额叶癫痫的录像脑电图分析

目的:探讨额叶癫痫的临床特征、发作期和发作间期的脑电图特点。方法:使用录像脑电图(VEEG)对42例额叶癫痫患者进行长程脑电监测,分析和总结额叶癫痫的临床表现及脑电图所见。结果:42例患者中有可循病因者16例,未发现病因者26例;临床表现复杂,运动症状突出,常迅速泛化,主要形式有局灶阵挛性发作、不对称性强直性发作、假自主运动发作、也可见失神样发作及痴笑发作等其它少见形式。发作间期脑电图能定位于额叶者27例,占64.3%;26例监测到临床发作,发作前2-14 s额区出现爆发性异常节律,发作期由于大量动作伪迹和肌电伪差干扰,影响起源判断。结论:额叶癫痫是一组临床表现复杂多样的癫痫综合征,发作前瞬间的脑电图改变具有重要的定位诊断意义。     

Predictors of outcome in the surgical treatment for epilepsy

Background  Knowledge about factors influencing the prognosis of resective epilepsy surgery can be used to identify which patients are most suitable for surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to identify preoperative prognostic factors associated with the chance of achieving long-term seizure freedom.

Methods  We retrospectively reviewed seizure outcomes and clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histopathology, and surgical variables from 99 epilepsy surgery patients with at least one year of postoperative follow-up. Seizure outcomes were categorized based on the modified classification by the International League Against Epilepsy.

Results  We found that the seizure-free rate was 27.9% after one year, and that it stabilized at about 20.0% between two and six years after surgery. Univariate analysis showed that medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, MRI with visible focal lesions concordant with EEG, and regional ictal EEG and electrocorticography patterns were associated with a favorable surgical outcome. On the other hand, seizure recurrence within six months, incomplete focus resection, and surgical complications were associated with a poor outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and MRI with visible focal lesions were independent presurgical predictors of a favorable outcome (P <0.01). Seizure recurrence within six months was the only significant independent predictor associated with a poor outcome (P <0.01).

Conclusion  Hippocampal sclerosis and abnormal MRI findings are strongly associated with a favorable surgical outcome, whereas seizure recurrence within six months is associated with a poor outcome.

     

癫痫致痫灶切除手术预后及影响其预后的相关因素分析

背景：本研究旨在评价癫痫致痫灶切除术患者的长期预后及对影响其预后的术前因素进行评价,以促进对理想癫痫手术患者的选择。 方法：回顾性评估99例癫痫致痫灶切除术患者的临床、磁共振、病理特点、手术变量和预后情况,并进行至少1年的术后随访。预后分级根据国际抗癫痫联盟（ILAE）预后标准。 结果：本例99例行致痫灶切除术患者中,根据ILAE预后分级：15.2%为Class1a级,5.1%为Class1级,5.1%为Class2级,21.2%为Class3级,22.2%为Class4级,30.3%为Class5级,1.0%为Class6级。生存曲线图描绘的术后癫痫缓解情况显示,术后1年的癫痫缓解率为27.9%,术后2年至6年稳定在20%左右。通过单因素分析结果显示：伴海马硬化的内侧颞叶癫痫（P<0.01）、与致痫灶相一致的MRI异常表现（P<0.05）和发作期及术中皮层描记脑电图局灶放电（P<0.05）的患者手术预后良好;而致痫灶不完全切除（P<0.05）、术后6月内出现首次复发（P<0.01）和术后并发症（P<0.05）患者提示手术预后不佳。经多因素回归分析后,伴海马硬化的内侧颞叶癫痫（P<0.01)和与致痫灶一致的MRI异常表现（P<0.05）为致痫灶切除手术预后良好的独立预测因素,而术后6月内出现首次复发（P<0.01）为提示预后不佳的唯一独立预后因素。 结论：们的研究发现伴海马硬化的内侧颞叶癫痫和与致痫灶一致的MRI异常表现是提示致痫灶切除手术最佳预后的独立预测因素,术后6月内出现首次复发预示长期的预后不良。     

Successful treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with bilateral hippocampal atrophy and false temporal scalp ictal onset: a case report

Patients with bilateral hippocampal atrophy (BHA) in a subgroup suffering from mesial temporal lobe epilepsy represent a therapeutic challenge. We achieved successful surgical treatment in a case with BHA and false lateralized ictal onset on video-scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). A 27-year-old male patient with seizures since the age of 15 years showed current seizures consisting of an epigastric aura, a feeling of difficulty in breathing and oroalimentary automatism, which were frequently followed by secondary generalization with right-arm tonic extension. MRI showed BHA with hyperintensity on FLAIR and a slightly smaller volume in the left hippocampus on volumetry. Ictal EEG started from the left anterior temporal and subtemporal regions, spreading to the right anterior to middle temporal region. Interictal EEG was not lateralized, and showed independent spikes in the bilateral anterior temporal and subtemporal regions. The patient underwent chronic intracranial EEG-monitoring, revealing that the seizure onset originated from the right hippocampus with a rapid spread to the hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex on the left side. We performed a right anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy. Histological diagnosis was classic hippocampal sclerosis. The patient has since been seizure-free for 4 years. In this case, false lateralization may have been caused by an atypical seizure-propagating route to the contralateral temporal region via the dorsal hippocampal commissure instead of the usual pathway to the ipsilateral temporal neocortex. The technique of bilateral intracranial EEG-monitoring is advantageous to lateralize the actual side, particularly in BHA patients even with clearly and falsely lateralized ictal onset on scalp-EEG.     

颞叶癫痫的临床特征脑电图改变及疗效分析

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫的病因、临床特征、发作期及发作间期脑电图特点和治疗效果。方法：对23例诊断为颞叶癫痫的住院病人的临床特征、脑电图和神经影像学资料及治疗效果进行回顾性分析．结果：23例患中有18例有强直阵挛性发作(GTCS)，21例有复杂部分性发作(CPS)，其中5例合并有单纯部分性发作(SPS)。患常规脑电图和24h脑电监测(Video-EEG，VEEG)，共记录到18次临床发作，均为CPS。VEEG除一例正常外，8例主要表现为起源于单侧或双侧颞叶或额叶的棘波。常规脑电图3例未见明显异常，其余均有单侧或双侧颞叶的棘波、棘慢波综合、尖波、尖慢波发放，19例蝶骨电极14例为阳性。2例患服丙戊酸钠，其余患停服原抗癫痫药，改为卡马西平(得理多)，发作控制出院。结论：颞叶癫痫是一组部分性症状性癫痫综合征，多表现为复杂部分性发作，病因多为血管畸形、良性肿瘤、海马硬化。EEG常见单侧或双侧颞叶的棘波。卡马西平(得理多)是治疗颞叶癫痫的首选药物，正确的诊断可以提高对病因和对症治疗的效果。     

Clinical and electroencephalographic data indicative of brain tumours in a seizure population

One hundred and two patients suffering from seizures, with focal EEG signs (101 cases) and focal seizures but generalized EEG abnormalities (one case) were divided into tumour (twenty-one cases) and non-tumour (eighty-one cases) groups on the basis of contrast radiological studies. Retrospective analysis of various clinical data and EEG abnormalities, determined before the contrast radiological examinations, showed that the following were statistically significantly different between the two groups in favour of a tumoral aetiology for the seizures: age at onset of fits (greater than 20 years), presence of focal neurological signs and increased intracranial pressure, presence of focal unilateral delta waves without accompanying epileptic discharges, beta asymmetry between the cerebral hemispheres and hyperventilation-induced electrical seizures. A brain scan was a very useful screening test for the detection of a tumoral aetiology for seizures.     

Gastaut型特发性儿童枕叶癫痫的临床及脑电图分析

目的探讨Gastaut型特发性儿童枕叶癫痫（COE-G）的临床特点、脑电图及预后情况。方法对2003年6月至2010年3月深圳市儿童医院确诊为COE-G的13例患儿应用抗癫痫药物进行治疗,治疗前及治疗后做EEG检查,随诊分析其预后情况,并进行临床特点总结及脑电图资料分析。结果发病年龄中位数为8.7岁,男6例,女7例,临床特征为较频繁的日间视觉症状,常有头眼偏斜及偏头痛症状。患儿均有日间发作,1例夜间也有发作。初级视幻觉9例（69.2%）,失明或视力模糊7例（53.8%）,头痛5例（38.5%）,继发强直阵挛发作3例（23.1%）。发作间期脑电图显示枕区为主的后头部高幅棘波、棘慢波放电,单侧或双侧枕区出现,左右可不同步,常为闭眼诱发,睁眼抑制;伴同侧后颞区棘波活动4例（30.1%）,弥漫性棘波放电1例（7.7%）。发作期脑电图为一侧枕区或后颞区起源的低幅棘波节律持续发放,波幅渐增高并向同侧前头部或对侧后头部扩散。大部分单药治疗有效,部分需要联合用药。11例（84.6%）惊厥缓解,其中一半在青春期晚期终止药物。2例对多种抗癫痫药物反应不佳,1例有轻度认知障碍。结论 COE-G起病较晚,具较确切特征表现,日间视觉症状突出,大多发作频繁,脑电图以枕区棘波放电为特点,抗癫痫药物控制效果较好,预后大多良好。     

Acute and chronic electrical stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus: modulation of reticulo-cortical systems and predictor factors for generalized seizure control

The present report recapitulates the clinical and electrophysiologic studies we have performed on patients with certain forms of medically intractable epilepsy to investigate the basic mechanisms and predictor factors for seizure control of the electrical stimulation of the thalamic centromedian nucleus (CM) procedure. Acute electrical stimulation of CM reveals that in humans, as in other animals, CM represents a thalamic relay of a reticulo-cortical system that participates crucially in wakefulness and attentive processes and in regulation of cortical excitability, as well as in the physiopathology of genuine generalized epileptic seizures. For example, unilateral, threshold, low-frequency (6/sec) stimulation of CM produced electrocortical incremental responses, while high-frequency (60/sec) stimulation of CM produced electroencephalogram (EEG) desynchronization and electronegative DC shifts with no behavioral counterparts. In contrast, combined suprathreshold low-frequency (3/sec) stimulation of CM on one side and of mesencephalic reticular stimulation on the other produced generalized spike-wave complex discharges accompanied by the symptoms of a typical absence attack, including motionless stare, eye blinking, and unresponsiveness of patients to a series of flashes under a simple response task. Chronic bilateral, threshold, high-frequency (60/sec) stimulation of CM significantly decreased the number of primary and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and atypical absence attacks and the amount of interictal generalized EEG discharges in both. In addition, it improved the psychological performance of patients and normalized the EEG by increasing the frequency of background EEG activity. In contrast, chronic stimulation of CM reduced neither the number of complex partial seizures nor the epileptic EEG activities localized in the temporal region. Good outcomes of the chronic CM stimulation procedure were achieved depending on correct selection of patients and accuracy of ventriculographic stereotactic targets, as well as on periodic clinical and EEG evaluation and electrophysiologic monitoring of CM electrical stimulation reliability. However, the presence of 3- to 6-month long-lasting effects of CM stimulation made statistical evaluation of ON-OFF effects of CM stimulation under placebo, double-masked randomized experiments difficult.     

良性婴儿家族性惊厥12例分析

对于良性婴儿家族性惊厥(BIFS)的认识不多,引导我们去发现其临床及脑电图特点。自1996~2004年间,作者陆续发现12例BIFS患儿,具有如下的临床表现:首发年龄3月~2岁,无异常个人史,临床、生化及放射线检查正常,生长发育正常良好。临床及脑电图特征相似:平均发生年龄6月,短暂部分性发作(经常继发全面性发作)及全面性发作,丛集性发作(平均每天发作2~10次),平均持续2天,间歇期脑电图正常,遗传方式显示为常染色体显性遗传。家族史、临床及脑电图特征是认识该病的关键,且预后良好,临床酌情用药。     

额叶癫痫诊断──形态与功能定位的对比

本文对28例额叶癫痫病人的EEG、CT、SPECT检查的定位结果进行了对比研究，结果显示：85．7％的病人在发作间期和／或发作期EEG有额叶定位的征象，其中70％的患者两项结果一致，两者结合可提高定位诊断阳性率及准确率。CT检查仅42．9％发现额叶损害，但仍是重要辅助诊断手段，2例EEG不定位于额叶，CT发现额叶病变。11例SPECT检查中10例有额叶血流灌注异常，其中8例与EEG结果一致，但SPECT的范围多超出额叶，表明SPECT检查在额叶癫痫功能定位方面较敏感，但欠精确。提示EEG、SPECT、CT三者形态与功能定位相结合，对额叶癫痫诊断有较大意义，且有助于进一步进行深部电极精确定位检查及治疗方法选择。     

难治性颞叶内侧癫痫的手术疗效及其影响因素分析

目的分析手术治疗难治性颞叶内侧癫痫（MTLE）的疗效,并对手术疗效的相关因素进行评价。方法回顾性分析2011年 9月~2013年10月于我科行前颞叶切除术（ATL）或选择性海马杏仁核切除术（SAH）治疗的30例难治性MTLE患者术后的癫痫 控制情况,参考Engel分级标准对手术疗效进行评价。收集本研究组中病例的临床资料,分析各因素与手术疗效的相关性。结 果术前评估确诊为难治性MTLE的患者共34例,其中有4例由于颅内脑电监测结果显示癫痫发作为双侧颞叶内侧起源,故未 采取致痫灶切除术。另外30例均接受手术治疗,术后随访3.5~5.5年,其中23例（76.7%）手术疗效满意,7例（23.3%）疗效不佳。 疗效不佳组中6例癫痫发作表现为除典型颞叶内侧癫痫自动症及先兆外,还常继发全面性发作,1例患者伴有智力减退。统计 分析提示无特殊病史者,手术预后较好;ALT与SAH（经颞上沟入路和经外侧裂入路）的手术预后无统计学差异。结论难治性 MTLE经手术治疗可取得满意疗效,无特殊病史者手术预后可能更佳。经颞上沟入路的SAH在难治性MTLE手术治疗中可能 更具有优势。     

热性惊厥伴部分性发作患者的临床特征分析

目的: 探讨我国部分性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症患者临床特点及归类分析.方法: 分析诊断部分性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症患者及其相关家属的临床资料.通过门诊就诊、个人访视、电话等方式收集总结其临床资料,包括临床表现、发病规律、脑电图、影像学资料以及治疗转归情况.结果: 选取的29例患者中,19例有家族史.临床表现为有热性惊厥史,均有部分性发作表现,以复杂部分性发作为主,全面性发作均为强直阵挛发作,1例同时有可疑失神发作,无肌阵挛,强直及失张力发作.16例患者行影像学检查有4例一侧海马萎缩.26例患者接受脑电图检查,16例有局限性癫痫样放电或慢波增多,9例有全面性异常放电,1例基本正常.治疗以卡马西平类效果欠佳,丙戊酸类、托吡酯效果好,对难治性患者,联合氯硝安定效果较好.结论: 部分性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症可能为全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症(GEFS )另一引申亚型,其发病机理可能与GEFS 相似,为离子通道病,其治疗不同于一般的部分性发作.     

外科治疗儿童颞叶癫痫的疗效观察

目的：探讨外科治疗儿童颞叶癫痫的手术效果、方法：对我院1990年至2001年手术治疗34例儿童颞叶癫痫患儿，经CT／MRI、脑电图、神经心理学等检查，行改良的前颞叶切除术切除颞叶，随访2～13年，平均6年。结果：依据Engel分级，痊愈22例（65％），明显好转3例（9％），好转3例（9％），效果不明显2例（6％），失访4例（12％）：结论：手术治疗儿童颞叶癫痫是安全和有效的。     

伴听觉症状的家族性颞叶外侧癫痫的临床特点及LGI1基因突变检测

目的 研究伴听觉症状的常染色体显性遗传颞叶外侧癫痫(ADLTE)一家系相关基因富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活基因1(LGll)的突变,探讨该综合征的临床特征及基因基础.方法 对该家系进行详细的病史询问和遗传学调查,采集患者和家属血液,按受累同胞对配对法对LGIl基因的8个外显子分别设计引物,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)结合DNA测序,检测该家系中有无LGIl基因外显子突变.结果 家系中所有患者符合国际抗癫痫联盟2001年新癫痫综合征标准中ADLTE典型表现,头颅MRI正常,PCR结合DNA序列分析LGIl基因8个外显子未发现突变.结论 该家系临床表现与ADLTE相同,但其发病不是由已知的LGIl基因外显子突变所致.     

Late recurrence of intractable epilepsy associated with MRI-occult pilocytic astrocytoma in the temporal lobe nine years after initial removal: a case report with surgical and late-seizure recurrence observations

A 28-year-old male who presented a relapse of intractable epilepsy consisting of complex partial seizures with occasional secondary generalizations at the age of 26, had undergone removal of a left mesial temporal lobe tumor at another hospital at 18 years old. Pathological examination at that time revealed a low-grade astrocytoma, and the tumor was further treated by complementary adjuvant irradiation therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings on admission portrayed a post-operative cavity anterior to the atrophied hippocampus on the left side with hyperintense in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. There were no enhanced lesions in T1-weighted gadolinium images. As it was diagnosed as left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with preoperative evaluations, the patient underwent left anterior temporal lobe resection (TLR). Intraoperative findings revealed that a small lump of grey tissue was attached to the anteromesial side of the sclerotic hippocampus. We surgically removed this and the tissue was a pilocytic astrocytoma. The patient has since remained seizure-free for 2.5 years. Seizure outcomes at postoperative 1-2 years are highly predictive of long-term outcomes after TLR for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Late-seizure recurrence (> postoperative 2 years) with an initially successful outcome rarely occurs in TLR patients. This case report suggests that recurrence of even benign pilocytic astrocytomas may occur when seizure recurs in long-term follow-up.     

The anticonvulsant action of sodium valproate (Epilim) in 100 patients with various forms of epilepsy.

Sodium valproate (Epilim) has been used in the management of 100 patients with previously uncontrolled epilepsy for periods up to 2 years. If all manifestations of epilepsy are considered together, 75% to 100% control of seizures was achieved in 43% of patients, 25% to 74% control in 26%, and no improvement occurred in 31% of patients. Control of 75% to 100% was achieved in 57% of patients with a spike and wave electroencephalogram (EEG) disturbance but only in 35% of those with focal abnormalities, excessive slow activity, or normal records. When the various manifestations of epilepsy were considered individually, the greatest improvement was found among the patients with the minor forms of generalized epilepsy (petit mal absences, myoclonus and atonic attacks) in whom 75% to 100% control was obtained in 67%, compared with 43% of those with major generalized seizures (grand mal) and 30% of those with temporal lobe attacks and other forms of focal epilepsy. Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness were noted as side effects in the early stages of treatment, but the majority of patients tolerated the drug well and many commented on increased mental alertness while taking it. Two patients were over-stimulated and some noticed tremor or twitching as side effects. Some minor abnormalities in blood coagulation studies were noted, but these were transient and did not appear to be of clinical significance. Regular blood counts and biochemical studies have not shown any significant changes. Sodium valproate appears to be a safe and useful anticonvulsant with the advantage that it usually makes patients brighter rather than drowsier. Abnormalities of platelet function have been described in some overseas reports, so that any unexplained bruising or bleeding in a patient taking valproate is an indication for a platelet count and coagulation studies.     

额叶癫痫发作录像脑电图分析

目的通过录像脑电图观察额叶癫痫的临床特征、发作期及发作间歇期的脑电图特点。方法使用录像脑电图30例确诊为额叶癫痫的患者进行常规及长时间记录，对其中12例癫痫发作的临床表现及脑电图所见进行分析。结果额叶癫痫常见的发作形式有：姿势性发作，具有额叶癫痫特点的自动症；复杂部分性发作时伴发声、偏转或表情的变化，有时出现发作性情绪改变或强迫思维等少见症状。其发作特点为：持续时间短，发作相对较频繁，无明显发作后意识障碍。发作间歇期脑电图有时可无阳性所见，典型的临床发作及发作时VEEG记录到的额部爆发性节律有助于诊断。结论额叶癫痫是一组较为特征性的癫痫综合征，临床并不少见，录像脑电图有助于正确的诊断，以便及时治疗。     

A review of electroencephalograms done at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi

BACKGROUND: Electroencephalogram based studies done elsewhere suggest that epileptiform activity originates predominantly from the left cortical hemisphere. There is evidence that partial epilepsies (focal spike and wave epileptiform discharges on tracings) connotes focal; secondary structural cortical dysfunction. Studies seeking similar findings have not been done locally. OBJECTIVE: To review electroencephalograms (EEGs) done at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH); looking for various types of epileptiform discharges and their cerebral cortex of origin. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya--from January 1986 to June 2004. RESULTS: A total 10431 EEG records were reviewed. Ninety Eight percent of referrals for EEG evaluation was for clinical differential diagnosis of epilepsy. Abnormal EEGs comprised 32.2% of the study population. Epileptiform abnormalities (i.e. focal spike and wave, generalized spike and wave and 3Hz spike and wave) discharges accounted for 75.2% of all abnormal EEG waveform discharges. Of the epileptiform abnormalities, focal spike and wave discharges comprised 71%. Focal spike and wave discharge implies a possible secondary aetiology of epilepsy. The left cerebral hemisphere was the origin of 49.8% of focal spike and wave epileptiform EEG discharges. Multifocal loci in cerebral cortices (i.e. frontal, temporal and parietal) were the foci of origin of abnormal EEG waveforms in 69.9% of recordings. CONCLUSION: Focal spike and wave epileptiform discharges, with attendant likely secondary aetiology of epilepsy is predominantly evident in this study. It contrasts findings from western literature. The left cerebral hemisphere is more epileptogenic as is noted in other studies.     

围发作期心率变化在癫痫部分性发作中的定侧和定位价值研究

目的研究部分性发作中围发作期心率(HR)变化在癫痫术前评估中的定侧和定位价值。方法用同步视频-脑电-心电监测记录38例难治性癫痫患者共86次部分性发作的围发作期HR。测量发作前期(放电开始前1～2min)、发作初期(放电开始5s内)、发作期、发作后早期(放电停止后5min内)、中期(5～30min)和晚期(30min以上)的HR。以HR升高或降低10%作为HR变化的尺度,分析HR变化与半球侧别、不同脑区起始的发作以及发作期症状学间的关系。结果本组病例在围发作期中各个时期均可见HR升高,而HR降低的发生率较低。发作前期和发作期的HR升高在颞叶起始的发作中更常见(P<0.01),但在半球侧别间差异无统计学意义。自动症是出现全身强直-阵挛发作(sGTCS)前引起发作期HR升高的主要症状(50.6%)。57.0%的发作能在发作后早期恢复基础HR,颞叶起始和出现sGTCS的发作HR恢复均延迟至发作后晚期。结论发作前期和发作初期的HR升高在颞叶起始的发作中有定位价值,但无定侧意义。而发作后期HR恢复延迟,可能支持颞叶的定位。     

光敏性强直阵挛发作:局灶性及全面性发作的统一体

目的 探讨间断闪光刺激(intermittent photic stimulation,IPS)诱发的强直阵挛发作(tonic-clonic seizures,TCS)是全面强直阵挛发作(generalized tonic-clonic seizures,GTCS)还是局灶继发全面强直阵挛发作(partial secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures,PGTCS)的性质,分析两者之间的关系。 方法 对2010年3月至2018年10月于北京大学第一医院儿科脑电图病房进行视频脑电图(video electroencephalographic,VEEG)监测的病例进行回顾,共纳入15例在IPS时诱发出TCS的特发性癫痫患儿,对其临床和脑电图特点进行研究。 结果 15例中男4例,女11例,癫痫起病年龄1~13岁。根据病史归纳出的发作类型为:12例GTCS,3例PGTCS。VEEG监测时年龄 2.5~16.0岁,VEEG背景图形均正常。发作间期放电:11例广泛性放电为主,其中4例共存后头部放电,2例共存Rolandic区放电,5例仅有广泛性放电;2例仅有限局性放电,其中1例限局在Rolandic区、1例限局在后头部;其余2例未监测到间期放电。IPS诱发光阵发性反应(photoparoxysmal response,PPR)结果:2例未监测到PPR,余13例PPR为广泛性放电,其中6例共存后头部放电。IPS诱发的光惊厥性反应(photoconvulsive response,PCR)结果:15例均诱发了以TCS为主的PCR,具体包括:1例GTCS(与病史不一致),11例PGTCS(仅2例与病史一致),3例难以明确区分是GTCS还是PGTCS。上述3种情况中,有7例在IPS诱发出TCS前先诱发了全面性肌阵挛发作。 结论 通过病史确定TCS是全面性还是局灶性常不可靠;IPS诱发的TCS多为PGTCS而非GTCS;肌阵挛发作与PGTCS可以共存,且有时GTCS和PGTCS难以区分,这些都提示了癫痫发作“二分法”的分型观点有待改变;光敏性TCS更应被视为介于局灶性发作和全面性发作之间的连续统一体。