二甲双胍通过AMPK/STAT3信号通路抑制星形胶质细胞的反应性

探讨二甲双胍对体外培养的大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞反应性的作用及机制。方法 使用三因子（TNF-α、IL-1α、C1q）诱导产生反应性星形胶质细胞,RT-qPCR及Westernblot检测补体3（C3）的表达;使用5、10、20 mM浓度的二甲双胍处理,Westernblot检测星形胶质细胞中腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）与信号转导和转录激活因子3（STAT3）磷酸化水平;采用AMPK抑制剂Compound C处理,检测AMPK和STAT3磷酸化水平。结果 形态学及RT-qPCR结果显示：与对照组相比,三因子处理改变了星形胶质细胞形态并显著提高了C3的表达（P＜0.05）,表明成功建立反应性星形胶质细胞模型。RT-qPCR结果及Westernblot结果显示：与对照组相比,二甲双胍对C3表达有明显的抑制作用,呈现浓度依赖性（P＜0.05）。在诱导星形胶质细胞反应性过程中,与对照组相比,AMPK的磷酸化水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,使用不同浓度二甲双胍处理后,AMPK的磷酸化水平显著增加且呈浓度依赖性（P＜0.05）,同时信号传导及STAT3的磷酸化水平显著降低且呈浓度依赖性（P＜0.05）。AMPK抑制剂Compound C处理后显著抑制了二甲双胍导致的AMPK活性升高及STAT3活性降低,同时抑制了C3表达下调（P＜0.05）。结论 二甲双胍通过AMPK/STAT3信号通路抑制星形胶质细胞的反应性     

二甲双胍对2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏JNK表达的影响

目的 了解二甲双胍对伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠肝脏JNK表达的影响.方法 将伴IR的T2DM大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和二甲双胍组,治疗6周后留取肝脏标本.逆转录聚合酶链反应测定JNK mRNA在肝脏中的表达.免疫组化对肝脏进行HE染色,并对JNK、p-JNK进行半定量分析.结果 ① JNK mRNA,JNK、p-JNK蛋白表达量以及p-JNK/JNK比值,模型组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);二甲双胍组较模型组下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); ②细胞学检查显示:模型组肝细胞肿胀、脂肪变性,存在炎细胞浸润,部分出现点、灶状坏死.二甲双胍组肝细胞病理改变明显改善.结论 二甲双胍可能通过减少JNK、p-JNK表达来改善2型糖尿病引起的肝脏损害.     

缝隙连接蛋白pannexin1在神经病理性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角的表达变化

目的 观察缝隙连接蛋白pannexin1(PX1)在坐骨神经分支选择结扎模型大鼠脊髓背角上的表达变化.方法 健康SD雄性大鼠50只 ,分为对照组(WT组 ,n=10)、假手术组(sham组 ,n=10)和坐骨神经分支选择性损伤组(SNI组 ,n=30).SNI组20只大鼠于术后3、5、7、14 d(n=5) ,WT、sham组于术后14 d(n=5)取脊髓腰段用Western blot法检测PX1表达变化 ,另20只大鼠于术后7 d取脊髓腰段进行免疫组化染色 ,检测脊髓背角内胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达水平.SNI组中10只于建模前进行鞘内置管 ,术后7 d分别向鞘内注射生理盐水20 μL(SNI+NS组)或甘珀酸(CBX)20 μL(SNI+CBX组) ,再进行免疫组化染色.结果 SNI组脊髓背角内PX1表达增多 ,并随时间增强 ,明显高于WT、sham组(P＜0 .05);7 d后SNI组脊髓背角内GFAP表达较WT、sham组明显增强(P＜0 .05);SNI+CBX组GFAP表达较SNI+ NS组明显下调(P＜0 .05).WT、sham组脊髓背角的PX1蛋白和GFAP表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0 .05).结论 缝隙连接蛋白PX1可能参与了星形胶质细胞的激活 ,提示其在因外周神经损伤引起的神经病理性痛中起重要作用.     

二甲双胍抑制大鼠胆管成纤维细胞胶原生成的分子信号机制

目的 探讨二甲双胍是否通过活化腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）抑制转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）刺激的大鼠胆管成纤维细胞胶原生成并揭示其分子信号机制。方法 取雌雄各半的SD大鼠共50只（体质量150~200 g）,CO2窒息法处死后,无菌条件下分离并培养大鼠胆管成纤维细胞,倒置显微镜观察所培养的细胞,发现不同体质量及性别的大鼠所获取的细胞形态及活性无差异。采用随机数字表法进行随机分组,分别设置对照组、TGF-β1组、Smad3 siRNA干预组、结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）siRNA干预组、二甲双胍干预组、Compound C干预组,每组3个样本。设置对照组：大鼠胆管成纤维细胞正常培养;TGF-β1组：10 ng/mL TGF-β1孵育细胞;Smad3 siRNA干预组：Smad3 siRNA转染24 h后＋10 ng/mL TGF-β1孵育细胞;CTGF siRNA干预组：CTGF siRNA 转染 24 h 后＋10 ng/mL TGF-β1 孵育细胞;二甲双胍干预组：10 mmol/L 二甲双胍＋10 ng/mL TGF-β1 孵育细胞;Compound C干预组：10 μmol/L Compound C＋10 mmol/L二甲双胍＋10 ng/mL TGF-β1孵育细胞。以TGF-β1刺激大鼠胆管成纤维细胞分泌胶原,以Smad3 siRNA或CTGF siRNA转染细胞以抑制Smad3或CTGF蛋白的表达,以二甲双胍孵育细胞以激活AMPK,以Compound C预处理细胞以抑制AMPK的活性。采用ELISA或Western-blot的方法检测CTGF、胶原（I Col I）蛋白水平;Western-blot的方法检测p-Smad3/t-Smad3、p-AMPK/t-AMPK、CTGF水平。结果 TGF-β1以时间和剂量依赖的方式刺激胆管成纤维细胞胶原I生成,二甲双胍激活的AMPK也剂量依赖性抑制TGF-β1诱导的胶原I生成;AMPK抑制剂Compound C预孵育细胞,可显著逆转二甲双胍激活的AMPK抑制胶原I生成的作用（P<0.01）。进一步发现,二甲双胍激活的AMPK对TGF-β1刺激的Smad3磷酸化无抑制作用,却可抑制其下游的CTGF蛋白表达（P<0.01）及胶原I生成（P<0.01）,而AMPK抑制剂可逆转二甲双胍对CTGF及胶原I的上述作用。结论 二甲双胍通过激活AMPK抑制TGF-β1/Smad3信号通路诱导的CTGF蛋白表达,进而抑制胆管成纤维细胞胶原I生成。     

缝隙连接胞间通讯对大脑中动脉缺血后海马迟发性神经元死亡的影响

目的 观察探讨星型胶质细胞缝隙连接胞间通讯变化对大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌流后海马区迟发性神经元死亡(DND)的影响.方法 建立大鼠短暂性大脑中动脉缺血再灌流模型.利用尼氏染色、TUNEL方法 观察再灌流后星型胶质细胞缝隙连接蛋白抑制剂CBX对海马DND的影响.结果 大脑中动脉缺血再灌流后3 d、7 d海马神经元明显脱失,部分CA1、CA2区神经元凋亡;应用CBX后TUNEL阳性神经元数目明显减少,幸存神经元数目增加.结论 星型胶质细胞缝隙连接蛋白抑制剂CBX可有效抑制大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后海马神经元DND.     

趋化因子配体2中和抗体对骨癌痛大鼠痛行为及脊髓小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的 探讨鞘内注射趋化因子配体2(CCL2)中和抗体对胫骨癌痛大鼠机械痛行为及脊髓小胶质细胞活化的影响.方法 采用Walker 256乳腺癌细胞,构建大鼠胫骨癌痛模型.雌性SD大鼠(160～180 g)40只,随机分为5组(n=8):假手术组(Ⅰ组)、假手术+CCL2中和抗体组(Ⅱ组)、骨癌痛组(Ⅲ组)、骨癌痛+ control IgG组(Ⅳ组)和骨癌痛+CCL2中和抗体组(Ⅴ组).术后第10～12天,每天1次鞘内注射CCL2中和抗体或control IgG( 10 μg/15μ1).分别于术前、术后1d,3d,5d,7d,10 d,14 d,21 d测定各组大鼠机械痛敏阈值(PMWT).另取30只大鼠,分组同前(n=6),术后14d取材,免疫荧光染色法测定各组大鼠脊髓背角小胶质细胞标志物(Iba-1)的平均光密度值(MOD).结果 (1)痛行为学:术后10d,14 d,21 d,Ⅲ组大鼠PMWT分别为:(1.78 ±0.38)g,( 1.70±0.17)g,(1.35±0.07)g;Ⅳ组大鼠PMWT分别为:(2.99±0.67)g,(2.52±0.75)g,(1.13±0.07)g;Ⅴ组大鼠PMWT分别为(5.88±0.66)g,(7.81±0.75)g,(6.19±0.53)g.与Ⅲ组相比,Ⅴ组大鼠PMWT值明显升高(P＜0.01),Ⅳ组大鼠PMWT值无明显变化(P＞0.05).(2)免疫荧光染色:术后14d,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组大鼠脊髓背角Iba-1的MOD值分别为(151.3±10.8),(149.2±10.6),(74.5±5.0);与Ⅲ组相比,Ⅴ组大鼠MOD值明显升高(P＜0.01);Ⅳ组大鼠MOD值无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 鞘内注射CCL2中和抗体能显著减轻胫骨癌痛大鼠的机械痛敏,并能抑制其脊髓小胶质细胞的活化.     

高浓度二甲双胍通过JNK通路抑制MIN6细胞增殖和迁移

目的本研究从细胞生物学角度检测二甲双胍对小鼠胰岛瘤MIN6的影响,并探讨此过程中包含的分子生物学机制。方法 MTT法检测不同浓度二甲双胍(1、2、5、10、20 mmol/L)对MIN6细胞活力的影响,细胞划痕实验检测二甲双胍对MIN6细胞迁移的影响,免疫印记实验检测此过程中细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、caspase3表达的变化,及AMPK和JNK信号通路蛋白磷酸化水平的变化。结果二甲双胍浓度大于10 mmol/L时可以抑制MIN6细胞的活力(P<0.01),降低其迁移能力(P<0.01),高浓度二甲双胍可以上调细胞内凋亡蛋白Bax(P<0.05)和p-AMPK的表达(P<0.05),降低抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,增加caspase3剪切体(P<0.05)。同时,二甲双胍可以降低MIN6细胞内JNK信号通路的磷酸化水平(P<0.05)。结论高浓度二甲双胍可以抑制MIN6细胞的增殖和迁移,其作用可能与降低了JNK信号的通路活化有关。     

鞘内注射氟代柠檬酸对骨癌痛大鼠的镇痛作用

目的通过观察鞘内注射氟代柠檬酸（FC）对骨癌痛大鼠机械性痛敏的影响,探讨脊髓胶质细胞在骨癌痛中的作用。方法 （1）20只大鼠分为假手术组和骨癌痛组两组,骨癌痛组分别在注射Walker256细胞后第7、14、21天各处死5只大鼠取腰段脊髓,假手术组术后第7天取腰段L4～L5脊髓,分别测定两组星形胶质细胞标志物胶原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和小胶质细胞标志物补体受体-3单克隆抗体（OX-42）的表达。（2）12只骨癌痛模型大鼠,成功建模置管后第14天随机分为PBS组和FC组两组,鞘内分别注射PBS、FC1nmol（10μl）,在给药前后测定大鼠机械性缩足反射阈值（PWMT）。结果 （1）骨癌痛组与假手术组比较,大鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞活化明显,平均吸光度值较假手术组显著增加（P〈0.01）。（2）FC组大鼠鞘内注射FC1 nmol后,PWMT较PBS组和给药前显著升高（P〈0.01）。结论脊髓胶质细胞的激活参与了骨癌痛疼痛信息处理过程。     

鞘内注射AG-490对骨癌痛小鼠脊髓水平星形胶质细胞活化和热痛觉的影响

目的：探讨脊髓水平IL-6-酪氨酸激酶-2( Janus kinase 2,JAK2)信号通路调控星形胶质细胞活化的机制及其 对骨癌痛的影响。方法：将NCTC 2472纤维肉瘤细胞注入C3H/HeNCrlVr雄性小鼠股骨骨髓腔制作骨癌痛模型,以 不含纤维肉瘤细胞的等体积α-MEM培养基行骨髓腔内注射制作假手术模型。采用热缩足反射潜伏期(paw withdrawal latency,PWL)评估疼痛水平。取腰段脊髓组织(L3~L5水平),分别应用Real-time RT-PCR和Western印迹检测脊髓水平 星形胶质细胞中纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和JAK2 mRNA与蛋白表达变化。鞘内注射给予JAK2 拮抗剂AG-490,观察小鼠痛行为学及脊髓水平GFAP mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果：骨癌痛模型组小鼠术后10, 14,21 d的PWL均较假手术组显著缩短(P<0.05);骨癌痛模型组的脊髓组织GFAP和JAK2 mRNA和蛋白表达显著增加 (P<0.05);鞘内注射30或90 nmol AG-490可以显著缩短骨癌痛模型组小鼠PWL,同时可以抑制脊髓组织GFAP mRNA和 蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论：脊髓水平IL-6-JAK2信号通路可能在骨癌痛的维持中发挥重要作用;IL-6-JAK2信号转导通 路可能通过抑制星形胶质细胞的活化来发挥镇痛作用。     

二甲双胍通过抑制MAPK信号通路增强卵巢癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性

目的:探讨二甲双胍是否可以提高卵巢癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性及相关的作用机制。方法:BRDU ELISA方法检测顺铂联合或者不联合二甲双胍对SKOV3细胞增殖的影响;二甲双胍联合或者不联合MAPK信号通路阻断剂后BRDU ELISA方法检测细胞增殖的变化。Western blotting检测二甲双胍作用下卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3的磷酸化AMPK/总AMPK水平和磷酸化p38 MAPK/总MAPK水平的变化。结果:(1)二甲双胍不仅能抑制卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3细胞的增殖,而且能提高对顺铂的敏感性,并且这种作用是依赖于AMPK激活的;(2)p38 MAPK阻断剂SB203580能够抑制SKOV3的增殖,二甲双胍能够增强这种抑制作用。结论:二甲双胍可增强顺铂对卵巢癌细胞的抑制作用,并且二甲双胍可能通过激活AMPK信号通路进而抑制MAPK信号通路增加顺铂对卵巢癌细胞的抑制增殖作用。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Analysis of CK-19,PDX-1,Nestin,Ngn3 in different donor islet purity in rats

Objective: To investigate if there are the CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells in the donor islets of different purity in rats. Methods: Thirty male adult SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Islets were isolated using digestion by ductal injection of collagenase. Group Ⅰ (n=10): Separating cell preparations were not purified, Group Ⅱ(n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% Ficoll400 ,Group Ⅲ (n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% and 11% Ficoll-400. The levels of protein of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin and Ngn3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and the mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 was amplified by RT-PCR. Results: After two different purification methods applied, three islet preparations of different purities were obtained. The difference of islet purity was significant among various groups (P＜0.05). Compared with group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ,the protein and mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin,Ngn3 were both higher in group Ⅰ; group Ⅲ was poorly expressed. Conclusions: The three different islet purity donor islet have different CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells within them, indicating that there are some islet stem cells in the purified donor islet.     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.