Enterococci highly resistant to penicillin: characterizing isolates from Singapore hospitals.

Enterococci are increasing in importance as nosocomial pathogens and causes of severe sepsis in immunocompromised patients. From September to November 1989, a survey of 898 enterococcal isolates showed that 52 had acquired high-level resistance to penicillin and ampicillin (MIC greater than 100 mg/l). These were all Enterococcus faecium, did not produce beta-lactamase and showed high-level resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin as well. The majority were urinary isolates, but a few caused bacteraemia in severely ill patients. The potential spread of these highly-resistant enterococci would limit the therapeutic options for systemic infections.     

Emergence of multidrug resistant enterococci at a tertiary care centre

Background

Enterococci have assumed great clinical importance because of their increasing resistance to various antimicrobial agents. Thus, knowledge about the antibiogram of these multidrug resistant isolates is of utmost importance in formulating an effective antibiotic policy to treat these infections and reducing the morbidity and mortality. Aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of enterococci and determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance among them.

Methods

This cross sectional study was carried out from August 2011 to February 2014, in which 200 non-repetitive clinical isolates of enterococci were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, streptomycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid was determined by E-test method.

Results

The prevalence of multidrug resistance among enterococcal isolates was found to be 63%. Varying levels of resistance was seen to various antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to penicillin (95%), ampicillin (95%) and cotrimoxazole (90%). High level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) and glycopeptide resistance was seen in 39% and 14% isolates respectively. Only 4 isolates (2%) were found to be resistant to linezolid.

Conclusion

The prevalence of multidrug resistance among enterococci was found to be 63%, the resistance being more common in Enterococcus faecium as compared to Enterococcus faecalis. The study highlights the emergence and increased prevalence of multidrug resistant enterococci which pose a serious therapeutic challenge.     

耐高浓度氨基糖苷类抗生素的肠球菌检测与分析

目的：检测临床标本中耐高浓度氨基糖苷类抗生素的肠球菌与耐万古霉素肠球菌分布及耐药频率，以配合院内感染监控工作开展，指导临床合理用药。方法：依据全国临床检验操作规程进行肠球菌分离及药敏试验。结果：从临床标本中分离466株病原菌，其中肠球菌63株占13.5％。肠球菌对庆大霉素高耐药率69.8％，低耐药率6.3％，敏感率23.8％；对链霉素高耐药率74.6％，低耐药率20.6％，敏感率4.8％。肠球菌高耐率分别占庆大霉素与链霉素耐药率91.7%与78.3％。尚未发现万古霉素耐药株。结论：肠球菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的高度耐药性应引起临床和检验工作的高度重视。     

53株临床分离肠球菌的耐药性及相关耐药基因分析

目的 了解临床分离的53株肠球菌的耐药性与耐药基因的存在状况.方法 采用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定仪检测肠球菌对9种抗生素的药敏结果,对该细菌进行总DNA的提取,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测耐药基因,结合药物敏感试验分析菌株的耐药特征.结果 53株肠球菌检出含红霉素耐药基因ermB 26株,占49.0％；含毒力因子mefA9株,占17.0％;含Tn1546/Tn916转座子19株,占35.8％；含Tn917转座子11株,占20.8％.53株肠球菌对红霉素耐药高达94.3％,对高水平庆大霉素、高水平链霉素、环丙沙星、四环素和氨苄西林的耐药分别为75.5％、73.6％、75.5％、66.0％、62.3％;对万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感均高达98.1％.结论 耐药基因与肠球菌耐药性密切相关,随着医学环境的改变,肠球菌对抗生素耐药性正逐步上升.     

Antimicrobial resistance from enterococci in a pediatric hospital. Plasmids in Enterococcus faecalis isolates with high-level gentamicin and streptomycin resistance

BACKGROUND: Enterococcus spp. is an important nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen. Recent studies have documented the increasing importance of this pathogen in children, particularly in the hospital setting. Our objective in this study was to report the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci and to determine the characteristics of high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) plasmids in Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-nine enterococcal isolates were collected during an 18-month period from a tertiary-care pediatric hospital in Mexico City. Isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance, including HLGR. High-level, gentamicin-resistant E. faecalis strains were selected for pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and plasmid analysis. Transferability of resistance markers was carried out using filter matings. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of isolates were E. faecalis, 10% were E. avium, 5.2% E. faecium, 5.2% E. raffinossus, 1.38% E. malodoratus, 0.6% E. hirae, and 0.6% E. casseliflavus. Antimicrobial resistance was ampicillin and penicillin 29%, imipenem 17%, and vancomycin 3%, HLGR 5%. The following 15 high-level, gentamicin-resistant isolates were identified: six E. faecalis; four E. avium; three E. faecium, and two E. casseliflavus. Five of the six E. faecalis isolates were different by PFGE and transferred gentamicin and streptomycin resistance on filter membranes. Transfer frequencies ranged from 8.2 x 10(-4) to 6.92 x 10(-5) transconjugants/recipient cell. The plasmid content of donors and transconjugants were homogeneous (one plasmid of 47 kb). CONCLUSIONS: In this pediatric hospital, antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. is common. Frequency of high-level, gentamicin-resistant strains is low. Mechanism of HLGR appears to be due to a single plasmid dissemination.     

红霉素耐药肠球菌的质粒接合试验

目的：研究儿童临床分离的30株肠球菌,红霉素耐药性在同属同种、同属异种和异属细菌之间的传递。方法：使用临床实验室标准化研究所（CLSI）推荐的琼脂稀释法筛选30株耐红霉素的肠球菌,通过滤膜接合法进行质粒接合转移试验,采用PCR检测供体菌、受体菌和接合子ermB基因和转座子Tn1545、Tn917。结果：13株粪肠球供体菌通过质粒接合转移试验后得到13株接合子,红霉素最小抑菌浓度（MIC）≥512μg／ml,除原供体菌1株粪肠球菌阴性外,其余的12株接合子全部携带ermB基因,且ermB基因均同时存在于转座子Tn1545和Tn917;16株屎肠球供体菌和1株海氏肠球供体菌通过质粒接合转移试验后得到17株接合子,红霉素MIC≥512μg／ml,除原供体菌1株屎肠球菌阴性外,其余16株接合子全部携带ermB基因,并且有11株接合子ermB基因同时存在于Tn1545和Tn917,4株接合子ermB基因仅存在于Tn1545,1株接合子ermB基因仅存在于Tn917;30株肠球菌通过质粒接合转移试验后得到的30株金黄色葡萄球菌接合子,红霉素MIC≥512μg／ml,除原供体菌1株粪肠球菌和1株屎肠球菌阴性外,其余的28株接合子全部携带ermB基因,其中ermB基因同时存在于Tn1545和Tn917的为23株,4株接合子ermB基因仅存在于Tn1545,1株接合子ermB基因仅存在于Tn917。结论：肠球菌对红霉素的耐药性可以在同属同种、同属异种和异属之间进行传递;红霉素的耐药性与ermB基因存在一致,ermB基因与Tn1545和Tn917密切相关,ermB基因与Tn1545和Tn917可以在同属同种、同属异种和异属之间进行传递。     

粪、屎肠球菌对9种常用抗生素的敏感性分析

目的分析我院2003—2006年临床标本分离的粪、屎肠球菌对9种常用抗生素的敏感性，为临床医生提供粪、尿肠球菌感染的治疗对策。方法应用VITEK-32微生物系统回顾性分析近4a我院粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对抗生素的敏感性。结果432株粪、屎肠球菌在临床分离的所有肠球菌中占77．0％，其中粪肠球菌为274株（48．8％），屎肠球菌为158株（28．2％）。粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌51起的感染部位有差异，前3位分离粪肠球菌的临床标本依次为尿液46．0％、脓性分泌物31．0％、痰液18．6％。分离屎肠球菌的临床标本依次为尿液75．9％、脓性分泌物15．8％、痰液5．1％。粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因、力奈唑烷、万古霉素敏感率〉90％，对高浓度的庆大霉素、链霉素、四环素、左氧氟沙星和莫昔沙星敏感率〈50％。屎肠球菌对力奈唑烷、万古霉素敏感率〉90％，对四环素敏感率78％～88％。对高浓度的庆大霉素、链霉素敏感率〈50％，对左氧氟沙星、莫昔沙星、青霉素-G敏感率〈10％。结论临床分离的肠球菌以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主，屎肠球菌对四环素敏感率高于粪肠球菌，屎肠球菌对多种抗生素较粪肠球菌具有更强的耐药性，粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素敏感率89．8％和91．6％。粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率6．9％和7．0％。     

The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Abrus precatorius (L) fabaceae extract on some clinical pathogens

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the in-vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts of Abrus precatorius on some clinical isolates as resistance to available and affordable antibiotics by these pathogens is on the increase. METHOD: In this study the antimicrobial effects of the extracts of Abrus precatorius from leaves, stem and the seed oil were tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, three clinical S. aureus isolates from different sources, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus anginosus (S.milleri), Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium spp (toxigenic strain of the mitis biotype), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion technique. Aqueous and methanolic extraction, using the soxhlet extractor was carried out on all plant parts used while petroleum ether was the solvent used to extract the seed oil. To measure the MIC values, various concentrations of the stock, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8 and 4 microg/ml were assayed against the test bacteria. RESULT: At the different concentrations of the extracts used (512 microg/ml - 4 microg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive organism with an MIC of 8 ug/ml for the leaf extract. Extract from the stem and seed oil were potent against some of the gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans but not against S anginosus, E. faecalis and gram-negative bacteria tested. The pH of the extracts ranged between pH5 and pH8. This study demonstrates that Abrus precatorius particularly the seed oil has a potent antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION: The results substantiate the ethno botanical use of different parts of Abrus precatorius for the treatment of various bacteria-related diseases. Topical application of Abrus precatorius extracts in ointments may be recommended especially for treating superficial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.     

庆大霉素高水平耐药肠球菌的修饰酶基因检测与临床研究

目的：了解庆大霉素高水平耐药肠球菌（HLGR）的耐药性、修饰酶类型和同源性，以指导临床合理用药。方法：用琼脂筛选法筛选出HLGR，采用K—B法测定其对14种抗菌药物的耐药性；用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分析住院患者HLGR的同源性；PCR法检测HLGR的主要修饰酶基因。结果：64．2％的肠球菌为HLGR。HLGR对利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁无耐药性。在HLGR中屎肠球菌合并β-内酰胺类抗生素和喹诺酮类药物耐药的分离率明显高于粪肠球菌。68株HLGR中63株aac（6’）-Ie—aph（2’）-Ia基因阳性（92．6％）；3株与aph（2’）-Id基因有高同源性。在51株住院患者分离的HLGR中，屎肠球菌的PFGE图谱有8型（A～H），以A型为主；粪肠球菌的PFGE图谱有4型（A～D），呈多克隆散发。结论：HLGR已成为医院感染的重要耐药菌，其主要通过aac（6’）-Ie—aph（2’）-Ia基因编码的修饰酶造成对庆大霉素高度耐药。     

Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to seven antibiotics in vitro

One hundred consecutive isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were tested for susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, cephaloridine and cephalexin by an agar dilution method. Relative resistance to penicillin was frequent. For 39% of isolates the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin was 0.05 U./ml. or less; in 55% the MIC was 0.5 to 2.0 U./ml. Ampicillin was slightly more active than penicillin G: all isolates were inhibited by 0.5μg./ml. or less. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was frequent with MIC of 1 μg./ml. or greater observed in 32 and 24% of isolates respectively. The MIC of kanamycin for all gonococci was 8 μg./ml. or greater. Cephalexin was slightly more active than cephaloridine, though each drug exhibited a wide range of MIC values. Gonococcus isolates resistant to penicillin (MIC of 1.0 U./ml. or greater) tended to be resistant to the other antibiotics tested.     

2000～2002年北京、上海及广州三地儿童携带流感嗜血杆菌抗生素敏感性监测

目的了解当前我国儿童携带流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗生素的敏感性情况,以便有效指导临床合理用药和预防.方法采用E-test最小抑菌浓度 (MIC) 方法及KB纸片扩散法对2000～2002年北京、上海、广州3所儿童医院上呼吸道感染儿童携带流感嗜血杆菌进行10种常用抗生素敏感性检测.结果氨苄青霉素对898株流感嗜血杆菌的MIC50和MIC90分别为0.25 μg/ml和4 μg/ml,敏感性88.0%,10.6%菌株对氨苄青霉素耐药,所有氨苄青霉素中度敏感株和耐药株均产β-内酰胺酶,分离株产β-内酰胺酶率为12%;分离株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛敏感性均为100%;头孢克罗对分离株MIC50和MIC90分别为1.5 μg/ml和3 μg/ml,敏感性略低(96.1%),耐药率1.8%.流感嗜血杆菌对阿奇霉素、环丙沙星敏感率分别为100%和99%,对氯霉素、四环素、磺胺甲(口恶)唑/甲氧苄氨嘧啶(SMZ/TMP)耐药率分别为11%、18%、54.4%.北京和上海分离株对四环素敏感性分别为57%和61%,明显低于广州分离株(81%);广州和上海分离株对SMZ/TMP敏感性分别为47%和54%,明显高于北京株(35%);2000～2002年的3年中,分离株对氨苄青霉素敏感性呈逐年下降趋势,对氨苄青霉素总体耐药率由2000年的7.7%增加至2002年的14.5%.本研究中,34.5%分离株对8种抗生素均敏感,多重耐药株占12.8%, 敏感株的分布有地区差异.58.5%的分离株分布在5个常见耐药表型中,其中单一SMZ/TMP耐药最多(29.8%);其次,SMZ/TMP和四环素交叉耐药(12.5%),单纯四环素耐药居第三位(9.4%).氨苄青霉素不敏感株对头孢克罗、四环素、SMZ/TMP和氯霉素耐药率分别为23.5%、63.3%、74.5%和63.3%,明显高于氨苄青霉素敏感株(1.6%、51.4%、11.1% 和4.9%);氨苄青霉素与头孢克罗对菌株MIC值呈正相关,与SMZ/TMP和氯霉素对菌株抑菌能力呈负相关.结论三地儿童携带流感嗜血杆菌的产酶率正在上升,导致菌株对氨苄青霉素耐药性增加,分离株对部分抗生素的耐药性有明显地域差异,菌株对氨苄青霉素耐药性与其对氯霉素、SMZ/TMP、头孢克罗耐药性有明显相关性.     

尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：探讨尿路感染的病原菌分布特点和细菌耐药现状,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法收集2012年6月-2013年9月我院尿路感染患者标本中分离的171株病原菌进行鉴定,同时对G-杆菌进行超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检测,肠球菌属进行庆大霉素高水平耐药（HLGR）筛选。结果尿路感染病原菌分布占前三位的细菌为大肠埃希菌（33.92%）、肠球菌属（19.30%）、真菌（12.87%）,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌检出率为65.52%,产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为66.67%,HLGR肠球菌属检出率为51.52%。结论重视尿细菌培养和药敏试验,对院内感染的控制、抗菌药物的合理使用十分重要。     

AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶在阴沟肠杆菌中的表达及对其耐药性的影响

目的：研究AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）在阴沟肠杆菌中的流行情况及对其耐药性的影响。方法：琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,三维试验、等电聚焦电泳、接合试验及聚合酶链反应分析耐药菌的产酶情况。结果：106株阴沟肠杆菌中,单纯高产AmpC酶者、单纯产ESBL者、高产AmpC酶并产ESBL者分别占16.0％、10.4％、13.2％。CTX-M型和SHV型ESBL的检出率分别为17.0％（18/106）和6.6％（7/106）。碳青霉烯类抗生素对阴沟肠杆菌均有很好的抗菌活性(MIC90≤2цg/ml)。单纯高产AmpC酶菌对头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、庆大霉素和环丙沙星的敏感率均超过70％;单纯产ESBL菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星和阿米卡星的敏感率均超过60％;高产AmpC酶并产ESBL菌对除碳青霉烯类外的其他抗生素的敏感率均低于25％。结论：CTX-M型ESBL已经在阴沟肠杆菌中流行。产ESBL和高产AmpC酶同样是导致阴沟肠杆菌对第3代头孢菌素耐药的重要原因。ESBL在高产AmpC酶菌株中的流行增强了此类菌株的耐药性。     

Analysis of Etiology and Drug Resistance of Biliary Infections

Summary: The bile was collected from fro patients with biliary infections, with the bacterium isolated to study the sensitivity of each kind of the bacterium to several antibiotics in common use. Except G- bacterium, we also found some kinds of G bacterium in infection bile. G- bacterium were not sensitive to Clindamycin. G bacterium were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Escherichia coil.Xanthomonas maltophilia. Enterobacter cloacae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to Ampi-cillin. G bacterium were not sensitive to Azactam. Enterococcus faecalis. Enterococcus faecium.Enterobacter cloacae were not sensitive to Ceftazidime. Enterococcus faecalis. Staphylococcus coagulase negative. Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not sensitive to Ceftriaxone Sodium. We didn‘t found any bacterium resistance Imipenem. The possibility of the existence of G bacterium as well as drug resistance should he considered n patients with biliary infections.The value of susceptibility test should be respected to avoid drug abuse of antibiotics.     

HLGR肠球菌的检测及肠球菌耐药性变迁的分析

目的了解高水平庆大霉素耐药(HLGR)的肠球菌的检出情况及肠球菌耐药性变迁。方法采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)抗生素敏感试验检测1999—2000年和2003—2004年两个时期从临床标本中分离出的肠球菌。结果在1999—2000年间，庆大霉素高水平耐药肠球菌的检出率是40．0％(16／40)，肠球菌对红霉素、四环素、利福平、氯霉素、氨苄西林、氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因的耐药率分别是65．0％(26／40)、70．0％(28／40)、55．0％(22／40)、42．5％(17／40)、7．5％(3／40)、27．5％(11／40)、0，未检出万古霉素耐药的肠球菌。在2003～2004年间。庆大霉素高水平耐药肠球菌的检出率是50．0％(30／60)，肠球菌对上述相应抗生素的耐药率分别是80．0％(48／60)、61．7％(37／60)、55．0％(33／60)、38．3％(23／60)、53.3％(32／60)、51．7％(31／60)、8．3％(5／60)，检出1株耐万古霉素的肠球菌(占1．7％)。结论随着时间的推移，本地区HLAR肠球菌的检出率在逐渐增加。肠球菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药率除四环素、利福平和氯霉素外，其余均呈增加趋势，万古霉素仍是治疗肠球菌感染的有效药物。临床上治疗肠球菌引起的感染，必须根据分离株的耐药特点选择合适的抗生素。     

湖北地区肠球菌耐药性观察

目的：分析临床分离肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法：对湖北地区11所医院1998年10月～1999年9月临床分离肠球菌进行K-B药敏试验,用WHONET-4软件完成数据分析。结果：254株肠球菌中,粪肠球菌183株(72．0％),屎肠球菌38株(14．9％);肠球菌主要来自中段尿,其次为伤口、呼吸道、穿刺引流液。庆大霉素高耐株、链霉素高耐株分离率分别为47．3％和56．0％,耐万古霉素肠球菌分离率5．3％。粪肠球菌对庆大霉素、氯霉素、四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均大于60％,屎肠球菌对β-内酰胺类相对耐药,对庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率为51．6％～92．3％。结论：肠球菌耐药尤其多重耐药严重。     

多粘菌素B等对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的测定多粘菌素B等抗菌药物对铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌活性,为临床治疗药物选择提供实验室依据。方法对127株临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,采用琼脂对倍稀释法测定多粘菌素B、米诺环素等12种抗菌药物的MIC值。结果亚胺培南对多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌有较强的抗菌活性,MIC50为2μg/ml,MIC90为16μg/ml,多粘菌素与米诺环素也有很好的抗菌活性,MIC50分别为0.5μg/ml与2μg/ml,MIC90分别为4μg/ml与8μg/ml。结论碳青霉烯类、多粘菌素B及米诺环素对临床常见多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌具有良好的抗菌活性。     

临床常见致病菌的分布及药物敏感性监测

目的对临床常见致病菌的分布及药物敏感性进行监测。方法收集2005年2月-2006年2月我院分离的3565株常见致病菌进行统计和细菌耐药分析。结果3565株致病菌中常见的菌株依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌等。产ESBLs的大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌检出率分别是48．2％、21．8％。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南敏感率仅为76％；MRSA检出率为59．0％，MRSE的检出率则高达83．6％。56％的粪肠球菌和76％屎肠球菌发生高水平庆大霉素耐药；58％6的粪肠球菌和64％屎肠球菌发生高水平链霉素耐药；VRE中，粪肠球菌检出率为23．0％，屎肠球菌12．0％。结论细菌耐药性问题是抗感染治疗的主要威胁，临床应该依据药敏实验结果合理用药。     

泌尿系统感染分离的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解合肥市第二人民医院泌尿系统感染病原菌分布和耐药谱变迁情况,为临床泌尿系统感染治疗提供实验室依据。方法细菌鉴定、药敏试验采用ATB EXPRESSION半自动微生物分析仪检测,ELBLs按CLSI推荐的确诊试验检测检测。结果泌尿系统感染的主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌270株(占37.4%)、肠球菌190株(占26.3%)、真菌91株(占9.8%)、变形杆菌属35株(占4.8%),葡萄球菌属31株(占4.3%)、克雷伯菌29株(4.0%);2011年分离的大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟耐药性及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的检出率较高于2010年,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大肠埃希菌对青霉素类和头孢菌素类耐药性较高,对碳青酶烯类保持较高敏感性,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星耐药性较低;肠球菌对红霉素、四环素、利福平均有较高的耐药性,且屎肠球菌对左氧氟沙星、喹奴普汀/达福普汀、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、庆大霉素(高浓度)、青霉素及链霉素(高浓度)耐药性高于粪肠球菌,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论引起泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布较广,耐药性也较严重,且个体耐药谱不同,临床医师应积极送检,根据个体耐药谱,合理选用抗生素治疗。     

医院常见病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 了解本院近9年常见病原菌分布及近1年常见致病菌的耐药情况.方法 用API半自动微生物鉴定系统进行鉴定及药敏试验.结果 13 942份临床标本中共分离出病原菌3723株,阳性率26.7%,病原菌分布于38个属,107个种.革兰阴性菌构成比高于革兰阳性菌.最常见的病原菌是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS),占15.7%,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属.葡萄球菌对万古霉素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、呋喃妥因、米诺环素、夫西地酸、替考拉宁及利福平敏感,而对青霉素、苯唑西啉和红霉素耐药率高达80%以上.肠球菌及链球菌对多种抗生素耐药,如对红霉素及氯林可霉素耐药率高达88%以上,但对万古霉素最敏感.各主要致病革兰阴性菌(沙门菌除外)对亚胺培南、美洛培南及阿米卡星均敏感,而对庆大霉素、头孢噻吩及头孢呋辛耐药率均在60%以上.沙门菌属则对多种抗生素敏感.结论 本院近9年病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,除沙门菌外,均存在严重耐药问题,及时监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势对指导临床用药至关重要.