主动载药法制备槐定碱脂质体

目的:考察槐定碱脂质体不同制备方法对其包封率的影响。方法:采用注入、薄膜分散、逆向蒸发等被动载药法和硫酸铵梯度、pH梯度结合逆向等主动载药法制备槐定碱脂质体,用高速冷冻离心-HPLC法测定脂质体包封率。结果:被动载药法制备的脂质体包封率较低,主动载药法中pH梯度结合逆向法制备脂质体包封率为93.27%。结论:采用主动载药法可制得包封率较高的槐定碱脂质体。     

盐酸青藤碱脂质体的制备工艺研究

目的 提高盐酸青藤碱（sinomenine hydrochloride,SIN-HCl）脂质体的药物包封率,并阐明处方药量与脂质体粒径等因素对包封率的影响规律。方法 以离心沉淀-离心超滤法测定SIN-HCl脂质体的包封率;以包封率与成型性为主要指标筛选薄膜分散法（TFH）、逆相蒸发法（REV）与乙醚注入法（EI）3种制备方法;考察水化液的种类、pH值、离子浓度以及pH梯度载药、磷脂-胆固醇比例、药脂比对包封率的影响;以全面设计试验考察处方药量与粒径两因素对包封率的影响规律;考察代表性脂质体样品在4 ℃下的稳定性。结果 最适的制备工艺为薄膜分散法;最佳水化液为柠檬酸缓冲液（CBS）;随着水化液pH值的升高,包封率增加;当水化液的pH值相同时,脂质体包封率随着水化液离子浓度的降低而增加;pH梯度载药可提高脂质体的包封率,pH梯度载药脂质体的最适水化液为pH值2.5的CBS,最适大豆磷脂-胆固醇比例为6∶1,SIN-HCl与大豆磷脂的比例由1∶6增至6∶6,未经探针式超声处理的脂质体包封率略有下降;建立了药物包封率与处方药量和粒径之间的定量关系,一定粒径与处方药量的脂质体包封率大于80%;成品脂质体的稳定性良好。结论 pH梯度主动载药技术可以制备高包封率的SIN-HCl脂质体。     

盐酸表柔比星长循环热敏脂质体的处方优化及体外释药考察

目的制备盐酸表柔比星长循环热敏脂质体(EPI-LTSL)并进行处方优化,考察其体外热敏释药性质。方法pH梯度法制备EPI-LTSL,葡聚糖凝胶法分离脂质体和游离药物以测定包封率,HPLC测定药物含量。进行优化处方,采用荧光淬灭法测定脂质体的体外热敏释药率。结果优选处方制备的EPI-LTSL为半透明橘红色,磷脂质量浓度为75mg.mL-1,二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)-肉豆蔻酰溶血磷脂酰胆碱(MSPC)摩尔比为82:8;药脂比为1:10,平均粒径小于100nm,载药量大于2mg.mL-1,包封率99%,相变温度为42.76℃。EPI-LTSL37℃水浴15min的累积释药小于5%,而43℃水浴4min的累积释药达到90%以上。结论制备的EPI-LTSL载药量和包封率较高、粒径较小,热敏释药性质良好。采用荧光淬灭法测定EPI-LTSL体外热敏释药率准确快捷。     

《中国药学杂志》获2011年度中国精品科技期刊改良pH梯度法制备盐酸小檗碱脂质体

 目的 制备盐酸小檗碱脂质体,并考察其包封率的影响因素。方法 采用离子交换法建立跨膜pH梯度并制备盐酸小檗碱脂质体;以紫外分光光度法和激光粒度仪分别测定脂质体的包封率和粒径;考察外水相pH、pH调节剂、磷脂种类、载药温度与时间、加药顺序及药脂比对包封率的影响。结果 包封率随外水相pH的升高而增加;最佳pH调节剂为磷酸盐缓冲液;磷脂为氢化大豆卵磷脂时包封率最高;随载药温度的升高和载药时间的增加包封率有提高的趋势,但基本不受加药顺序的影响;最佳药脂比为1∶10。在最优处方工艺下盐酸小檗碱脂质体的包封率为（98.6±0.68）%（n=3）,平均粒径为124.1 nm。结论 改良pH梯度法制备的盐酸小檗碱脂质体包封率高,重现性好。     

白芷香豆素脂质体的制备及质量评价

目的: 优化白芷香豆素脂质体的处方工艺并考察其释药性能。方法: 采用薄膜-超声法制备白芷香豆素脂质体,在单因素试验基础上,以包封率、载药量为综合评价指标,利用Box-Behnken响应面试验考察脂胆比、脂药比和超声时间对处方工艺的影响,利用紫外分光光度法测定白芷香豆素含量,透射电镜观察脂质体的粒径形态及大小。结果: 白芷香豆素脂质体最佳处方工艺为脂胆比(6:1);脂药比(5:1),超声时间34 min;制备的脂质体粒径均匀,呈球形小囊泡,分散性好,粒径(112.08±1.21) nm,包封率(94.02±1.56)%,载药量(5.42±0.35)%;游离白芷香豆素3 h的累积释放率达100%,空白脂质体与白芷香豆素的混合溶液12 h累积释放率95.3%,白芷香豆素脂质体12 h累积释放率45.6%。结论: 该处方工艺稳定可行,制备的白芷香豆素脂质体包封率较高,形态和粒径较均匀,具有明显的缓释效果。     

重酒石酸长春瑞滨热敏脂质体的制备及其包封率测定方法研究

 目的 制备重酒石酸长春瑞滨（vinorelbine tartrate, VRT）热敏脂质体,建立脂质体中VRT含量和包封率的测定方法。方法 pH梯度法制备VRT热敏脂质体,HPLC测定脂质体中VRT的含量。微柱离心法分离脂质体与游离药,考察葡聚糖凝胶类型、洗脱溶剂、柱高、洗脱体积等因素对VRT游离药洗脱的影响。结果 VRT热敏脂质体的平均粒径为（94.6±1.6）nm,含量为（1.83±0.03）mg·mL-1。选择葡聚糖凝胶G-25制备微柱,最佳柱高4 cm,以PBS缓冲液为洗脱溶剂,梯度洗脱体积法分离脂质体与游离药,测得3批VRT热敏脂质体的包封率分别为（95.75±1.42）%、（91.12±1.21）%、（94.10±2.03）%,洗脱回收率分别为（98.3±2.42）%、（93.5±1.83）%、（96.6±1.65）%。结论 VRT脂质体的制备工艺稳定,载药量大,包封率高。含量及其包封率测定方法简单、快速、准确。本实验可为VRT静脉注射用热敏脂质体新制剂的开发提供研究基础。     

全缘千里光碱脂质体凝胶剂制备工艺的研究

 目的制备具有高包封率和良好稳定性的全缘千里光碱(INT)脂质体,并将其制成凝胶剂。方法以离心-超滤法测定脂质体的包封率。以包封率为主要指标筛选脂质体制备工艺、主要辅料磷脂与处方中磷脂-胆固醇比例;通过均匀设计法优选制备脂质体的工艺条件;考察药脂比包封率;通过pH梯度主动载药法提高脂质体的包封率;确定脂质体及其凝胶剂的处方工艺,并进行质量与稳定性评价。结果制备INT脂质体的最适方法为薄膜分散法,最适的磷脂为注射级大豆磷脂,处方中磷脂-胆固醇的最佳比例为4∶1;药脂比为1∶10时,薄膜分散法制备INT脂质体的最佳工艺参数为:成膜温度46.3℃,水化液用pH4.0柠檬酸缓冲液(CBS4.0),体积为15.0mL,包封率可达57.45%;药脂比由1∶20增加1∶2,包封率均在60%左右;pH梯度主动载药可显著提高脂质体的药物包封率,主动载药中较合适的水化液为CBS4.0。优选的脂质体包封率为75.21%,平均粒径为284nm,Zeta电位为2.23mV,稳定性实验证明,该脂质体及其凝胶剂稳定性良好。结论薄膜分散法结合pH梯度载药可以制备稳定且高包封率的INT脂质体凝胶剂。     

硫酸铵梯度法制备槐定碱脂质体的研究

目的 对槐定碱脂质体的处方进行考察并优化.方法 硫酸铵梯度法制备槐定碱脂质体,采用单因素对影响包封率的处方因素进行初步筛选,以包封率、载药量及综合评价为指标,采用星点设计考察药物及硫酸铵浓度对制备工艺的影响,对结果进行多元线性和二项式拟合,效应面法选取最佳工艺条件进行预测分析.结果 从复相关系数上看,各指标二项式拟合方程均优于多元线性回归方程,根据优化工艺制得的槐定碱脂质体包封率为51.81%、载药量为5.39%.结论 优选的槐定碱脂质体制备工艺稳定可行.     

影响主动载药法制备硫酸长春新碱脂质体包封率的因素

 目的采用主动载药法制备硫酸长春新碱脂质体,考察包封率的影响因素。方法采用阳离子交换树脂分离脂质体与游离药物,用HPLC测定包封率;考察了温度、pH调节剂、药脂比、包衣辅料及制备工艺对包封率的影响。结果脂质体的包封率随温度的升高而增加、随药脂比增大而降低、Na₂HPO₄最适合作pH调节剂;以pH梯度法和(NH₄)₂SO₄梯度法制备的脂质体包封率分别为86.9%,70.8%;加入聚乙二醇单甲醚2000胆固醇琥珀酸酯(methoxypolyethyeneglycol2000cholesterylsuccinate,CHS-PEG₂₀₀₀),包封率提高到92.8%,97.6%。结论主动载药法适于制备硫酸长春新碱脂质体;温度,pH调节剂和药脂比是影响包封率的重要因素。     

主动载药法制备盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱脂质体

目的制备高包封率的盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱脂质体。方法处方前研究测定了药物在不同pH值缓冲液中的溶解度和表观油水分配系数;采用pH梯度进行主动载药。超滤法分离脂质体与游离药物,测定包封率,考察了外水相pH值、孵育温度、药脂比对包封率的影响。结果随pH值的增大,盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱的溶解度降低,表观油水分配系数增大;采用主动载药法,包封率随脂质体内外相pH梯度的减少而降低,受孵育温度的影响不大,在药脂比小于1∶5时脂质体包封率达到80%以上。结论主动载药法可制得包封率较高的去氢骆驼蓬碱脂质体。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)直接稀释测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素(Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V、As、Cd和Hg)的方法。方法分别对微波消解条件和测试条件进行考察;样品经微波消解后,采用电感耦合质谱仪测定25种矿物质元素,并对测定方法学进行考察。结果确定最佳消解条件为3步缓慢升温:400 W 80℃升温10 min,保留5 min;600 W 120℃升温10 min,保留5 min;900 W 200℃升温20 min,保留20 min;25种矿物质元素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,r≥0.999 6,精密度、稳定性和重复性试验的RSD均符合定量分析要求;加标回收率为94.7%~106.1%,RSD在0.34%~2.79%。脉络宁注射液中检测出Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V,未检出As、Cd和Hg。结论该方法简便、迅速、准确,适用于脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素的同时测定。     

Die Lateralität und Lateralitätsinstabilität in der Diagnostik und Therapie

The disturbance and instability of laterality are obstacles to diagnostics and therapy. Correction prior to starting therapy is required. They also predispose toward defined health problems and unspecific diseases. Numerous research activities provide evidence of the relevance of undisturbed laterality in diagnostics and therapy. Techniques of testing and therapeutic corrections will allow for optimized therapy success.     

Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science Instructions for Authors

The Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, a journal with an international scope （IS SN 1672-3597, CN 31-1908/R, Bimonthly）, is embodied by ＇Springer Verlag＇ Database, Index Copernicus （IC） and Chinese Scientific and Technical Paper and Citations Data （CSTPCD）. You can search full text on http：//www, springerlink, com/content/1672 -3597.     

Yerba Mate or Paraguay Tea

正Beverages based on Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.are used in the south Brazil and other Latin American countries located at the so-called southern cone.It is known as chimarro or mate in south and southeast Brazil,tererêin     

Ethnopharmacologic study of chinese rhubarb

This paper deals with an interdisciplinary study covering historic, botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical aspects of rhubarb and related species, to lay stress on the correlation between plant phylogeny, chemical constituents and purgative activity.

It was found that the official rhubarbs were exclusively restricted in the Sect. Palmata e.g. Rheum palmatum R. palmatum var. tanguticum R. officinale; the following criteria may serve as their standard, viz., the presence of sennoside derivatives and rhein, the occurrence of the reduced form of rhein and aloe-emodin, the leaves with any kind of palmate incision. Comprehensive multivariate analyses showed that there is a very close relationship between the leaf incision, existence of sennosides or rhein and purgative activity.     

Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur bei der Therapie von idiopathischen Schmeckstörungen: Eine randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studie

Background

At present, the state-of-the-art medication in treating idiopathic taste disorder (gustatory dysfunction) is zinc. If zinc medication was unsuccessful, not tolerated or if it is contraindicated the persons affected can hardly be helped.

Objectives

In a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial an attempt was made to determine the efficacy of acupuncture.

Methods

The treatment group was treated with acupuncture needles, the placebo group with an inactive acupuncture-laser. Endpoints of the study were changes in the taste test, the quality of life and the severity of symptoms of depression (BDI) as well as mood changes (ZMS). Satisfaction with the success of the respective therapy was also evaluated. Data were collected before and after therapy and again for the treatment group 10 weeks after completion of the treatment period.

Findings

Treatment with real acupuncture showed a significant improvement in gustatory function as well as a significant improvement in psychological symptoms. Greater satisfaction with the treatment results was evident in the treatment group. The treatment results of acupuncture remained stable over a period of ten weeks after completion of the treatment.

Conclusion

Acupuncture was effective in the therapy of idiopathic taste disorders and therefore it is an effective alternative when zinc medication is not tolerated or unsuccessful. But it is also suitable as a therapy of first choice. Acupuncture can be considered as an extension of the therapeutic spectrum in the difficult treatment of taste disorders.     

Veränderungen der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) während Low Level Lasernadelakupunktur: Placebokontrollierte Studie an 19 herzgesunden Probanden

Background

Experimental and clinical studies postulate a neurobiological mechanism of acupuncture by modulating central pain systems, neurohormones and -transmitters. It seems to be quite likely that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important mediating role in this neuromodulation.

Aim

In measuring heart rate variability (HRV), as a non-invasive approach to the ANS-function, the object of this study was to monitor probable acupuncture-induced changes of autonomic balance. The innovative technology of laser-needle acupuncture offers for the first time a stimulation method which fulfils the demands on a placebo-controlled acupuncture trial not requiring controversial sham acupuncture.

Method

19 healthy voluntary subjects underwent 3 treatments in randomized sequence, consisting of placebo-, 1-point- (PC 6) and simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle-stimulation over 20 minutes. Before, during and after placebo-/verum laser-needle acupuncture, HRV-data for normalized HF(high frequency)- and LF(low frequency)-Power (nHF, nLF) and their quotient nLF/nHF obtained by power spectrum analysis (FFT), were measured and analyzed statistically at 5 different time points (ANOVA repeated measures, p < 0,05).

Results

During both verum applications, the 1-point- (PC 6) as well as the simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle stimulation, significant changes of the ANS-activity were found in comparison to the placebo application. The most significant modification of HRV was an increase of nHF (p < 0,05 (PC 6), p < 0,0001 (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3)) as an expression of growing vagal activity during acupuncture.

Conclusion

Laser-needle acupuncture causes in 1-point-stimulation (PC 6) as well as in simultaneous 3-point-stimulation (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) significant changes in HRV in comparison to placebo application. HRV-monitoring seems to be a suitable approach in exploration of acupuncture-induced changes of ANS and could possibly be established in combination with laser needle acupuncture as a standard for further scientific and clinical acupuncture investigations which are greatly needed.     

瑞香科五属植物中酚性聚合物的结构特征、分布及药理活性研究进展

瑞香科植物广泛分布于世界热带和温带地区,其中多种植物可供药用。在对该科植物的研究中发现,黄酮类、木脂素和香豆素等酚性化合物的低聚体为其重要的特征性成分,药理活性主要表现在抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌和抗病毒等方面。对已发现的酚性聚合体的化学结构、植物来源及药理活性进行综述,为瑞香科植物今后的研究和开发利用提供参考。     

HPLC法同时测定沉香化滞丸中11种成分

目的采用HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定沉香化滞丸中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚11种成分。方法采用Thermo Syncronis C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为水-乙腈,梯度洗脱:0～10 min,20%乙腈;10～20 min,20%～40%乙腈;20～24 min,40%乙腈;24～26 min,40%～52%乙腈;26～30 min,52%乙腈;30～31 min,52%～90%乙腈;31～35 min,90%乙腈;35～40 min,90%～100%乙腈;40～43min,100%乙腈;43～45min,100%～20%乙腈;检测波长215nm,体积流量1.0m L/min,柱温30℃,进样量20μL。结果各成分在43 min内分离良好,沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为1.4～13.6、10.0～200.0、31.5～315.0、1.0～120.1、1.8～50.6、0.93～10.1、1.8～30.0、0.2～40.3、1.8～18.1、1.7～25.0、0.45～10.70μg/mL;样品中各成分的平均回收率均在98.90%～100.87%;11种成分精密度RSD在0.55%～1.54%;供试品溶液在30 h内稳定性良好,RSD在0.75%～1.94%;重复性RSD在0.39%～1.73%。6批次样品中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚质量分数分别为92.0～201.0、511.5～9 033.0、5 475.0～12 635.5、54.5～5 095.5、192.0～2 137.5、117.0～391.5、106.5～1 281.5、13.0～136.5、93.5～199.0、177.0～1 207.0、33.5～251.5μg/g。结论本方法准确、快速、简便,重复性好,精密度高,适用于沉香化滞丸中多种活性成分的定量分析。