猕猴SPF种群的建立及保持过程中B病毒抗体监测研究

目的 建立适合SPF猕猴种群建立与保持所需的B病毒抗体监测模式。方法 采用BV EIA及BVELISA等方法对本中心自繁自育仔猴从断奶开始进行BV感染情况跟踪。结果 从自繁自育猴中随机挑选218只断奶食蟹猴，92只断奶猕猴，经过近两年反复筛选得到25只SPF食蟹猴，9只SPF猕猴，此结果经美国BioReliatnce公司检测得到确认。结论 该模式能有效监测猕猴BV抗体变化，为本中心在国内建立猕猴SPF种群提供了有力的技术保障。     

食蟹猴首次实验感染B病毒后的抗体反应和排毒

猴疱疹病毒(B病毒)是猕猴属动物的α-疱疹病毒,与人的单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)密切相关。猕猴的B病毒自然感染很象人HSV感染,首先在口腔或生殖道感染,然后出现血清阳性反应,病毒潜伏在神经节内。B病毒的严重性在于偶而可由猴染给人后引起致命的上行性脑脊髓炎。近年来在佛罗里达Pensacola(1984)和密执安州Kalamazoo(1989)发生的B病毒传染于人的事例,使人们对这种罕见但又重要的疾病提高了警惕。限制这种B病毒对动物管理     

人乙型肝炎病毒自然感染猴的情况调查

灵长类实验动物被广泛应用于人类疾病模型的研究[1]，但是动物携带的病原体，给研究者带来许多麻烦，为了解猴子病毒感染情况，本实验室已经做过猴麻疹，B病毒，猴痘，艾滋病等的调查[2]，国内对人乙型肝炎，病毒自然感染的资料很少，而人工感染猕猴即乙肝模型的研究较多[3、4]，但结果均不理想。对此，本文对三十地区猕猴和一个地区食蟹猴对人乙肝病毒自然感染情况作了调查测定，并对结果进行初步探讨。     

恒河猴B病毒阳性率随季节变化的研究

目的 研究恒河猴BV感染率随季节变化的增长规律。方法 采用BV全病毒为抗原的ELISA试剂盒对两批离乳后群养的54只恒河猴仔猴每月采血检测BV感染情况,连续检测13个月。结果 12月、1月、2月、3月、4月B病毒阳性猴数量相对增加较明显,其他月份BV阳性猴数量相对稳定。结论 BV的感染受季节影响,春季BV的感染率相对较高,可在高发季节加强有关的预防措施或调控可改变的环境因素,降低BV的感染,提高猴群质量。     

中国大陆猴B病毒的研究概况

B病毒,也称猴疱疹病毒,以猕猴为自然宿主,主要包括:恒河猴、食蟹猴、日本猴、红尾猴、短尾猴和西藏猴等。猴感染B病毒后可引起牙龈炎、结膜炎和口腔及生殖器官感染,之后可转为慢性感染。猴之间的传播主要以密切接触、抓咬和性活动为主,人、猴及其他哺乳动物感染后,常常呈致死性。     

应用IHA检测猕猴B病毒相关抗体及其与ELISA、NT的比较

猕猴是用于医学和生物学研究的理想的灵长类实验动物之一。但猕猴B病毒的感染,严重威胁实验人员和饲养管理人员的健康,干扰实验结果的准确性。为确保实验动物质量和人的安全,有助于学术交流,有必要加强对猕猴B病毒的检测。由于直接操作B病毒存在一定的风险,故一般通过测其相关抗体来了解它的感染情况。吴小闲(1989)曾报道了NT、EIA和ELISA等3种方法用于检测猴B病毒相关抗体的比较研究,认为EIA和ELISA比NT敏感,且方法简便快速,可用干大批量标本的检查。但国内迄今为止未找见间接血凝试验(IHA)用于猕猴该项试验的报道,我们引进日本医用疱诊病毒感染检测的试剂盒,用于猕猴B毒病相关抗体的检测,并与ELISA和NT作了比较。现介绍如下。     

猕猴巨细胞病毒(RhCMV)研究进展

猕猴巨细胞病毒（Rhesus Cytomegalovirus,RhCMV）是一种种属特异性极强的疱疹病毒,猕猴是其自然宿主,它的许多特征与人巨细胞病毒（Congenital human cytomegalovirus,HCMV）相似.感染RhCMV时,猕猴呈现出许多和人感染HCMV一样的病理症状,在病原学、免疫抑制、胎儿畸形等研究中可作为人类HCMV模型,引起了各研究领域的广泛关注。目前国内对RhCMV研究还比较少,本文就猴群中广泛存在的RhCMV的特征、致病机理、免疫学特征和检测方法的研究进展情况做一概述。为加速开发治疗人类疾病的新方法,促进临床发展提供了一个很好的评价平台,同时也为猕猴自身物种保护提供有效预防手段。     

实验猕猴B病毒抗体检测结果分析

目的 研究实验猕猴B病毒抗体阳性情况.方法 选取安徽省实验猕猴中心400只猕猴,各采集静脉血5 mL, 3000 r/min离心10 min后,抽取上层血清,采用酶联免疫吸附试验与免疫酶试验检测血清B病毒抗体,观察B病毒抗体阳性率.结果 400份有效样本中,B病毒抗体阳性率为36.50%;雌性猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率为36.74%,雄性为为36.22%,两者差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.012,P=0.913).幼年猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率为30.68%,青年猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率为32.34%,成年猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率为66.67%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.200,P=0.000).结论 实验猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率处于较高水平,雌性猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率高于雄性猕猴,成年猕猴B病毒抗体阳性率较高.因此,需加强实验猕猴的管理,以减少B病毒感染,生产出安全性更高的实验猕猴.     

慢性HBV携带者接种HBVDNA疫苗后反应性T细胞诱导和增植

虽然有效乙肝疫苗已应用很多年了,约3.7亿人仍不断感染H BV。病毒的持续存活被认为与低的H BV特异性T细胞应答有关。在慢性H BV携带者中进行了1次一期临床试验以观察H BV DNA疫苗是否能够恢复T细胞应答。纳入10例慢性活动性乙肝患者,他们经被认可为针对H BV感染的治疗无效。10例患者均接受4次编码H BV包膜蛋白的DNA疫苗1m g肌注。用扩增、酶联免疫斑点分析和四聚物染色法来检查H BV特异性T细胞应答。次要终点包括安全性、检测H BV病毒血症和血清学标志物。DNA注射后2例患者对乙肝表面抗原的应答增强。在疫苗接种前很少发现分…     

人工驯养条件下食蟹猴B病毒抗体水平变化规律研究

目的研究人工驯养条件下食蟹猴B病毒抗体水平变化规律，便于有效控制自繁食蟹猴的BV感染率。方法随机选取409只对不同月龄自繁食蟹猴，采用BVELISA法进行BV抗体监测。结果新生仔猴刚出生时均携带不同程度的BV抗体，但随着月龄的增加，BV抗体水平开始下降，至5月龄时BV抗体阳性率降至最低（12．3％），之后BV抗体水平逐渐升高。结论人工驯养条件下食蟹猴B病毒抗体水平呈由高到低再升高的趋势，5月龄时断奶可最大限度地获得BV抗体阴性猴。     

Postexposure immunoprophylaxis against B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infection

Local infiltration of antiserum into sites inoculated with B virus protected rabbits from an otherwise fatal encephalomyelitis. Treatment was effective when delayed for six hours but not after 24 hours. Homologous rabbit antisera were more effective than heterologous monkey antisera, and protection was unrelated to neutralisation titres. Protection apparently depended not on neutralisation of inoculated virus but on destruction of infected cells before they produced progeny virus. Normal human immunoglobulin able to neutralise B virus did not protect. Intravenously administered antibody was effective only if large doses were given. The findings suggest that persons bitten or scratched by monkeys latently infected with B virus may be treated successfully by immunoprophylaxis with specific antibody. Stocks of human or of more readily available simian antisera should be held in laboratories where such animals are used.     

Fulminant hepatic failure in nephrotic syndrome related to withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy

Two patients with nephrotic syndrome developed fatal fulminant hepatitis B following withdrawal of prednisolone or cyclophosphamide. Immunosuppressive therapy probably enhanced hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and widespread infection of hepatocytes; its withdrawal permitted a return of immune competence resulting in massive destruction of infected hepatocytes. Prior screening of all patients for hepatitis B surface antigen, gradual withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs with careful monitoring, and prompt intervention with corticosteroids at the first clinical or biochemical signs of liver cell damage may prevent this complication.     

206例HIV感染者中乙肝病毒、丙肝病毒、梅毒检测结果分析

目的:了解感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)人群中的乙肝病毒、丙肝病毒和梅毒的携带情况.方法:采用酶联免疫吸咐试验(ELISA)检测206例(男性138例,女性68例)H1v阳性血清中HBV、HCV,采用TPPA法进行梅毒试验,比较HIV感染者及不同性别感染者HBV、HCV、梅毒感染率.结杲:206例患者HCV感染率(3...     

The epidemiology of Q fever

Q fever was first described in Australia and has since been reported from many countries. Rickettsia burneti infects numerous species of mammals and has been isolated from ticks. Infected cattle, sheep and goats remain healthy but excrete the organism, which is present in high concentration in products of conception and survives in dust for long periods. The ways in which humans may become infected are considered. Many of these infections do not cause symptoms, but some are fatal and the prevention of this disease remains a challenge.     

乙型肝炎病毒感染危险因素分析

目的了解乙型肝炎感染危险因素,以制定针对性的肝炎防治措施.方法回顾性调查302例乙型肝炎病毒感染的感染危险因素,数据分析采用最优尺度分析方法.结果302例乙型肝炎病毒感染中,低年龄组24人(7.9%).仅88人(29.1%)有肝炎症状、体征.低年龄组、母亲怀孕及分娩时感染乙型肝炎病毒、密切接触中有乙型肝炎病毒感染有一定的联系.结论乙型肝炎的传播途径复杂.在低年龄组人群中,母婴传播和水平传播是主要的传播途径.在低年龄组人群中开展乙肝疫苗接种是预防和控制乙型肝炎的重要措施.     

Defining optimal therapeutic outcomes in chronic hepatitis

The definition of optimal therapeutic response has been evolving concurrent with the advancement of diagnostic tests. What once was considered "therapeutic success" is considered now disease persistence or relapse. As the laboratory tools become increasingly sensitive, it follows that the criteria of successful therapeutic response are becoming more stringent. The main objectives of chronic hepatitis B and C treatment are to achieve eradication of the virus and, with this, reduction or prevention of hepatic injury and disease progression. However, in the case of hepatitis B, viral suppression is for the moment a more realistic therapeutic objective, although eradication still remains the ultimate goal. In chronic hepatitis C, sustained virologic response, defined as the absence of HCV RNA 6 months post-antiviral treatment completion, is within reach. Better test sensitivity allows for additional levels of confidence in the achievements of virus eradication in patients with hepatitis C. Challenges persist despite great advances in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. Now that clearer therapeutic outcomes have been refined, more efficacious, and better-tolerated drugs may change the current therapeutic landscape of chronic viral hepatitis B and C.     

Update on chronic viral hepatitis

Many recent and significant advances in the field of chronic viral hepatitis, including therapy, suggest that an update on chronic hepatitis is timely. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains a significant worldwide cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, despite the wide availability of a long established and effective vaccine. Transmission occurs via perinatal, sexual, and parenteral routes (particularly intravenous drug abuse and although blood products still carry a risk, this is now extremely low in Western countries). Only a minority of infected adult cases develop chronic hepatitis but in children under 1 year, 90% develop chronic hepatitis. The clinical spectrum of chronic liver injury ranges from mild inflammation to end stage liver cirrhosis. Interferon alfa has been the mainstay of treatment for patients with active disease but nucleoside analogues (lamivudine and adefovir) are now available with similar efficacy. Patients with end stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma can be offered transplantation but infection in the graft is commonplace. The combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and newer antiviral drugs reduce the incidence and severity of graft infection significantly. The hepatitis C virus epidemic of the latter half of the 20th century now affects more than 1% of populations worldwide. This RNA virus is spread parenterally and is becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation. The majority of patients develop chronic hepatitis, which may be progressive, evolving to significant liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma) in about 20% cases after decades. Treatment with the combination of interferon alfa and ribavirin is successful in up to 40% cases. Liver transplantation is a therapeutic option for some but graft infection is universal and often complicated by progressive liver fibrosis. A vaccine remains a remote prospect so that prevention is crucial. Hepatitis D virus infection occurs on a background of hepatitis B virus infection and can also cause liver damage. The response to antiviral therapy is poor. The newer "hepatitis" viruses G and TT do not cause significant liver injury.     

2009年新型甲型H1N1流感流行特征及防控措施

自2009年3月墨西哥发现首例甲型H1N1流感病例以来,截至2009年5月29日已有53个国家和地区正式报告15 510例确诊病例,2009年4月29日,世界卫生组织（WHO）已将全球流感大流行警告级别从4级提升到5级,并且还有进一步升级的可能。引发此次疫情的病原体是一种之前从未在人和猪身上出现过的新型甲型H1N1流感病毒。该新病毒对奥司他韦（达菲）和扎那米韦较敏感,但对金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺具有抗药性。人群对该病毒普遍易感,经由人-人形式传播。甲型流感在潜伏期内有传播能力,因此必须对密切接触者进行严格检疫;民众应做到勤洗手,咳嗽、喷嚏、吐痰时使用纸巾掩住口鼻等预防措施以减少传播机会。公共场所良好的通风条件、个人良好的卫生习惯和健康状况是预防该病的关键。     

黄芩甙对柯萨奇Ⅲ型病毒性心肌炎病毒复制的影响

目的采用观察细胞病理变化(CPE)的方法,探讨黄芩甙对柯萨奇Ⅲ型病毒复制的影响。方法通过细胞培养,用先吸附病毒再加入药物、先用药物处理后攻击病毒和直接灭活的方法,观察黄芩甙的药效学作用。结果在病毒先感染细胞后加入黄芩甙的实验中,低病毒感染量(10TCID50)时,显示出对柯萨奇Ⅲ型病毒有一定的抗病毒活性;在黄芩甙与病毒同时加入的实验中,在100TCID50、10TCID50时,均显示出对柯萨奇Ⅲ型病毒的抑制作用。结论黄芩甙对柯萨奇Ⅲ型病毒有一定的抗病毒活性。     

HIV/AIDS发病机制的研究进展

获得性免疫缺陷综合征是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)所引起的致命性慢性传染病,除可通过相关表面分子受体主要感染CD4+T淋巴细胞外,还能影响CD8+T淋巴细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、B细胞及自然杀伤细胞的功能和数量,甚至Th1/Th2的平衡也会发生改变。而这些改变与宿主感染HIV后病情进展的相关机制越来越多地被人们发现,同时也为疫苗的研究指明了方向。