微波与氢氧化钠共处理脱除煤中有机硫的研究

以山西新峪煤为研究对象,考察了微波功率、微波辐照时间、NaOH质量分数以及液固质量比等参数对煤中有机硫脱除效果的影响,并对微波处理前后煤样的表面官能团和不同形态硫的含量进行了表征。结果表明,微波与NaOH共处理与两者分别单独处理相比,对煤中有机硫有更明显的脱硫作用,较优的共处理脱硫条件为:微波功率385 W,微波辐照30 min,NaOH质量分数10%以及液固质量比10:1,此时脱硫率高达62.66%。微波处理后煤样中不同形态硫的衍射峰强度明显减弱,与此同时煤中脂肪结构的衍射峰强度也有所减弱。煤中不同形态硫通过微波脱除由易到难的顺序为:硫醇和硫醚,砜类,亚砜,噻吩。在上述较优的工艺条件下新峪煤中硫醇和硫醚的脱除率可达89.87%,砜类的脱除率为79.74%,亚砜类脱除率为44.30%,而噻吩类的脱除率仅为14.07%。微波辐照脱除煤中的有机硫的作用机制主要是通过热效应促进NaOH与煤中的有机硫化物发生反应,同时也能促进煤中键能较小的C-S键直接发生断裂。     

煤微波脱硫及其与试样介电性质的关系

煤和浸提剂,在箱式反应器中,以2.45GHz频率微波照射进行脱硫。结果表明:以废碱液-Ⅱ为浸提剂,经一次照射(50秒/次)后,煤的总硫脱除率达50～60%(其中无机硫90%左右,有机硫5～30%);二次照射后,总硫脱除率达75～85%(其中无机硫90%以上,有机硫50～60%)。煤样的介电损耗ε″很小,加入ε″很大的废碱液-Ⅱ,可提高试样的ε″,增强试样吸收微波能力,从而提高了脱硫效果。     

Fe2(SO4)3氧化脱除煤中无机硫的研究

以3种高硫煤为对象,考察了反应温度、反应时间、Fe2(SO4)3溶液浓度和原煤粒度等因素对Fe2(SO4)3溶液热处理脱硫效果的影响,并对脱硫前后原煤理化性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明：在Fe2(SO4)3溶液浓度为1 mol/L,反应温度为90 ℃,反应时间为4 h,煤粒度小于0.096 mm的条件下,原煤中黄铁矿硫的脱除率高达67%,而煤中的有机硫含量并无明显的变化;升高反应温度,增加Fe2(SO4)3溶液浓度,延长反应时间以及减小原煤粒径均可在一定程度上提高原煤的黄铁矿硫和全硫的脱硫率;经Fe2(SO4)3溶液处理后原煤的黏结性均出现了不同程度的下降,其中新峪煤完全失去了黏结性;Fe2(SO4)3溶液脱除原煤中无机硫主要是通过Fe3+的强氧化性将黄铁矿硫氧化为SO2-4进而脱除。     

化学精煤制备的研究

采用ＮａＯＨ／ＨＣｌ处理脱除煤中矿物质及硫是一种制备化学精煤的有效。对帮物质与硫脱除的影响因素及脱除机理进行了探讨，指出了碱处理温度的影响最为显著，其次是碱浓度，煤的粒度，液固化及反应时间也有不同程度的影响。     

污泥与煤共气化过程中含磷化合物对硫元素释放规律的影响

考察了城市污泥与神府煤共气化过程中硫元素的挥发行为。结合X射线衍射（XRD）分析与热力学计算,讨论了含磷化合物对硫挥发行为的影响机理。实验结果表明:污泥中磷酸铝可与硬石膏发生反应,使混合物中硫元素在较低温度下挥发出来。当气化温度为900~1 200 ℃时,污泥对硫元素挥发比例影响最为显著。当气化温度为1 000 ℃时,含磷质量分数为0.5%与1.0%的污泥煤混合物中,硫元素挥发比例较神府煤分别上升了19.2%和35.5%。当气化温度高于1 300 ℃时,样品中大部分硫元素挥发出来,污泥对混合物中硫元素挥发比例影响不显著。     

煤热解过程中含硫气体的释放特征

利用热解炉-高分辨飞行时间质谱联用仪和热解炉-同步辐射光电离飞行时间质谱仪检测不同含硫量的煤IBC105和C22650在热解过程中释放的8种含硫气体,并对这8种含硫气体的释放规律进行了分析.实验结果表明,在200℃—400℃的热解区间内含硫气体释放相对较多,表明硫元素大部分是以有机态的形式在煤中赋存,而且芳香硫相对于脂肪硫含量较多;同时含硫量较高的煤IBC105中噻吩硫的热解释放量,较煤C22650多;由于煤中芳香性有机物的裂解多以苄基的形式出现,因此在两种煤中二苄基硫醚释放量都较噻吩或者苯并噻吩多.     

温和条件下碱／ 酸法脱除煤中矿物质的研究

采用浓碱－稀酸法（10％NaOH,124度，10Hcl酸洗）及稀碱－烯酸法（10％NaOH,170度，压力≤0.8MPa,10%HCl酸洗，脱除萍乡煤和阳泉煤中的矿物质，其脱除率分别可达81．0％及90．0％，考察了碱浓度，处理温度及反应时间对脱除率的影响，通过X射线衍射和电子能谱分析探讨了矿物质脱除机理，结果表明，酸不溶性矿物质中高岭石，伊利石较容易脱除，石英，黄铁矿较难脱除。     

中国低阶烟煤和石油渣油的混合加工研究

在小型间歇式反应釜内,进行了文题的试验,考察了降低反应温度和压力的可能性。发现煤种影响虽不如煤直接液化那样敏感,但选择合适煤种仍是重要的。在440℃、18MPa(冷初压6MPa)、60min和加赤泥催化剂时,以依兰煤和阿拉伯减压渣油为原料进行混合加工,石脑油产率21%,重油产率36%,后者平均分子量为291,400℃热失重率65.2%,Ni和V的脱除率分别达81.0%和97.2%。     

XDS溶剂常压吸收脱除高酸性石油天然气中的有机硫效果

为了满足高酸性天然气的脱硫要求,基于醇胺类脱硫剂的脱硫机理,研制了对硫,尤其是对有机硫含量高的天然气具有良好脱除效果的复合高效脱硫溶剂（XDS）,优化了脱硫工艺条件,并与甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）溶剂的脱硫性能进行了对比分析。结果表明：当XDS质量分数为41%,气液体积比（Vg/Vl）为131、操作温度为16 ℃时,净化效果最好,此时尾气中H2S和总硫的质量浓度分别为4.0 mg/m3和20.2 mg/m3,φ(CO2)<0.1%,达到一类天然气指标要求。XDS和MDEA对H2S和CO2含量高的天然气均具有良好的脱除效果,但在脱除高含量的COS和硫醇等有机硫化物时,XDS显著优于MDEA。     

煤有机质在化学脱灰过程中的变化

碱－酸处理可以脱除煤中矿物质，虽然在较低温度下采用ＮａＯＨ－ＨＣｌ水溶液处理不会破坏煤的主体结构，但红外光谱中羟基吸收峰的增加表明部分弱的醚键发生了水解。碱－酸处理前后煤的溶剂抽提率基本不变，但溶胀率增加以及热失重减小等现象表明煤中主价键未发生断裂但煤分子间作用力却发生了变化。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.