肺毛霉菌病的CT影像特点分析

目的分析肺毛霉菌病的CT影像特点。方法回顾性分析28例肺毛霉菌病患者的临床及影像资料,并复习相关文献。结果本组肺毛霉菌病CT表现复杂多样,影像分类包括肺门型4例(14.3%)、肺炎型3例(10.7%)、肿块/结节型3例(10.7%)、厚壁空洞型6例(21.4%)、混合型12例(42.9%);特异性CT征象:晕征5例(17.8%)、反晕征1例(3.6%)、空气半月征8例(28.6%)、洞内菌球征6例(21.4%)、洞内菌丝征4例(14.3%)。结论肺毛霉菌病CT影像表现呈多样性,对临床诊断具有辅助价值。     

肺毛霉菌病1例及相关文献复习

肺毛霉菌病是一种少见且致命性肺部感染,一般进展迅速,死亡率高,多发生于免疫低下或存在基础疾病患者,临床中对此病诊疗经验较少.我科近期在临床中成功诊治1例肺毛霉菌病病例且经治疗后痊愈.     

非粒细胞缺乏患者肺曲霉菌病 16 例临床研究简

目的 探讨非粒细胞缺乏肺曲霉菌病患者的临床表现、影像学特点及诊断治疗方法.方法回顾性分析16例确诊的肺曲霉菌病患者的临床资料.结果 曲霉菌球菌病3例,变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病1例,侵袭性肺曲霉菌病12例.主要症状为咳嗽、咯痰、发热、咯血、胸闷和气喘,肺部体征不明显.胸部CT表现：双肺多发病灶13例,单病灶3例.所有患者均接受抗真菌药物治疗,死亡6例皆为侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者.结论 曲霉菌球菌病病情发展缓慢,部分病人需要手术切除病灶;变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病情时轻时重,早期常误诊为支气管哮喘;侵袭性肺曲霉菌病情进展迅速,死亡率高,降低病死率有赖于早期诊断及抢先治疗.     

肺隐球菌病与肺曲霉菌病临床特点对比分析

目的：探讨肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)和肺曲霉菌病(pulmonary aspergillosis,PA)的临床特点的差异,为这两种疾病的临床鉴别提供依据,减少误诊或漏诊。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年12月共4年期间广西医科大学第一附属医院经病理分别确诊为PC (29例)、PA (39例)患者的临床资料,从人口学特征、临床表现、影像学资料进行对比分析。结果 PC 组中18例存在宿主因素(3例)和(或)基础疾病(15例),基础疾病中肺外基础疾病占12例;27例出现临床症状,最常见咳嗽、咳痰;影像学表现结节团块型最多,获取组织病理最多的方法为手术肺活检(19例),其次为经皮肺穿刺活检9例。PA 组中32例存在宿主因素(24例)和(或)基础疾病(32例),反复应用抗生素占18例,基础疾病中肺结核等肺部基础疾病占24例;33例出现临床症状,最常见咳嗽、咯血;影像学表现混合型最多,21例伴空洞形成,14例表现为空气新月征;获取病理方法手术肺活检最多。PC 组中结节团块型、伴胸膜增厚、支气管充气征、病灶分布于左肺下叶、行经皮穿刺肺活检的病例数与 PA 组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);而 PA 组在反复抗生素应用、合并肺结核基础疾病、咯血、伴钙化影、近邻支气管扩张、薄壁不规则空洞、空气新月征与 PC组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 PC 和 PA 患者宿主免疫因素及基础疾病有所不同,两组间症状无特异性,PA 出现咯血更常见,PC 影像主要表现为结节团块型及支气管充气征,多伴胸膜增厚,而 PA 以混合型为主,空气新月征和曲霉球为 PA 的特征性表现。     

国内20年肺曲霉菌病临床资料汇总分析

目的 了解20年来国内报道的肺曲霉菌病的流行病学特征、临床特点、影像学特点、确诊方法、误诊情况、治疗及预后,为临床医师快速准确地诊断本病提供重要线索.方法 回顾性分析1988～2007年国内有关肺曲霉菌感染的文献资料,统计分析并总结了293例肺曲霉菌病患者的临床资料.结果 293例患者中肺曲霉球型181例(61.8%),侵袭件肺曲霉菌病107例(36.5%),变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病5例(1.7%).肺曲霉菌病好发于有肺部基础疾病及其他基础疾病的患者,男、女比例2:1;其临床表现无特异性,而影像学表现呈多样性,临床易误诊,误诊率为74.6%;确诊主要靠呼吸道分泌物涂片、培养以及病理学检查;治疗手段包括手术切除和抗真菌药物的应用.结论 肺曲霉菌病的临床表现缺乏特异性,极易导致误诊,给临床诊断带来困难,必须加深对其认识.     

肺毛霉菌病11例报告

肺毛霉菌病是由真菌中的毛霉科引起的肺部感染性疾病,起病急骤,超过50%的患者病情常迅速恶化而致命.我院2006年2月～2008年5月诊断肺毛霉菌病11例.现报告如下. 临床资料:肺毛霉菌病患者11例,男9例、女2例,年龄24～74岁.其中合并糖尿病6例(并发酮症酸中毒1例,同时合并肺结核1例),肺结核空洞形成1例,肺间质囊性纤维化1例,肾功能衰竭1例,慢性阻塞性肺病2例.     

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病8例临床分析

目的总结侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的临床特点,以利早期诊断。方法回顾性分析2006年4月至2006年12月解放军总医院呼吸科确诊的8例IPA患者的临床资料。结果本组病例全部经病理诊断为IPA。6/8的患者出现发热症状;1/2的患者具有"新月征"、"气环征"的CT表现;7/8的患者有病灶内空洞或空腔形成;1/2患者痰培养曲霉菌阳性,1/4的患者在病理诊断前痰培养阳性;本组入院前初次诊断正确率为0;本组1例系统性曲霉菌病患者死亡,7例经治疗好转出院。结论IPA的临床症状缺乏特异性,早期具有典型CT表现者较少,痰培养曲霉菌阳性率低,这些原因容易造成早期误诊。因此应关注有基础疾病的患者,对于新发肺部阴影者警惕IPA的可能,对可以耐受经皮肺穿刺或气管镜者,通过尽早病理检查等措施可提高早期诊断率。     

病理确诊的肺隐球菌病38例临床分析

目的 探讨肺隐球菌病的临床特点、影像学表现、病理特征、治疗方法及预后。方法收集南京军区福州总医院2003年3月至2010年2月经病理确诊的38例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料,并对相关资料进行分析。结果 38例均为社区获得性肺炎,其中男29例,女9例,年龄21～70岁,平均(47±13)岁。38例中伴基础疾病者9例。流式细胞分析CD4细胞正常20例。影像学表现：35例病变靠近胸膜,以下肺部受累多见,其中左下肺21例,右下肺23例;单发结节影11例,多发结节影16例,多发斑片状影3例,肿块伴多发结节5例,弥漫性肺实质浸润影3例;4例患者行18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET-CT)检查,病灶均有较高的标准化摄取值（SUV值）。经皮肺穿刺活检确诊33例,开胸手术确诊1例,胸腔镜手术确诊3例,淋巴结活检确诊1例。治愈34例,显效3例,死亡1例。结论 在门诊就诊的肺部阴影患者中,肺隐球菌病应作为诊断及鉴别诊断的疾病之一。肺隐球菌病的影像学表现具有病灶多发、靠近胸膜及多位于下肺部等特点,但临床表现无特异性。经皮肺穿刺活检是确诊的有效方法之一。     

非粒细胞缺乏患者肺曲霉菌病16例临床研究

目的探讨非粒细胞缺乏肺曲霉菌病患者的临床表现、影像学特点及诊断治疗方法。方法回顾性分析16例确诊的肺曲霉菌病患者的临床资料。结果曲霉菌球菌病3例,变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病1例,侵袭性肺曲霉菌病12例。主要症状为咳嗽、咯痰、发热、咯血、胸闷和气喘,肺部体征不明显。胸部CT表现:双肺多发病灶13例,单病灶3例。所有患者均接受抗真菌药物治疗,死亡6例皆为侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者。结论曲霉菌球菌病病情发展缓慢,部分病人需要手术切除病灶;变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病情时轻时重,早期常误诊为支气管哮喘;侵袭性肺曲霉菌病情进展迅速,死亡率高,降低病死率有赖于早期诊断及抢先治疗。     

侵袭性肺曲霉病49例临床分析

目的 通过分析侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)病例,提高IPA临床诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析49例IPA患者的人口学资料、宿主因素、基础疾病、胸部CT表现、微生物检验、组织病理学检查、治疗和转归.结果 49例IPA患者确诊19例(38.8%),临床诊断30例(61.2%).3例(6.1%)无宿主因素,与1PA相关的宿主因素和基础疾病25例(51.0%),关系不肯定的基础疾病2l例(42.9%).胸部CT表现:结节29例次,斑片影15例次,团块12例次,实变10例次,空洞34例次,晕征19例次,支气管充气征18例次,新月征6例次,双肺影33例次,多发病灶38例次.痰真菌培养阳性率为26.5%(13/49),支气管肺泡灌洗液真菌培养阳性率为66.7%(10/15),曲霉半乳甘露聚糖试验阳性率为30.6%(11/36),肺组织病理检查阳性率为90.5%(19/21).烟曲霉为主要病原菌81.0%(17/21).抗真菌药物初始治疗有效率为50%(21/42).结论 IPA患者胸部影像学表现以双肺、多发、结节影、空洞为主,晕征、新月征少见.侵袭性诊断技术具有较好的诊断价值.     

肺毛霉病三例临床分析

目的探讨肺毛霉病的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法。方法报道2006年我院收治的、经纤维支气管镜检查和组织病理确诊且具有完整资料的3例肺毛霉感染病例并结合国内外文献进行复习。结果3例均为农民，女2例，男1例，年龄42～48岁。例1和例2为糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者，例1在确诊次日因大咯血死亡；例2应用大剂量两性霉素B（总剂量2g）治愈；例3为肺鳞癌右上叶切除术后伴支气管狭窄，通过应用大剂量两性霉素B（总剂量1．5g）和支气管镜介入治疗成功治愈；例2和例3随诊0．5～1年均无复发。结论肺毛霉病患者痰培养阳性率极低，病死率很高。对临床可疑病例应及时行纤维支气管镜检查，并经组织病理学确诊；治疗的关键在于早期诊断、控制基础病、应用大剂量的两性霉素B和及时的外科手术。     

中国1998年至2007年临床确诊的肺真菌病患者的多中心回顾性调查

目的 了解我国主要肺真菌病的种类、临床特征、预后及其影响因素等.方法 入选1998年1月至2007年12月中国10个城市16个中心的所有满足诊断标准的肺真菌病患者,收集临床、微生物学及影像学资料并进行回顾性分析.结果 共收集到临床确诊的肺真菌病病例474例,男309例,女165例.年龄3～97岁,平均(53±18)岁.474例患者中,位于前5位的肺真菌病依次为肺曲霉病(180例,37.9%)、肺念珠菌病(162例,34.2%)、肺隐球菌病(74例,15.6%)、肺孢子菌病(23例,4.8%)及肺毛霉病(10例,2.1%).后3年与前7年相比,以上比例无显著变化.肺念珠菌病的主要致病原以对普通唑类抗真菌药敏感的白色念珠菌(308/474,65.0%)与热带念珠菌(57/474,12.0%)为主.相对于细菌性肺炎患者而言,肺真菌病患者咯血(147/474,31.0%)与胸腔积液(95/474,20.0%)较多见,而影像学表现特异性较差,经典晕轮征(4/474,0.8%)与新月征(17/474,3.6%)仅见于个别肺曲霉病患者.本组肺真菌病患者合并基础疾病的前4位依次为肿瘤(包括实体瘤及恶性血液病,94/474,19.8%)、COPD(52/474,11.0%)、肺结核(50/474,10.5%)、糖尿病(48/474,10.1%).与其他3种常见肺真菌病相比,肺隐球菌病患者发病年龄轻,社区发病更多见,较少伴有基础疾病与免疫功能低下,预后较好.结论 我国肺真菌病前5位致病原依次为曲霉、念珠菌、隐球菌、孢子菌及毛霉,其中念珠菌属中以白色念珠菌及热带念珠菌为多.相对于其他肺真菌病而言,肺隐球菌病患者发病年龄较轻,社区发病多,预后较好.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the pathogens, clinical manifestations, prognosis of and the risk factors for pulmonary mycosis in China. Methods All cases of pulmonary mycosis from 16 centers in 10 cities from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2007 that met the diagnostic criteria were included for clinical,microbiological and radiological analysis. Results Totally 474 cases of pulmonary mycosis were retrieved.The top 5 pulmonary mycosis was pulmonary aspergillosis ( 180 cases, 37. 9% ), pulmonary candidiasis ( 162 cases, 34. 2% ), pulmonary cryptococcosis ( 74 cases, 15. 6% ), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( 23cases, 4. 8% ) and pulmonary mucormycosis ( 10 cases, 2. 1% ). The constituent ratio in the last 3 years was similar to that in the former 7 years. The main pathogens of pulmonary candidiasis were Candida albicans ( 308/474, 65.0% ) and Candida tropicalis ( 57/474, 12.0% ), which were sensitive to common azoles.Compared with bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary mycosis showed more symptoms of hemoptysis ( 147/474,31.0% ) and pleural effusion (95/474, 20.0% ), and less radiological specificity. Classical halo sign (4/474, 0. 8% ) and crescentic sign (17/474, 3. 6% ) were only shown in several cases of pulmonary mycosis. The most common underlying diseases were tumor ( including solid tumor and malignant hematological diseases ) ( 94/474, 19.8% ), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( 52/474, 11.0% ), pulmonary tuberculosis(50/474, 10. 5% ) and diabetes(48/474, 10.1% ). Compared with the other common pulmonary mycosis, pulmonary cryptococcosis affected younger patients, and more cases were community-acquired, but fewer cases with underlining diseases or compromised immune function, and had a better prognosis. Conclusion The ahead five species of pulmonary mycosis in China were orderly pulmonary aspergillomycosis,pulmonary candidosis, pulmonary cryptococcosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pulmonary mucormycosis. The main pathogens of pulmonary candidosis were Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis,which were sensitive to common azoles. Compared with the other common pulmonary mycosis, pulmonary cryptococcosis catch younger patients, had more community-acquired cases, and had better prognosis.     

Recurrent pulmonary mucormycosis after lobectomy in a non-smoking patient without predisposing risk factors

Pulmonary mucormycosis is a very rare clinical condition in patients without underlying risk factors. A limited number of cases have been reported in predominantly elderly patients; history of smoking appears to be a common feature. A case of non-smoking male who developed pulmonary mucormycosis with the longest reported follow-up is presented. In addition, this is also the first reported case with disease recurrence after lobectomy (two years) in an immunocompetent host. Treatment with an additional lobectomy and amphotericin B was successful in this patient.     

Mucormycosis in hematologic malignancies: an emerging fungal infection

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. In recent years pulmonary mucormycosis has been reported in patients with leukemia and lymphoma and bone marrow transplant recipients. It carries an extremely poor prognosis. We report our experience of clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome of mucormycosis diagnosed in neutropenic patients affected by hematologic neoplasms admitted to our Department. DESIGN AND METHODS. From November 1987 to July 1999 we observed 13 cases of Mucor. Their median age was 61 years (range 20-75), and they were predominantly in the aplastic post-chemotherapy period (12/13), affected by acute myeloid leukemia (11 cases ) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2 cases). Six patients (all with leukemia) were receiving inductionEth consolidation therapy, 7 had progressive hematologic disease. At the onset of infection all patients were neutropenic (N < 0.5x10(9)/L). No patients had diabetes mellitus. Two patients had been receiving steroid therapy for 5 and 7 days. RESULTS. The lung was involved in all cases (13/13); disseminated disease was present in 8/13 patients. All cultures (blood, sputum, nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage) were negative. In 3 patients a histologic diagnosis was made in vivo: in 1 patient by percutaneous pulmonary biopsy, in 1 patient by pulmonary lobectomy, and in the last patient by percutaneous pulmonary biopsy confirmed by excision of a cerebellar abscess. In the remaining 10 cases diagnosis was made post-mortem. Five patients were not treated, 2 because of poor clinical condition and 3 because fungal infection was not suspected. Amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/day) was given empirically to 6 patients and 2 responded to treatment. The remaining 2 patients with neurologic symptoms at the onset of infection were treated with liposomal amphotericin, Ambisome, one with 3 and one with 5 mg/kg/day; of these two patients the first died in 4 days; the second, with both pulmonary and cerebellar localizations, was treated successfully with 5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and then with 3 mg/kg/day, and excision of a brain abscess at neutrophil recovery (total dose of Ambisome: 12,000 mg). The 3 surviving leukemic patients were able to complete subsequent consolidation therapy using amphotericin B or liposomal amphotericin as secondary prophylaxis during aplasia. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS. In neutropenic hematologic patients Mucor is rarely suspected. In our patients infection was often characterized by disseminated disease and a rapidly fatal course; only early aggressive amphotericin B (or Ambisome) treatment together with neutrophil recovery appeared to improve the outcome. Diagnosis is very important for programming antifungal therapy and secondary prophylaxis with amphotericin B, because Mucor is usually resistant to itraconazole.     

无免疫功能缺陷者肺曲霉感染15例临床分析

目的 探讨无免疫功能缺陷患者肺曲霉感染的诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2006年12月在北京军区总医院胸外科住院的15例肺曲霉感染患者的病历资料.结果 15例患者中男12例,女3例,年龄43～62岁,平均46.8岁.12例有肺部病变;2例肺内肿块影,CT显示有晕征;1 例左主支气管腔内可见曲霉.15例均无免疫功能缺陷.肺癌空洞伴曲菌球的术前、术后诊断符合率为100%.术前经细菌学诊断者仅3例,诊断为肺癌2例.手术治疗13例,其中12例恢复良好,无并发症;1例胸膜残腔感染经开窗引流和抗曲霉治疗,感染未能控制.1例仅行抗肿瘤治疗,1例猝死.结论 CT表现的晕征及组织学检查对疑有肺曲霉感染者的诊断有重要意义.基础性肺病变伴曲菌球和肿块表现的肺曲霉感染应积极手术治疗.     

甲型H1N1流感的病原学与流行病学

目的：通过临床病例分析，了解肺内神经鞘瘤的临床和影像表现，提高鉴别诊断能力。方法：对1979年1月－2001年10月期间收治的7例肺内神经鞘瘤的临床、影像学表现及诊断依据进行分析。结果：主要症状：小量咯血、咳嗽、发热、气促、胞痛。纤维支气管镜检查：支气管腔内见新生物3例，外压性狭窄2例。影像表现：左总支气管腔内见结节阻塞2例；肺内单发肿块4例；多发肿块1例（2个病灶）。肿块边缘光整3个（良性2个，恶性1个），毛糙3个（恶性）。CT增强扫描，表同为网格样强化1个（良性）、周边强化1个（恶性）、不均质强化4个（良性1个，恶性3个）。伴支气管和肋骨受压2例。恶性神经鞘瘤中见胸膜浸润伴胸液1例、血管受侵2例。结论：肺内神经鞘瘤罕见，临床及影像学表现缺乏特异性。肿瘤大小和密度对良恶性鉴别无特征意义，肿瘤边界不光整提示恶性可能，相邻结构侵犯是提示恶性病变的重要征象。     

Mucormycosis after kidney transplantations: report of seven cases

This is a report of 7 cases of mucormycosis infections in patients who had undergone transplantation and been admitted in the kidney transplant centre of Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2002 to 2005. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records for demographic data, symptoms, diagnostic techniques and outcomes. Five patients were male and 2 female. The mean age of patients was 49.5 y. The time interval between transplantation and disease onset varied greatly (range: 1 month to 4 y). Patients' symptoms were fever (7 cases), respiratory distress (4 cases) and severe headache (3 cases). Suspected patients were evaluated by CT scan, BAL and biopsy and diagnosis confirmed by culture. The final diagnosis was pulmonary mucormycosis in 4 cases, rhino-cerebral mucormycosis in 2 cases and disseminated mucormycosis in 1 case. Despite early and intensive treatment with amphotericin B in all patients and extensive debridement in 3 cases, only 2 patients survived the disease. Mucormycosis is a potentially lethal complication after kidney transplantation. It could occur very early on or very late into the post-transplant period. Despite the results of other studies, the most frequent site of infection in our patients was the lungs.     

Pulmonary multinodular mucormycosis in type 1 diabetic patient with diabetic ketoacidosis

We report a case of pulmonary multinodular mucormycosis in a Type 1 diabetic patient with diabetic ketoacidosis. He had a history of 20-pack-year tobacco use. The initial chest roentgenogram and thorax tomography (after the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis) revealed multiple nodular lesions with cavitation in the upper lobes of pulmonary parenchyma. Resection of three nodular lesion demonstrated cheesy necrotic mass in the cavitating lesions. The diagnosis of pulmonary multinodular mucormycosis was made depending on the histopathologic examination yielding nonseptated right angle branching-shaped hyphae typical of mucormycosis. The patient was started on liposomal amphotericin B and discharged at the sixth week of therapy with a scheduled therapy of amphotericin B. When he came back after 33 months, he was metabolically unregulated under the insulin therapy. He confessed that he had been smoking heroin besides tobacco for the last 5 years. A new thorax computerized tomography showed that pulmonary nodules were slightly regressed but not resolved.     

肺泡蛋白沉积症继发感染九例临床分析

目的 通过分析9例特发性肺泡蛋白沉积症(PAP)继发感染患者的临床资料,以提高该病的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1990年1月至2010年1月因继发感染需要住院诊疗的特发性PAP患者的临床资料.结果 1990年1月1日至2010年1月1日北京协和医院共收治特发性PAP患者97例,男69例,女28例,其中9例因继发感染需要住院诊疗,男5例,女4例,年龄22～71(46.4±14.6)岁.6例曾误诊为间质性肺炎,均用过糖皮质激素治疗(3例仍在使用糖皮质激素,另3例已停用糖皮质激素3～15.5个月).5例曾接受单侧和(或)双侧肺灌洗,与此次感染相距1个月、2个月、9个月、14个月、24个月不等.发热8例,咳嗽9例,咳痰8例,咯血2例,胸痛1例,肺部听诊有湿哕音1例.影像学以弥漫性磨玻璃影(9例)、空洞影(4例)为主要表现,合并胸腔积液少见(1例).感染灶均局限在胸腔内:9例均有肺部感染,1例合并胸膜受累.病原学:结核分枝杆菌感染4例,真菌感染3例(白念珠菌、青霉菌及烟曲霉各1例),诺卡菌感染2例(其中1例合并巨细胞病毒感染).9例患者6例治愈,1例好转,2例死亡.结论 对特发性PAP患者,尤其是用糖皮质激素者,出现发热、近期加重的呼吸困难,胸部影像学有空洞、结节影等表现时,需警惕PAP继发感染的可能,尽早获取病原学资料,早期、足疗程治疗可以改善预后.

Abstract：

Objective To describe the clinical characteristics of 9 cases of idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (iPAP) with secondary infections. Method The clinical and radiological data of 9 patients with iPAP and secondary infections admitted into Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1 st January 1990 to 1st January 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Results In that period, there were 97 patients of iPAP were admitted in our hospital. There were 9 patients of iPAP with secondary infections,aged (46.4±14.6)y. There were 5 males and 4 females. Among them, 6 patients were misdiagnosed as interstitial pneumonia and corticosteroids were given to them. When the infection appeared, corticosteroids were still given to 3 patients, and the other 3 patients had stopped corticosteroids for 3 to 15 and a half months. Five patients had accepted mono-lung or whole lung lavage before 1,2, 9, 14,24 months. The clinical manifestations were fever(8 cases) ,cough(9 cases) , expectoration(8 cases) ,hemoptysis(2 cases),chest pain(1 case) and moist rales(1 case). Glass-ground opacities (9 cases) and cavitations(4 case)were the main manifestations of chest radiology. Pleural effusions(1 case) was not common. The locations of infection was limited in chest:9 cases had pulmonary infection and one case was associated with pleurisy.The infectious pathogens were the acid-fast tubercle bacillus (4 cases), fungus (3 cases, candida albicans,penicillium and aspergillus fumigatus for each one) and norcardia (2 cases, one case was associated with cytomegalovirus infection). Follow-up: 6 patients were cured, 1 patient was improved and 2 patients were died. Conclusions For patients with iPAP, especially when they had been receiving corticosteroids, if they had fever and/or recently exaggerated dyspnea, especially whose chest radiology showed nodules and cavitations, the clinicians should be aware of infections diseases for them. Further specific microbiological studies and sufficient therapy should be obtained as quickly as possible.     

Clinical features of 32 cases of fungal pneumonia

A total of 32 patients with mycoses other than cavity-formed aspergilloma were reviewed. The main pathogenic fungi were Aspergillus in 14, Candida in 8, Cryptococcus in 4, Trichosporon in 4 and Mucor in 2. Coinfection by two species was detected in 3 cases: Trichosporon and Aspergillus in 2 and Aspergillus and Candida in 1. The underlying diseases were hematologic malignancies in all cases except 1 case of lung cancer. The hematologic malignancies were mostly leukemias of various types. Cryptococcosis developed in patients given long-term corticosteroid treatment but not in leukemic patients. All cases of aspergillosis, candidiasis and mucormycosis were due to nosocomial infection. On the other hand, 3 of 4 cases of cryptococcosis or trichosporonosis were attributable to community-acquired infection. Two of 4 trichosporonosis cases were considered to have been acquired during 2-day home stays. The diagnosis of pulmonary mycosis was made pathologically in 18 and clinically in 14 cases. Of the latter, 6 cases had an air-crescent sign on chest X-ray films and 8 cases were culture-positive. Extrapulmonary involvement was seen in all 16 cases of candidiasis, cryptococcosis and trichosporonosis but not in 10 of 14 aspergillosis cases. Severe granulocytopenia was present in all cases except 4 cases of cryptococcosis and 3 cases of aspergillosis. Chest X-ray findings of aspergillosis were of two types: one was an air-crescent sign which was noted in the recovery phase from leukopenia and the other was gradually enlarging consolidation which was bound by the interlobar fissure and progressed to lobar penumonia. A diffuse granular shadow was not characteristic of any fungus species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)