 0 33) %、(1 84±0 2 9) %和 (0 83± 0 12 ) % ,小于对照组 (3 6 5± 0 19) % (P<0 0 5 ) ;胃黏膜PGE2 含量分别为 (42 7± 32 ) ,(483± 12 1)和 (6 14± 82 ) pg·g-1wwt ,高于对照组 (2 6 6± 81) pg·g-1wwt(P <0 0 5 )。LP剂量依赖性地增加大鼠胃黏膜COX 2表达。然而 ,同时给予AG 0 4 1R阻断了LP诱导的胃黏膜保护作用、COX 2表达和PGE2 合成。NS 398抑制LP诱导的PGE2 合成及胃黏膜保护作用。结论　LP的胃黏膜保护作用与内源性胃泌素激活胃泌素受     

乙酰螺旋霉素对黄芩苷血药浓度的影响

目的:研究口服乙酰螺旋霉素对黄芩有效成分黄芩苷血药浓度的影响。方法:用HPLC-ECD方法测定乙酰螺旋霉素(333 mg·kg-1,ig,bid,3 d)和黄芩苷(34 mg·kg-1,ig,一次给药)合并给药组与黄芩苷(34 mg·kg-1, ig,一次给药)单独给药组大鼠的血浆黄芩苷浓度,比较二者的药动学参数。结果:乙酰螺旋霉素和黄芩苷合并给药组大鼠黄芩苷血浆浓度的Cmax=(785．84±401．23)ng·mL-1,AUC0-24h=(11 564．27±5 585．65)ng·h·mL-1;黄芩苷单独给药组大鼠黄芩苷血浆浓度的Cmax=(2 645．62±601．42)ng·mL-1,AUC0-24h=(28 952．90±5 731．42) ng·h·mL-1,两组药动学参数存在显著性差异(P<0．05)。结论:口服乙酰螺旋霉素严重影响黄芩苷的血药浓度,提醒临床医生和患者应合理用药。     

环磷酰胺对丁硫氨酸亚砜胺在Walker-256荷瘤大鼠体内的药代动力学的影响

目的　研究环磷酰胺 (CTX)对化疗增敏剂丁硫氨酸亚砜胺 (BSO)在Walker 2 5 6荷瘤大鼠体内的药代动力学的影响。方法　Walker 2 5 6荷瘤大鼠ipCTX 2 0mg·kg-1或生理盐水 4d后 ,ivBSO 2 0 0mg·kg-1。以邻 苯二甲醛柱前衍生反相HPLC为检测手段 ,测定血浆中BSO的浓度 ,以 3P87对实验数据进行拟合 ,计算药代动力学参数。结果　荷瘤大鼠静脉注射BSO 2 0 0mg·kg-1,体内的动力学过程为二室模型 ,T1/ 2α为 (11 1± 2 4 )min ,T1/ 2 β为 (6 5± 14 )min ,CLs为(12 8± 1 3)ml·min-1·kg-1,AUC为 (2 6 2± 2 6 )mg·L-1·h ;BSO在CTX治疗组荷瘤大鼠体内的动力学特征也是二室模型 ,T1/ 2α为 (8 2± 1 8)min ;T1/ 2 β为 (42± 3)min ;CLs为 (13 4± 1 9)ml·min-1·kg-1,AUC为 (2 5 2± 35 )mg·L-1·h。结论　CTX治疗组与对照组相比 ,用药组BSO的消除显著快于未经CTX治疗的大鼠 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其余各参数差异无显著性     

粉防己碱对高血压心肌肥厚大鼠心肌胶原含量和肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响(英文)

观察粉防己碱对高血压心肌肥厚大鼠心肌胶原含量和肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响 .采用二肾一夹肾血管性高血压造成大鼠左心室肥厚模型 ,自术后第 9周起按粉防己碱 50mg·kg- 1,依那普利 6mg·g- 1灌胃给药 ,每日 1次 ,连续 8周 .用分光光度法测定心肌羟脯氨酸含量及肌球蛋白ATP酶活性 .结果表明左心室肥厚组心肌羟脯氨酸为 (5.9± 0 .3)mg·g- 1干重 ,明显高于假手术对照组〔(3.6± 0 .4 )mg·g- 1干重〕 ,粉防己碱组和依那普利组心肌羟脯氨酸含量分别较左心室肥厚组低 2 8.2 %和 39.0 % .左心室肥厚组肌球蛋白ATP酶活性仅为 (0 .4 3± 0 .0 9)mmolPi·min- 1·g- 1蛋白质 ,较假手术对照组〔(0 .97±0 .0 6 )mmolPi·min- 1·g- 1蛋白质〕明显降低 ,而粉防己碱组和依那普利组则分别比左心室肥厚组高 6 0 .5%和 118.6 % .实验结果表明粉防己碱可部分逆转肾血管性高血压所致的大鼠左心室肥厚 ,降低心肌胶原含量 ,升高肌球蛋白ATP酶活性     

解热药YL2000中小檗碱在正常和发热大鼠体内的药物动力学比较

目的　探讨解热药YL2 0 0 0中小檗碱在正常和发热大鼠体内的药物动力学。方法　采用高效液相技术分别测定正常大鼠和干酵母致发热大鼠血浆中小檗碱的含量 ,使用3P87软件处理小檗碱的时量数据 ,计算各药代动力学参数。结果　在正常和发热大鼠体内 ,小檗碱的达峰时间分别为(3 4± 0 3)h和 (0 3± 2 1)h(P <0 0 5 ) ,峰值血药浓度分别达 (0 15 4± 0 0 2 3)mg·L-1和 (0 2± 0 6 )mg·L-1,T1/ 2(ke)分别长达 (6± 3)h和 (6± 5 )h ,T1/ 2 (ka)分别为 (1 2±0 4 )h和 (0 1± 2 8)h ,CL/F(s)值分别为 (4 0± 1 9)mg·kg-1·h-1/ (mg·L-1)和 (6± 6 )mg·kg-1·h-1/ (mg·L-1) ,AUC( 0～T) 值分别为 (1 8± 0 3)mg·L-1·h-1和 (0 7± 0 5 )mg·L-1·h-1(P <0 0 5 )。结论　发热降低小檗碱在体内的AUC( 0～T) 。     

口服抗肿瘤药赛特铂在大鼠的药动学

目的 :观察口服抗肿瘤药赛特铂(satraplatin)在大鼠的药动学。方法 :石墨炉原子吸收分光法测定体内赛特铂的总铂浓度。结果 :剂量为 5 0mg·kg- 1和 10 0mg·kg- 1时 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :T12 β(4 3±s 34)h和 (5 8± 38)h ,Tmax(5 .0± 2 .0 )h和 (6 .0± 1.0 )h ,Cmax(12 .6± 2 .5 )mg·L- 1和 (13.4± 1.5 )mg·L- 1,AUC0 ∞(4 2 2± 12 0 )mg·h·L- 1和 (70 2± 118)mg·h·L- 1。组织分布以肝、肾最高。 4 8h后药物排出已基本完成 ,主要经粪便排出 ,约 5 5 % ,尿排出小于 6 % ,2 4h胆中排出0 .2 3%。结论 :赛特铂的药时曲线为口服一级吸收2室模型。     

丹参注射液在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 :检测丹参注射液静脉用药在大鼠体内的药动学。方法 :大鼠iv丹参注射液 ,以丹参酸甲为检测指标 ,用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)测定不同时间血浆药物浓度。计算丹参酸甲在大鼠体内的药动学参数。结果 :大鼠iv丹参注射液 (相当于丹参酸甲4 0mg·kg-1) ,药动学参数 :T1 2α0 .2 9± 0 .2 3h ,T1 2 β1.75± 0 .99h ,Vd0 .83± 0 .70L·kg-1,Cl 0 .33±0 .16L·h-1·kg-1,AUC(0 -inf) 148± 66mg·h-1·L-1。结论 :大鼠iv丹参注射液 ,血药浓度 时间曲线呈二室开放模型     

黄芪注射液对格列美脲在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的:研究黄芪注射液对格列美脲在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为对照组和联合用药组,对照组单独灌胃100mg·kg-1的格列美脲混悬液,联合用药组静脉注射8mL·kg-1黄芪注射液5min后灌胃100mg·kg-1的格列美脲混悬液。不同时间点于股动脉采集血样,经高效液相色谱法测定格列美脲的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数后进行统计学分析。结果:对照组t1/2β、AUC分别为(44.58±2.97)h、(10.91±2.67)mg·h·L-1,联合用药组t1/2β、AUC分别为(65.67±5.37)h、(15.14±4.35)mg·h·L-1。结论:黄芪注射液对格列美脲的药动学有显著性影响。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.