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??OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-participated warfarin anticoagulation management by patient education and medication consultation on patients with pulmonary embolism(PE). METHODS A total of 204 PE patients were hospitalized in respiratory wards from March 2015 to April 2017 enrolled eventually. Evaluation endpoints including the percentage of INRs within the therapeutic range(TTR), the percentage of INRs within the expanded range(TER), INR recall intervals, bleeding events, emergency department visits and hospitalizations related to anticoagulation therapy. RESULTS TTR and TER of intervention group were(70.89??26.02)% and(87.71??20.01)% respectively, which were both significantly higher than(47.79??22.31)% and(71.23??21.47)% in control group(P=0.000). INR recall intervals were(27.48??12.81) d versus(43.35??13.65) d (P=0.000). There were no significant differences between two groups in total bleeding events(41.96% vs 29.35%, P=0.062), minor bleeding events(38.39% vs 27.17%, P=0.091) and major bleeding events(3.57% vs 2.17%, P=0.864). And a significantly decreased in emergency department visits of intervention group(9.82% vs 1.09%, P=0.008), whereas no difference was observed in hospitalizations(8.04% vs 2.17%, P=0.125). CONCLUSION Clinical pharmacists participated in anticoagulation management of pulmonary embolism patients, which helped patients to monitor INRs more regularly, INR controlling better and decrease frequency of emergency department visits.     

胺碘酮对心脏瓣膜置换患者华法林初始服药1周内抗凝效果的研究

 目的 在心脏瓣膜置换患者中研究胺碘酮对华法林初始服药1周内抗凝效果的影响。方法 在单独应用华法林的心脏瓣膜置换患者(n=200)及合并使用胺碘酮的心脏瓣膜置换患者(n=54)中，比较术后前5 d华法林累积剂量，术后第6日能否进入治疗窗及术后首次进入治疗窗时间的差异。结果 合并使用胺碘酮患者术后前5 d华法林累积剂量低于单独服用华法林患者；合并使用胺碘酮不影响术后第6日进入治疗窗及国际标准化比值（INR）值术后首次进入治疗窗的时间。结论 合并使用胺碘酮不影响心脏瓣膜置换患者华法林初始服药1周内的抗凝效果。     

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??OBJECTIVE Blood tends to deposit in atrium to form thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation. Patients with diabetes are in high coagulation state, for whom thrombosis is easy to occur. The number of diabetic patients with atrial fibrillation is large. Warfarin is one of the most widely used oral anticoagulants, which can cause major or fatal bleeding, so it is necessary to perform regular monitoring of international normalized ratio (INR) on all patients treated with warfarin. New kinds of antidiabetic drugs are widely used in clinic, among which a lot affect INR levels achieved with warfarin therapy. Clinical pharmacists should pay attention to drug interactions and monitor adverse drug reactions. As a new antidiabetic drug, exenatide has less reports of interaction with warfarin. The characteristic of the interaction between exenatide and warfarin was investigated, with the aim to optimize the rational and individualized medication. METHODS A case was introduced in which exenatide was administrated combined with warfarin, so that the possible mechanism of exenatide affecting to warfarin were analyzed. RESULTS INR declined from 2.13 to 1.57 after exenatide being added, and decreased further to 1.43 with concurrency of the increasing exenatide dose. On the contrary, INR was on rise as result of discontinuing exenatide. At last, INR returned to 1.78 when the patient discharged. CONCLUSION Exenatide inhibited the absorption of warfarin, which lead to INR decline attributed to its effect of slowing down the gastric emptying. When exenatide and warfarin are combined,the dose of warfarin must be adjusted based on INR under clinical monitoring.     

CYP2C9遗传多态性与华法林剂量和抗凝效果的关系研究

 目的初步探讨入选的中国汉族服华法林患者CYP2C9*2和CYP2C9*3遗传多态性对华法林剂量和抗凝效果的影响。方法收集123名服用华法林的汉族患者血标本,记录服药期间的剂量、INR值及出血情况,PCR-RFLP法检测CYP2C9基因型,将患者按CYP2C9*1纯合体和CYP2C9*3杂合体分为2组,探讨CYP2C9遗传多态性对华法林剂量和抗凝效果的影响。结果CYP2C9*1纯合体组和CYP2C9*3杂合体组华法林稳态剂量(P<0.01)、治疗初始阶段抗凝过量的发生率(P<0.01)、达稳定剂量-效应关系的时间(P<0.01)均有显著差别。CYP2C9*1纯合体组和CYP2C9*3杂合体组华法林治疗初始阶段出血的发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论与CYP2C9*1纯合体组比较,CYP2C9*3杂合体者华法林的日维持剂量明显降低,抗凝过量的发生率明显增加,达稳定剂量-效应关系的时间显著延长,但治疗初始阶段出血的风险并没有增加。CYP2C9突变的筛选可以帮助临床调整华法林剂量,减少不良反应的发生。     

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??OBJECTIVE To understand the application of warfarin hospitalized patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, summarize the clinical experience and provide reference for clinical medication, and explore the significance of clinical pharmaceutical care for warfarin. METHODS The information of 726 cases with non-valvular atrial fibrillation hospitalized in the first cardiovascular ward from January 2012 to December 2013 were retrospectively collected and analyzed in the aspect of types of anticoagulant solution, warfarin dosage and INR monitoring. RESULTS The anticoagulation solution commonly used in our patients with atrial fibrillation included dual antiplatelet therapy, aspirin antithrombotic therapy and warfarin anticoagulant therapy. 13.8% of the cases had initial INR of 2.0-3.0, and 43.4% of the cases attained INR target after dosage adjustment. CONCLUSION At present the clinical application of warfarin still exists deficiencies. It is necessary to continue to raise people??s awareness of warfarin and atrial fibrillation anticoagulant. Active clinical pharmaceutical care for warfarin is of great significance.
     

基于Triangle理论的华法林抗凝患者分级管理模式的建立与实践

目的 建立基于Triangle理论的华法林抗凝患者分级管理模式(hierarchical warfarin anticoagulation management mode, HWAMM),并评价其实践成效。方法 采用文献计量学方法建立HWAMM。纳入2020年5月至2020年9月于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院住院的华法林抗凝患者。临床药师对试验组患者进行分级管理,对照组患者进行无差别监护管理,比较两组的抗凝管理质量和药师工作情况等。结果 共计纳入使用华法林抗凝的住院患者237例。相较于对照组,试验组中患者凝血检测次数与术后住院天数的比值显著降低,且在住院期间国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio, INR)达标率、出院时INR达标人数(65.0% vs 47.9%, P=0.008)等方面显著更优,而单位患者每日管理时间显著减少。在不良事件发生率、服药依从性和抗凝知识评分等方面无显著性差异。结论 临床药师建立的HWAMM,能够帮助临床药师识别抗凝治疗高风险患者,使临床药师减负增效,最终提升抗凝管理质量。     

苜蓿草App的应用对于农村地区抗凝质量管理的疗效和安全性的影响

目的 评估农村地区抗凝质量现状以及远程管理的效果,为优化抗凝管理方案提供参考。方法 对2016年12月至2019年3月之间对接受苜蓿草App线上管理和常规门诊管理的患者进行回顾性分析,收集患者的基本信息、凝血检测记录以及临床事件发生情况,比较两组患者的国际标准化比值(INR)在治疗范围内的时间百分比(time in therapeutic range,TTR)、临床事件发生率及INR分布情况的差异。结果 本研究共纳入患者583名,线上组的TTR显著高于线下组(83.3% vs 50.3%,P<0.001)。在临床事件方面,线上组较线下组患者更少发生严重出血事件(0.4% vs 3.2%,P=0.004)、华法林相关急诊(4.1% vs 9.3%,P=0.014)和华法林相关住院(12.6% vs 6.7%,P=0.002),但轻微出血事件发生率要高于线下组(12.6% vs 6.7%,P=0.022)。此外,苜蓿草App线上管理能提高INR在正常范围内的百分比(78.0% vs 46.7%,P<0.001)。结论 苜蓿草App线上管理能够改善农村地区患者的抗凝管理质量。     

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??OBJECTIVE To introduce two commonly used algorithms for warfarin individualized medication????multiple regression analysis(MRA)and maximum a posterior Bayesian (MAPB), and provide reference for individualized medication of warfarin in clinical practice. METHODS The principles of MRA and MAPB for warfarin individualized medication, as well as the decision support tools to realize MRA and MAPB, were introduced. The function of MAPB tool, including formulating an initial dosage regimen, adjusting the regimen and its application in special clinical situations, was described by five typical cases.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION MLR is simple to calculate, however, it can only be used to formulate the initial dosage regimen and dose adjustment cannot be carried out, which limits it clinical application in a certain extent. The application of MAPB can not only develop individualized medication of warfarin and adjust dose according to international normalized ratio(INR) with satisfactory prediction performance, but also be applied in special cases with better flexibility, such as judging medication adherence and instructing withdrawal. It could serve as an effective decision support tool to be promoted vigorously, which has a promising prospect.     

稳心颗粒联合美托洛尔治疗风湿性心脏病换瓣术后频发性室性期前收缩

目的评价美托洛尔联合稳心颗粒治疗风湿性心脏病换瓣术后频发室性期前收缩的临床疗效及安全性。方法将风湿性心脏病换瓣术后频发室性期前收缩患者68例,随机分为两组。两组患者均常规口服美托洛尔,治疗组加服稳心颗粒,每次9g,每日3次,2周为1个疗程。观察两组患者临床症状、24h动态心电图、华法林用量、凝血酶原时间（PT）及国际化标准比值（INR）变化。结果治疗1个疗程后,两组症状及室性期前收缩明显减少。治疗组临床疗效总有效率91.18%,明显高于对照组79.41%（P〈0.05）,24h室性期前收缩减少总有效率88.23%,明显高于对照组82.35%（P〈0.05）,且未见严重不良反应。两组治疗前后华法林用量、PT及INR无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论稳心颗粒联合美托洛尔治疗风湿性心脏病术后室性频发早搏疗效明显,优于单用美托洛尔,且对华法林抗凝治疗无明显影响。     

华法林对预防非瓣膜性心房颤动并发缺血性脑卒中的疗效观察

目的:探讨华法林预防非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者发生缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。方法:选择我院门诊和住院治疗的非瓣膜性房颤患者90例,随机分为华法林组(治疗组)42例(初始剂量2.0 mg/d),目标国际标准化比值(INR)为1.6～2.5;阿司匹林组(对照组)48例(100 mg/d),常规门诊随访2年,记录两组患者的终点事件和不良反应发生情况。结果:华法林组缺血性脑卒中的发生率为4.76%,明显低于阿司匹林组的18.75%(P<0.05)。出血事件两组大致相仿(P>0.05)。结论:华法林在预防非瓣膜性心房颤动并发缺血性脑卒中方面仍是首选药物,其效果优于阿司匹林。