小儿两性畸形的外科干预

目的 探讨两性畸形治疗中外科干预的相关问题.方法 回顾1993年1月～2006年6月收治的26例两性畸形患者的病史及随访资料.26例中女性假两性畸形(FPH)4例,真两性畸形(TH)5例,男性假两性畸形者(MPH)16例,性腺发育不良伴苗勒氏管持续综合征1例.护养性别女性18例,男性8例.根据不同类型的两性畸形,26例患儿分别进行外科手术纠正外生殖器畸形.结果 4例FPH患儿外生殖器保持女性外观,患儿与家长均满意;TH和MPH患者中术后男性者,均认可自己的性别,已完成外生殖器整形患儿的睾丸或阴茎不同程度小于同龄儿;2例MPH术后女性者患儿乳房发育较差.1例性腺发育不良伴苗勒氏管持续综合征患儿性别改为男性,随访发现左侧性腺为精原细胞瘤,行放疗及手术治疗.随访发现女性患儿的性格男性化,部分男性患儿的性格女性化.结论 对于两性畸形患者的性别选择要综合考虑各方面因素,而外科干预必须在护养性别确定后进行,且应根据不同类型的畸形选择适宜的手术方式.     

两性畸形外阴整形探讨（附193例）

目的探讨两性畸形的外生殖器整形方法。方法回顾193例两性畸形的外科治疗资料。结果193例均住院治疗;年龄2～38岁,平均15岁;社会性别：男：65;女：128。女性假两性畸形73例,男性假两性畸形80例,真丽性畸形25例,性腺发育不全15例。分别对138例行选择女性性别的外阴整形术,术后女性外观均满意,无尿失禁及排尿困难,术后需定期行阴道扩张29例（其中阴道成形术后6例）,随访观察阴道发育情况79例,30例因阴道发育好不需再行外科矫正;对35例行选择男性性别的外阴整形术,术后阴茎平均长度4．3em,尿道均开E1于阴茎头,3例因尿瘘再行手术修补,4例因尿道狭窄行定期扩张术;20例因外生殖器完全呈女性发育未行手术。结论两性畸形性别的选择要根据患者意愿、心理性别、优势性腺和外生殖器发育情况慎重选择,通过成功的外生殖器整形可让患者身心更适应正常的社会生活。     

两性畸形的细胞遗传学检查和处理原则(附8例报告)

个体单凭外生殖器形态不能正确判定性别,尤其是新生儿。正确的性别应该在染色体(核性别)、外生殖器形态、生殖道和性腺都是一致的,如果出现矛盾现象,或同时具有男性及女性特征者,就称为两性畸形。但少数患儿即使外生殖器近乎正常,也可能是两性畸形。此外,抚养性别及心理情况也应符合个体性别。两性畸形通常分真两性畸形和假两性畸     

两性畸形8例分析

目的 探讨两性畸形成因、分类和治疗。方法 对８例患者进行染色体分类并就其遗传原因、基因定位进行分析,其中真两畸性３例,４６ＸＸ男性综合征２例,女性假两厅形２例,男性假两性畸形１例。结果 ３例真两性,２全灸为女性,１例变为男性。结论 对于外生殖器畸形患者均应进行染色体检查,再根据外生殖器情况进行性腺活检,根据性腺活检结果与社会性别确定性别定型。大部分真两性畸形都向女性方向矫正。对于两性畸形患者,越早     

两性畸形的诊治（附52例报告）

目的：探讨小儿两性畸形的诊断和治疗。方法：总结1991年1月1日-2001年3月1日我院52例两性畸形患的临床资料，其中男性假两性畸形20例，女性假两性畸形14例，真两性畸形9例，46XX男性综合征4例，染色体性别异常(未能分类)3例和混合性腺发育不良2例。40例行性腺探查。结果：最终性别32例定为男性，20例定为女性。结论：对外阴模棱两可合并性腺未降的患儿应行性腺探查、活检，有阴道的性别定为男性应行阴道切除。     

26例女性假两性畸形分析

女性假两性畸形26例,染色体均为46,xx。未成年者其社会性别女性11例,男性7例;成年者女性6例,男性2例。因生后阴蒂大而将其中9例作为男孩抚养。经查明,1例为母孕期服大量雄激素所致。5例开腹探查发现内生殖器均为子宫及卵巢,而地塞米松抑制试验亦为阳性,6例查尿17—酮均高于正常值。这种病人尽管外生殖器有不同程度男性化,而性腺及内生殖器均为女性。此类患者一旦确诊,不需要再行腹探查,早治疗可使患儿得到正常的生长发育。     

假两性畸形10例分析

假两性畸形并不罕见,本院1979～1989年10年间共收治12例,其中男性假两性畸形10例,女性假两性畸形2例,现将资料完整的10例诊断、治疗及性腺肿瘤等问题探讨如下。 1 临床表现 1.1 一般资料:10例患者年龄12～25岁,平均19.6岁,社会性别均为女性。 1.1.1 女性假两性畸形1例,身高1.38m,12岁,肌肉发达,皮肤粗糙,体毛多密,有喉结,阴毛男性分布,阴蒂长3cm,可见尿道口、阴道口,内诊查子宫幼稚型,双侧卵巢及输卵管正常。 1.1.2 男性假两性畸形9例中XY单纯性腺发育不全2例,1例为女性第二性征,但阴毛稀疏、阴蒂长3.5cm,大小阴唇发育差,阴道仅     

1例男性假两性畸形治疗中的护理

外生殖器男性化是系外生殖器分化发育过程中受到大量雄激素影响所致。常见于真两性畸形、先天性肾上腺皮质增生或母体在妊娠早期接受具有雄激素作用的药物治疗。两性畸形，是指一些人既具有女性特征，又具有男性特征。而两性畸形又分为“真两性畸形”和“假两性畸形”。假两性畸形人又可分为“男性假两性畸形”人和“女性假两性畸形”人。“女性假两性畸形”是指病人体内的生殖腺是卵巢，但外阴部酷似男性生殖器。而“男性假两性畸形”是指病人体内生殖腺是睾丸，但外生殖器却象女性的外阴。患有此种畸形的男性，其阴茎萎缩，犹如女性的阴蒂，尿道下裂，好似女性的阴道口，阴囊分开，形若女性的大阴唇。     

8例男性假两性畸形的诊治体会

目的探讨男性假两性畸形的诊治方法。方法回顾15年来诊治的8例男性假两性畸形患者的资料,并结合文献对其病因、诊断、治疗进行讨论。结果8例均行手术维持女性性别,术后口服雌激素替代治疗,随诊1～15年,6例青春前期身体发育正常,所有患者外生殖器外观比较满意,感觉良好,2例术后2年第二性征获得改善,1例已婚,性生活正常。结论男性假两性畸形的术后性别首选女性为宜,而尽早诊治对患者生活质量及生存质量具有重要意义。     

138例两性畸形的临床诊治分析

目的 提高两性畸形的临床诊治水平.方法 对138例两性畸形患者的诊断及治疗方法进行总结并结合相关文献分析.结果 住院患者138例(年龄2～36岁,平均17岁)社会性别男性42例,女性96例.人院后经体格榆查,完善实验室、超声、放射及病理活检等相关检查明确诊断.138例中女性假两性畸形54例,男性假两性畸形66例,真两性畸形10例,纯性腺发育不全2例,无睾丸综合征2例,先天性睾丸发育不全症4例.132例行手术治疗,76例行腹腔镜探查术;术后121例保留女性性别,11例保留男性性别.女性假两性畸形皆保留女性性别;男性假两性畸形59例保留女性性别,4例保留男性性别,3例未行手术治疗;真两性畸形中8例维持女性性别,2例保留男性性别.结论 正确及时的性别确定是治疗的关键.病因诊断对治疗有一定指导意义,虽然两性畸形按女性抚养较为适宜,但仍应综合考虑患者及家属的意愿.     

Intersex and genital ambiguity

Normal sexual differentiation in males and females is described. Discussion of disorders of abnormal sexual development is confined to those producing genital ambiguity. Genital ambiguity is further subdivided into disorders of gonadal development and disorders of fetal endocrinology. Disorders of gonadal development with abnormal sex chromosome constitution include those with and without sexual ambiguity. Only those producing sexual ambiguity, true hermaphroditism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis are discussed further. Disorders of fetal endocrinology are divided into female and male pseudo hermaphroditism. The main features of each are highlighted. A practical method of management of patients with ambiguous genitalia then follows.     

Hermaphroditism: cytogenetics, gonadal pathology and gender assignment: a case report

True hermaphroditism is a rare intersex disorder in which individuals possess both testicular and ovarian gonadal tissue. A case of true unilateral hermaphroditism presenting with ambiguous external genitalia, right scrotal testis and left pelvic ovotestis is herein outlined Phallic, gonadal and genetic factors were considered before male gender was assigned. Gender assignment procedures have been questioned by intersex activists opposed to early genital surgery. Western societies have a binary perspective on gender and this leads to a stigma being placed on intersex cases. A multidisciplinary approach to this problem involving paediatric specialists in the field, of endocrinology, surgery and psychiatry is necessary, along with educational programmes that promote tolerance in society to variations in gender.     

腹腔镜检查对女性内生殖器官发育异常的诊断价值

目的：探讨腹腔镜检查诊断女性内生殖器官发育异常的价值。方法：分析我院１９８４ 年６ 月～１９９８ 年６ 月间用腹腔镜检查诊断的５５ 例内生殖器官发育异常的情况。结果：经腹腔镜检查发现９６．４％ 的患者内生殖器官发育异常，高于临床诊断的６５．５ ％（ Ｐ＜０．００５） 。５５ 例患者中，３ 例男性假两性畸形；３５ 例（６３．６％） 为苗勒氏管发育异常；１７ 例（３０．９％ ） 为女性性腺发育不良。结论：腹腔镜检查可使绝大多数女性内生殖器官发育异常得到确诊，有助于制定治疗方案     

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome--a case report.

An eighteen month old phenotypically and genotypically normal male child was admitted with a left inguinal hernia and a right undescended testis. At operation, he was found to have a uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes, and a vagina in the left hernial sac. Bilateral orchidopexies and excision of the persistent Mullerian duct structures were carried out. This rare case of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome is due to a defect in Mullerian regression, which is in turn controlled by the Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). Orchidopexy with excision of the persistent Mullerian duct structures is usually not possible without damage to the vas deferens which is closely adherent to the wall of the uterus. The alternative of leaving the persistent Mullerian duct structures alone and performing a staged or primary orchidopexy has been suggested.     

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Report of 11 cases

Eleven cases of Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis are reported. The disease is characterized by gonadal asymmetry, as well as retained Mullerian duct structures. These individuals exhibit varying degrees of masculinization of the external genitalia, the spectrum of phenotypic expression extending from the normal male to the normal female. 45,/46, XY is the typical karyotype. The etiology, the role of H-Y antigen, pathogenesis and management are discussed. The risk of neoplastic transformation in gonads is a significant threat and must be considered at all the stages of management.     

男性假两性畸形的诊断和治疗

目的分析男性假两性畸形的临床特征,提高对男性假两性畸形的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析6例男性假两性畸形患者的临床资料。结果4例Leydig细胞不发育或发育不全（或睾丸对LH不反应症）患者术后性别为女性,其中1例行人工阴道形成术;3例行腹股沟隐睾摘除术。1例5α-还原酶缺陷症患者行两性畸形纠正＋尿道形成术＋阴茎弯曲纠正术,术后性别为男性;1例完全雄激素不敏感综合征患者未进一步治疗。结论男性假两性畸形疾病应早期诊断、早期治疗,患者的性别应根据诊断作出选择。     

342例女性假两性畸形的荟萃分析

 目的总结1994-2009年国内外公开发表的以及我院2000年至今诊治的女性假两性畸形(FPH)的病例,探讨其临床特点。方法以"女性假两性畸形"的中英文单词作为检索词,检索1994-2009年国内外公开发表的文献,并结合我院诊治的10例患者,进行荟萃分析。结果共检索到332例诊断明确的病例,加上我院的10例,共有342例入选病例。出生时即就诊的患者仅有27例,其他病例就诊年龄为1个月59岁不等,315例患者就诊时的中位年龄为29.54岁。病因以先天性肾上腺增生为主(70.47%)。临床表现主要为骨骼生长较快(95.52%)、阴蒂肥大(84.14%)以及不同程度的男性化(77.24%)。在治疗方式上以药物和手术的联合治疗为主。首次接受治疗的时间及治疗方法在预后方面起着至关重要的作用。结论女性假两性畸形并非罕见疾病,我们应提高对该病的认识,提早患者接受治疗的时间,坚持终身用药,以改善其预后。     

Male pseudohermaphroditism due to inactivating luteinizing hormone receptor mutations

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH), the action of both mediated by the LH receptor (LHR). Mutations that inactivate the LHR cause Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH), an autosomal recessive disorder. In its mild form, LCH patients present with male hypogonadism. In its severe form, patients present with male pseudohermaphroditism, with female external genitalia, and cryptorchid testis. Mullerian derivatives are absent. Histological examination of the testis shows absence of mature Leydig cells. LCH patients have elevated plasma levels of LH, normal-to-elevated levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and low levels of testosterone that do not respond to CG stimulation. Missense mutations, nonsense mutations, deletion mutations, and in-frame insertion mutation of the LHR have been identified in patients with LCH. These mutations are not localized in any particular region of the gene and cause variable degrees of receptor-activity loss. The clinical manifestation of patients with LCH with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations can be correlated with the residual activity of their respective mutated LHRs. Homozygous inactivating mutations of the LHR in the female cause hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism with primary amenorrhea or oligoamenorrhea, cystic ovaries, and infertility.