阿德福韦酯耐药株感染者乙型肝炎病毒基因型和多聚酶区基因变异分析

目的了解阿德福韦酯耐药株感染者HBV基因型、多聚酶区基因变异位点和变异类型,并分析HBV基因型和多聚酶区基因变异的关系。方法应用PCR扩增和直接测序法检测73例阿德福韦酯耐药患者HBV基因型、多聚酶基因区变异位点、病毒载量。结果 73例阿德福韦酯耐药株感染者中,HBV B基因型占35.6%,C型占64.4%;HBV多聚酶基因区基因突变位点主要以rtA181V/T(39.8%)、rtN236T(31.5%)为多见,rtA181V/T+rtN236T(20.5%),其他(8.2%);其中rtA181V/T位点变异中B型占10.3%,C型占89.7%;rtN236T位点变异中B型占78.3%,C型占21.7%。rtA181V/T+rtN236T位点变异B型占26.7%,C型占73.3%;基因型B和C的病毒载量分别为(6.38±1.24)lg和(6.27±1.10)lg拷贝/毫升。结论阿德福韦酯耐药株感染者HBV基因型主要为B型和C型;HBV多聚酶区基因突变位点主要为rtA181V/T和rtN236T,基因型与多聚酶区基因突变位点之间有一定相关性。C基因型易发生rtA181V/T变异,B基因型多出现rtN236T变异。C基因型比B基因型更易出现rtA181V/T+rtN236T双突变,可能与C基因型容易导致的严重的肝脏疾病有关,基因型与病毒载量之间无相关性。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV耐药模式及rtA181变异准种分析

目的 分析慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV逆转录酶区耐药变异情况及rtA181变异准种的分布.方法 提取患者血清中HBV DNA,PCR扩增逆转录酶区域,产物测序后经软件比对分析耐药变异情况和基因型;对部分rtA181变异标本进行克隆后测序分析准种分布.结果 489例标本中,检出明确耐药变异265例,在B、C基因型中分布比例存在差异(56.6％ vs 43.0％,P=0.022).拉米夫定相关耐药138例(52.1％),以M204I、M204I/V+L180M±L80I/V变异为主;阿德福韦相关耐药35例(13.2％),以N236T+ A181T/V较为多见;拉米夫定+阿德福韦相关耐药70例(26.4％),几乎都和A181有关.rtA181准种分析发现1例位于同一病毒株的多耐药组合,且未发现单一A181T变异的病毒准种.结论 HBV耐药变异主要表现为M204和A181相关变异,耐药模式复杂;检测HBV逆转录酶区的变异有助于临床及时发现和确认耐药情况,指导临床合理进行抗病毒用药.     

巢式PCR联合焦磷酸测序法在乙型肝炎病毒耐药基因检测中的敏感性与特异性分析

目的评价巢式PCR联合焦磷酸测序法在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)耐药基因检测中的敏感与特异性。方法选取rtM204I(ATT)突变型和rtM204(ATG)未突变型质粒,按照不同比例混合后,采用巢式PCR联合焦磷酸测序法对突变位点进行检测,并与常规PCR焦磷酸测序法进行比较,对两种方法的线性及一致性进行分析;选取不同病毒载量临床标本,采用巢式PCR焦磷酸测序法检测耐药突变位点,并与巢式PCR Sanger测序法进行比较,对两种方法的敏感性及特异性进行分析。结果常规PCR焦磷酸测序和巢式PCR焦磷酸测序结果拟合曲线R2>0.99,P<0.05,线性模型有显著性意义。分别将常规PCR焦磷酸测序和巢式PCR焦磷酸测序结果与预测值的差值进行分析,巢式PCR能够较常规PCR更好的反映实际值,在90%比例处优于常规PCR。临床75例患者标本巢式PCR Sanger测序与巢式PCR联合焦磷酸测序结果灵敏性比较提示,Sanger测序的灵敏性为92%,巢式PCR联合焦磷酸测序的灵敏性达到100%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对于不同病毒拷贝数标本的灵敏性不同,其差异主要表现在低浓度组(HBV DNA≤3log10 copies/ml),Sanger测序的灵敏性为78%,而焦磷酸测序的灵敏性可以达到100%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。阴性对照,两种方法均未检出HBV病毒,两种方法的特异性均较好。结论巢式PCR联合焦磷酸测序的方法监测乙肝病毒变异同巢式PCR联合sanger测序相比,有更好的灵敏性,尤其是在低病毒拷贝数时,差异明显,这对于临床提早发现耐药突变株,指导临床及时更换用药有重要意义。     

PCR产物直接测序检测乙型肝炎病毒耐药变异位点

目的研究采用PCR产物直接测序技术在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)耐药变异位点检测的特异性和实用性。方法 166例经过核苷类似物治疗至少2年以上的慢性乙肝患者,提取血清HBVDNA,采用巢式PCR扩增,将所得的PCR产物进行琼脂糖电泳检测,阳性PCR产物直接测序。对测序成功的样本进行耐药变异分析。结果 166例中有120例HBV DNA扩增电泳产物阳性,测序确定基因耐药变异位点有40例(24.1%,40/166);其具体分布为:L180M和M204V/I均变异17例(42.5%,17/40)、M204V/I变异lO例(25%,10/40)、N236T变异8例(20%,8/40)、L180M变异3例(7.5%,3/40)、A181V/T变异1例(2.5%,1/40)、A181V/T和N236T变异1例(2.5%,1/40)。120例患者测序确定基因耐药未测出变异位点有80例(66.66%,60/120)例。结论本院核苷类似物治疗2年以上患者,控制病毒疗效并不佳,有24%患者出现基因耐药。PCR产物直接测序法是目前检测HBV耐药变异的一种较好的方法,可用于专科医院临床检测。     

PCR产物直接测序检测乙型肝炎病毒耐药变异位点

摘要：目的研究采用PCR产物直接测序技术在乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）耐药变异位点检测的特异性和实用性。方法166例经过
核苷类似物治疗至少2年以上的慢性乙肝患者,提取血清HBV DNA,采用巢式PCR扩增,将所得的PCR产物进行琼脂糖电泳
检测,阳性PCR产物直接测序。对测序成功的样本进行耐药变异分析。结果166例中有120例HBV DNA扩增电泳产物阳性,
测序确定基因耐药变异位点有40例（24.1%,40/166）;其具体分布为：L180M和M204V/I均变异17例（42.5%,17/40）、M204V/I
变异10例（25%,10/40）、N236T变异8例（20%,8/40）、L180M变异3例（7.5%,3/40）、A181V/T变异1例（2.5%,1/40）、A181V/T和
N236T变异1例（2.5%,1/40）。120例患者测序确定基因耐药未测出变异位点有80例（66.66%,60/120）例。结论本院核苷类似
物治疗2年以上患者,控制病毒疗效并不佳,有24%患者出现基因耐药。PCR产物直接测序法是目前检测HBV耐药变异的一种
较好的方法,可用于专科医院临床检测。
     

LDR法检测HBV P基因区野生型和突变型片段

目的 探讨连接酶检测反应(LDR)方法同时检测HBV P基因区野生型和突变型片段的可行性.方法 针对拉米夫定、替比夫定、阿德福韦和恩替卡韦8个耐药位点上的氨基酸替换形式,设计15对特异性引物,采用多重PCR扩增HBV P基因区野生型和突变型目的 片段,然后进行多重LDR,最后在ABI3130测序仪上电泳,根据内参标记、LDR产物的长度进行结果判读.应用此方法对12例慢性HBV感染患者血清进行检测,焦磷酸测序技术对其验证,判断其特异性和准确性.结果 LDR法能有效区分包括rtL180M、YMDD、YIDD、YVDD、rtA181V/T、rtN236T、rtT184G、rtS202I、rtM250V野生株和部分突变株;4例HBVDNA大于106copies/ml患者检测出野生株和突变株,结果与焦磷酸测序一致.结论 血清HBVDNA大于106copies/ml时结合多重PCR的复合LDR可通过一次扩增检测产物中的多个单突变或野生型位点,有助于核苷(酸)类似物耐药的诊断和治疗.     

阿德福韦酯耐药患者HBV基因型的相关分析

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者阿德福韦酯治疗过程中出现耐药变异与HBV基因型的关系,为优化临床抗病毒治疗提供依据。方法对近年来山西地区122例慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者阿德福韦酯抗病毒治疗过程中出现病毒学反弹患者,采用巢式PCR法检测血清HBV基因型;采用巢式PCR-DNA测序法检测患者血清标本HBVDNA位点,观察是否存在rtA181V/rtN236T变异,并分析其与基因型的关系。结果 122例患者中B基因型7例占5.74%;C基因型115例,占94.26%;在性别上,B、C基因型差异均无显著性意义（P〉0.05）;C型肝硬化率明显高于B基因型（P〈0.05）;均发生了rtA181V和/或rtN236T位点变异。结论 C基因型可能与阿德福韦酯耐药变异及肝硬化关系密切。     

3’末端碱基游移混合引物提高多变区基因片段PCR检测的阳性率(英文)

目的:通过使用3’末端碱基游移混合引物,减少引物末端错配,提高多变区基因片段的PCR检测阳性率。方法:在HBV DNA P基因区设计一对检测阳性率相对较高的引物(原型引物),在原型引物序列基础上将两根引物的3’末端分别截去1个或2个碱基,设计出两对参数与原型引物近似的突变引物。分别单独用原型引物和原型引物与突变引物组成的混合引物,在相同条件下对27份HBV DNA阳性标本行PCR,比较二者阳性率。用混合引物扩增4例拉米呋丁治疗无效患者血清HBV DNA,将扩增产物测序并评价3’末端错配对PCR的影响。结果:原型引物和混合引物检测阳性率分别为70.4％(19/27)和85.2％(23/27),两者差异非常显著(P<0.05)。引物3’末端错配能导致PCR假阴性。结论:扩增保守性相对较差的基因片段,采用3’末端单个或多个碱基截短的引物,构成3’末端碱基游移混合引物,可以避免因3’末端错配产生的PCR假阴性,提高检测阳性率。     

核苷(酸)类似物治疗慢性乙型肝炎多位点耐药基因的检测

目的探讨核苷(酸)类似物治疗的乙肝患者多位点耐药基因突变与临床意义。方法对30例临床耐核苷酸类似物治疗的乙肝患者,分别从血清中提取HBV DNA,进行PCR和DNA直接测序,并进行单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析判断有无变异及变异模式。结果 30例中有17例发生不同位点变异,变异率为56.67%,另有5例经DNA测序可见碱基突变,但未见明显耐药基因。常见基因变异模式依次为M204I、L180M、A181T、L180M+M204I+V173L、L180M+M204I/V、L180M+M204V+T184I,6种突变模式与ALT、HBV、DNA之间的关系差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论检测HBV多位点耐药基因相关突变有助于临床及时发现乙肝患者HBV耐药并指导临床用药。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Analysis of CK-19,PDX-1,Nestin,Ngn3 in different donor islet purity in rats

Objective: To investigate if there are the CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells in the donor islets of different purity in rats. Methods: Thirty male adult SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Islets were isolated using digestion by ductal injection of collagenase. Group Ⅰ (n=10): Separating cell preparations were not purified, Group Ⅱ(n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% Ficoll400 ,Group Ⅲ (n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% and 11% Ficoll-400. The levels of protein of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin and Ngn3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and the mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 was amplified by RT-PCR. Results: After two different purification methods applied, three islet preparations of different purities were obtained. The difference of islet purity was significant among various groups (P＜0.05). Compared with group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ,the protein and mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin,Ngn3 were both higher in group Ⅰ; group Ⅲ was poorly expressed. Conclusions: The three different islet purity donor islet have different CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells within them, indicating that there are some islet stem cells in the purified donor islet.     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.