β-葡萄糖苷酶水解栀子苷的工艺研究

目的：研究栀子苷元最佳制备工艺。方法：采用β-葡萄糖苷酶水解的方法将栀子苷转化为苷元，以栀子苷元转化率为指标，正交试验优化β-葡萄糖苷酶水解栀子苷的工艺。结摹：最佳水解条件为：水解介质pH4．5、反应温度50℃、酶用量9600U·ml^-1，水解时间1h，栀子苷元转化率为44．7％，纯度为97．3％。结论：选取的水解工艺条件合理、可行，栀子苷元转化率高。     

聚山梨酯80辅助酶法制备柚皮素的研究

目的 研究在柚皮苷酶解液中加入聚山梨酯80后辅助酶解制备柚皮素。方法 将聚山梨酯80加入柚皮苷酶解液中,以转化率为指标,通过单因素考察聚山梨酯80的质量浓度、pH值、温度、酶与底物的质量比、底物质量浓度及反应时间对转化率的影响,并通过正交试验优化其制备工艺;采用¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR鉴定水解产物。结果 柚皮苷在最佳酶解条件下（聚山梨酯80质量浓度5 g/L、pH 4.0、温度37 ℃、酶与底物的质量比0.6、底物质量浓度30 mg/mL和反应时间12 h）的转化率为（97.4±1.2）%,远大于未加聚山梨酯80时柚皮苷的转化效率（56.7±1.4）%;反应产物相对分子质量为272.25,核磁共振谱证实产物为柚皮素。结论 在柚皮苷酶解液中加入聚山梨酯80后酶解制备柚皮素,可以缩短反应时间、提高底物质量浓度、减少酶用量,从而显著提高转化效率。该工艺简单稳定,适合工业化生产。     

纤维素酶转化淫羊藿苷制备宝藿苷I的研究

目的 研究宝藿苷I的制备工艺。 方法 采用纤维素酶水解淫羊藿苷制备宝藿苷I,以转化率为指标,通过单因素考察pH值、温度、底物的浓度、酶用量、反应时间及金属离子对转化率的影响L9(34),正交试验优化制备工艺;采用MS, 1H-NMR、13C-NMR鉴定水解产物。 结果 酶解反应的最适条件为温度50 ℃、反应介质pH 5.2醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液,底物浓度为10 mg/mL,酶与底物质量比1∶1,反应时间48 h,钠离子、钙离子、镁离子、锌离子、对酶解反应无显著影响(P>0.05),铁离子对酶解反应有抑制作用(P<0.01);反应产物相对分子质量为514,核磁图谱证实产物为宝藿苷I。结论 纤维素酶水解淫羊藿苷制备宝藿苷I,工艺简单可靠,反应条件温和,适合工业化生产。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶水解黄芪甲苷的研究

目的 采用β-葡萄糖苷酶水解黄芪甲苷,并对其酶水解动力学进行初步研究。方法 以HPLC-ELSD法检测水解液中黄芪甲苷及水解产物环黄芪醇-6-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（CMG）的量,以黄芪甲苷的水解转化率为指标,考察各反应因素对转化率的影响,并对该反应进行动力学研究。结果 最佳反应条件为反应温度50 ℃,溶液pH值5.0,酶浓度460 U/mL,底物初始浓度0.1 mmol/L,反应时间48 h;在此条件下,水解转化率达到90%以上。在最佳反应条件下,该水解反应过程符合单底物Michaelis Menten方程,其中最大反应速率（V_m）值为0.037 mmol/(L?min),米氏常数（K_m）值为5.8 mmol/L。结论 采用β-葡萄糖苷酶水解黄芪甲苷制备CMG可行;商品化的β-葡萄糖苷酶并非黄芪甲苷的特异性水解酶。     

栀子环烯醚萜苷的大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺研究

目的 研究大孔吸附树脂纯化栀子环烯醚萜苷类成分的工艺条件及参数。方法 采用UV法和HPLC法分别测定栀子总环烯醚萜苷和栀子苷的量;采用静态吸附和动态吸附考察大孔吸附树脂的吸附、解吸性能和纯化效果。结果 综合考虑生产成本及纯化效果,D-101大孔吸附树脂纯化效果较好,最佳工艺条件：柱高径比3∶1,上样液质量浓度为1.0 g/mL、吸附体积流量为0.5 BV/h、树脂吸附量为生药2.5 g/g、洗脱溶媒为50%乙醇、洗脱体积流量为2 BV/h,洗脱溶媒用量2 BV。结论 D-101大孔吸附树脂对栀子环烯醚萜苷纯化效果较好,工艺稳定可行,可用于工业化生产。     

鸦胆子油的两相体系酶解工艺的研究

目的 利用脂肪酶催化鸦胆子油中的油脂水解成脂肪酸和甘油,得到质量分数相对较高的混合脂肪酸。方法 在对酶量、有机相、水相量、反应时间、温度、pH值的单因素分析的基础上,利用PB实验找出主要的酶解影响因素,并通过响应面分析法对重要影响因素进行酶法水解优化,得出的最优酶解条件。结果 最优酶解条件为加入pH 8.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液量5 mL/g、石油醚量1 mL/g和酶量12 mg/g,酶解温度为38.8 ℃的条件下酶促水解7 h,该条件下鸦胆子酶解产物的脂肪酸质量分数达63.42%。结论 通过酶解处理,提高了鸦胆子油中药效成分。     

栀子炮制前后绿原酸、栀子苷和西红花苷-I的比较

目的 比较不同产地的栀子及其炮制品中绿原酸、栀子苷和西红花苷-I的量。方法 栀子及其不同炮制品以50%甲醇溶液超声提取,采用高效液相二极管阵列法（HPLC-DAD）检测,应用Agilent Zorbax C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以0.4%磷酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量1 mL/min,柱温25 ℃,检测波长分别为240、330、440 nm。结果 不同产地的栀子经炮制后,3种成分的量均显著下降,焦栀子中较炒栀子中的量更低;西红花苷-I在炒栀子和焦栀子中均检测不到。结论 不同产地的栀子中主要有效成分的量存在差异,炮制可减少栀子中某些有效成分的量。     

栀子苷经鼻给药醇质体喷雾剂的制备及其体外鼻黏膜渗透性研究

目的 研究栀子苷经鼻给药醇质体喷雾剂的最佳制备工艺,并考察其体外鼻黏膜渗透性规律和该制剂的鼻黏膜纤毛毒性。方法 采用注入法制备栀子苷醇质体,以包封率为评价指标,应用星点设计-效应面法对栀子苷醇质体制备过程中有关影响因素及工艺参数进行优化;采用透射电镜和光子相关光谱仪考察其药剂学性质;以离体猪鼻腔黏膜为模型,考察栀子苷醇质体喷雾剂的体外透黏膜给药规律,并与其脂质体及水溶液进行比较;以在体蟾蜍口腔上腭纤毛在药物溶液作用下持续摆动的时间评价制剂的鼻黏膜纤毛毒性。结果 最优处方条件下制备的栀子苷醇质体粒径为（173.40±71.02）nm,Zeta电位为（?42.50±8.27）mV,包封率为（65.80±2.53）%,载药量为（5.25±0.15）%。栀子苷醇质体300 min经鼻黏膜单位面积渗透量为23.39 μg/cm²,是其脂质体的2.17倍、水溶液的11.03倍。此外,该制剂基本无鼻黏膜纤毛毒性。结论 优选得到的栀子苷醇质体处方和制备工艺合理,能够显著提高栀子苷的鼻黏膜渗透性,可用于鼻腔给药。     

芒果苷磷脂复合物的制备工艺研究

[目的] 研究制备芒果苷磷脂复合物的最佳制备工艺。[方法] 以芒果苷与磷脂的复合率为评价标准,采用单因素考察和正交实验筛选工艺参数。[结果] 确定了制备芒果苷磷脂复合物的最佳工艺条件:以甲醇-丙酮为反应溶剂,芒果苷质量浓度为0.25 g/L,物料比摩尔比为1:1,反应温度为40 ℃,反应时间为2 h.[结论] 优化工艺可制得复合率较高的芒果苷磷脂复合物,简单可行。     

用均匀设计优选栀子柏皮汤半仿生法提取的工艺条件

[目的]优选栀子柏皮汤半仿生提取工艺条件。[方法]采用均匀设计法,在方药规格、煎提温度、煎提用水量、滤过、浓缩等条件相同的情况下,以分子量≤1 000 u提取物、栀子苷、小檗碱、甘草次酸、总生物碱为指标,综合评判,优选该方药半仿生提取的工艺条件。[结果]3煎用水的pH值依次为2.031 1、7.495 5、8.419 3,3煎总计时间为4.016 2 h。[结论]结合实际生产,确定3煎用水的pH值依次为2.0、7.5、8.5;提取时间依次为2、1、1 h。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.     

TCM Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis by Tonifying the Kidney and Strengthening the Governor Vessel

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic and progressive disorder with inflammation mainly involving the central axis joints. It mainly affects the cervical spine and the lumbosacral area, with the pathogenesis closely related to the kidney and the Governor Vessel (GV). TCM holds that the syndrome is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality, which is due to insufficiency of the kidney, deficiency of GV, and blocking of the channels with the invasion of exogenous evil, leading to poor circulation of qi and blood and malnutrition of the bones, muscles and joints. The TCM method of tonifying the kidney and strengthening GV to regulate circulation of qi and blood and check the arthralgia pain should be adopted, with the Kidney-Tonifying and GV Strengthening Decoction (益肾强督汤) prescribed.     

IMPROVING P-gp EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO TRANSFECTED BY MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-1 mRNA

CHEMOTHERAPY playsa greatrolein the treat- ment of malignanttumors,especiallyingynecolo- gicalones.But inanticancerchemotherapy,leuko-cytopeniaisfrequentlytheprimarydose-limitingsideeffect factor.Moreover,cancersarefrequentlychemoresistantbe-causeof overexpressionof P-glycoprotein(P-gp), which isencodedby multidrugresistancegene (MDR1 ) and detectableinup to50% ofhuman cancersand renderscellsresistancetoanticancerdrugs.The safetyand potentialtherapeuticbenefitof mdr1 gene transferredto h…