螺旋CT在胃癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT对胃癌术前TNM分期的准确性,指导临床合理地制订治疗方案和进行预后分析．方法:术前对45例胃癌患者的腹部SCT资料进行TNM分期,并与术后病理进行对照研究．结果:螺旋CT对胃癌T分期、N分期、M分期和TNM分期的准确率分别为75．6％、73．3％、 86．7％和75．6％．如以平扫CT值≥25 Hu或动脉期CT值≥70 Hu或静脉期CT值≥80 Hu为诊断阳性淋巴结标准,则阳性淋巴结的敏感性高达 98．4％,特异性为64．0％．结论:螺旋CT对胃癌的术前TNM分期可提供较高的准确率．     

宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移的临床应用价值

目的探讨宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移的临床应用价值。方法选取100例胃癌患者,患者术前先经螺旋CT扫描,间隔1个小时后,经宝石能谱CT扫描。观察并记录两组患者宝石能谱CT诊断结果及螺旋CT诊断结果 ,宝石能谱CT上淋巴结长径和淋巴结强化程度不同的诊断结果 ,评价宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移的诊断效果。结果宝石能谱CT诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感度为91.2%(73/80),特异度为90.0%(18/20),诊断符合率91.0%(91/100),螺旋CT诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感度为76.3%(61/80),特异度为55.0%(11/20),诊断符合率72.0%(72/100),当转移性淋巴结长径≥8mm时,与病理诊断结果一致性较高(κ值0.842)。当强化程度差值≥80 Hu时,与病理诊断结果一致性较高(κ值0.856)。结论宝石能谱CT对胃癌转移性淋巴结具有较高的诊断率,特异性和敏感度较高,以淋巴结长径≥8 mm及淋巴结强化密度差值≥80 Hu为诊断淋巴结转移阳性的标准,能提高判断淋巴结是否转移的准确性。     

能量CT与PET/CT成像在胃癌淋巴结评估中的应用价值

[目的]探讨能量CT与PET/CT成像在胃癌淋巴结评估中的应用价值。[方法]收集在我科行双源CT双能量扫描及18F-FDG PET/CT显像并经手术病理证实的进展期胃癌患者56例的影像资料,根据病理结果将淋巴结分为转移性淋巴结与非转移性淋巴结,分别测量比较二者标准化碘浓度(normalized iodine concentration,NIC)及能谱曲线,并计算能量CT与PET/CT成像对胃癌淋巴结诊断效能。[结果]转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结动脉期的NIC值分别为0.546±0.067、0.153±0.068,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结静脉期的NIC值分别为0.478±0.013、0.303±0.073,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。动脉期NIC诊断的效能:灵敏度69.8%、特异度91.2%。静脉期NIC诊断的效能:灵敏度78.3%、特异度85.6%。转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结双期能谱曲线均为下降型,动脉期曲线斜率k为6.85时,诊断胃癌转移淋巴结的灵敏度为83.5%、特异度为85.7%,静脉期斜率k为6.56时,灵敏度为65.6%、特异度为96.7%。18F-FDG PET/CT对胃癌区域淋巴结转移诊断的灵敏度、特异性分别为64.5%、96.3%。[结论]能量CT与PET/CT在胃癌转移淋巴结的评估中,能量CT具有一定的优势。     

能谱CT在不同分化胃癌转移性淋巴结定性诊断中的价值

［摘要］　目的　探讨能谱CT在不同分化胃癌转移性淋巴结定性诊断中的价值。方法　分析50例经胃镜病理证实的胃腺癌患者的能谱CT影像资料,测量胃周淋巴结动脉期及静脉期标化碘值,并与手术病理结果相比较。结果　50例胃腺癌患者中,胃癌手术及病理证实伴淋巴结转移38例,无淋巴结转移12例。经病理结果确认转移淋巴结83个,其中高中分化腺癌转移性淋巴结34个,低分化腺癌转移性淋巴结49个,非转移淋巴结31个。通过利用标化碘值及能谱曲线,能谱CT诊断胃癌淋巴结转移的灵敏度为90.4%(75/83),特异度为87.1%(27/31),诊断符合率为89.5%（102/114)。高中分化胃腺癌转移性淋巴结与非转移淋巴结动脉期及静脉期标化碘值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　能谱CT对于不同分化胃癌淋巴结的定性诊断具有重要价值,能够为胃癌的临床诊断及治疗方案的选择提供帮助。     

64层螺旋CT评价冠脉狭窄的应用价值

目的 评价 64层螺旋 CT 在冠状动脉疾病中的诊断价值.方法 选择30例临床疑诊冠心病病人行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像和插管法冠状动脉造影检查.以常规冠状动脉造影为金标准,计算64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像诊断冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50%的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度.结果 64层螺旋 CT诊断冠状动脉狭窄总体敏感度和特异度分别为90.7%、96.2%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为89.5%、96.6%,准确度为94.7%.结论 64层螺旋CT对诊断冠状动脉狭窄具有较高的准确率,是一种无创、简便、安全可靠的冠状动脉血管诊断与筛选方法.     

多排螺旋CT成像及引导穿刺鉴别肝脏局灶性结节增生性质的应用价值

目的研究多排螺旋CT成像(MSCT)及引导穿刺鉴别肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的应用价值。方法选择经常规CT平扫或肝脏超声筛选的FNH患者共126例,经CT或超声引导穿刺活检结合病理最终确诊肝癌35例(27.8%),良性结节91例;采用MSCT多期增强扫描和后处理,记录结节直径、形状、周围病灶、强化、静脉期和动脉期增强。结果 MSCT平扫诊断良恶性结节的最大直径、形状和密度比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。MSCT增强扫描恶性结节以"快进快出"征象为主,良性结节以"快进慢出"征象为主。MSCT增强扫描共诊断肝癌30例,良性结节96例,诊断肝癌的敏感性为80.0%(28/35),特异性为97.8%(89/91),阳性预测值为93.3%(28/30),阴性预测值为92.7%(89/96)。结论 MSCT增强扫描鉴别FNH良恶性具有较高的诊断价值。     

64排螺旋CT三期增强扫描在胃癌淋巴结清扫术前评估中的价值

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT三期增强扫描在胃癌淋巴结清扫术前评估中的价值.方法:确诊为胃癌的患者,术前行64排螺旋CT三期增强扫描,通过容积再现三维血管成像了解腹腔干3大动脉及其分支(肝总动脉、肝右动脉、肝左动脉、脾动脉、胃左动脉)的解剖走行情况,用分组定位法检出淋巴结,进行N分期,与术后病理分期相对照.结果:38例胃癌患者术前行64排螺旋CT三期增强扫描及通过容积再现三维血管重建成像评估3大动脉分支及其属支走行情况,术中探查验证,准确率为100%;通过与术后病理对照,在判断胃癌胃周有无淋巴结转移的准确率为:92.1%(35/38);对胃癌N0-N3b分期及N分期的准确率分别为71.4%(5/7)、62.5%(5/8)、81.82%(9/11)、75%(6/8)、25%(1/4)及68.42%(26/38).结论:64排螺旋CT三期增强扫描能较客观地评估胃癌患者术前腹腔干3大动脉及其分支的解剖走行情况及对胃周淋巴结有无转移做出比较可靠的判断,对指导术中淋巴结清扫、减少术中动脉损伤等方面有重要的作用.     

双期CT增强诊断肺硬化性血管瘤

目的分析肺硬化性血管瘤的cT表现,提高诊断与鉴别诊断能力。方法13例经手术病理证实为肺硬化性血管瘤患者的cT、病理及临床资料。结果常规体检发现6例,上呼吸道感染就诊发现3例,术前常规发现3例,肺癌手术发现1例,痰中带血就诊发现1例。CT典型表现为肺内单发软组织肿块或结节影,呈圆形或类椭圆形,边缘光滑、密度均匀,平扫CT值（23±4）Hu,增强后动脉期（93±11）Hu,静脉期（112±15）Hu,增强扫描呈持续性强化为其特点。结论肺硬化性血管瘤少见,女性好发,临床无特殊症状,CT平扫结合双期增强扫描有助于肺硬化性血管瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

多层螺旋CT在胃癌术前分期中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT三维重建在胃癌患者术前精确分期的准确性及影响分期准确性的因素。方法回顾性分析73例胃癌患者的病例资料,将64层螺旋CT检查结果与病理结果进行比较分析。结果 64层螺旋CT判定的TNM分期结果与病理分期结果的总符合率分别为T期73.97%、N期76.71%、M期93.15%,其中CT结果对远处转移的诊断吻合程度较高(P=0.000);多因素回归分析结果显示,影响64层螺旋CT胃癌征象与分期准确性的主要因素是胃癌病理类型、浸润深度、瘤周低密度带厚度、淋巴结转移(P<0.05)。结论 64层螺旋CT能较好地显示胃癌的浸润深度、淋巴结转移及远处转移,对M分期判定的准确率较高,对胃癌术前分期有较好的临床应用价值。     

胆囊壁僵硬并动脉增粗CT征象对胆囊癌的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT显示胆囊壁僵硬并动脉增粗的征象("脐样"征)对胆囊癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年4月中山大学附属第一医院72例经病理证实的胆囊壁增厚患者行64排多层螺旋CT检查,分别行平扫、动脉期、静脉期增强扫描;利用诊断试验评价方法对该征象进行分析。结果胆囊癌41例,出现"脐样"征25例;非胆囊癌31例,其中2例胆囊腺肌症出现"脐样"征。"脐样"征诊断胆囊癌的敏感度为60.97%,特异度为93.54%,准确度为75.00%,阳性预测值为92.59%。结论胆囊壁僵硬并动脉增粗征象对胆囊癌的诊断有一定价值。     

胃癌组织MMP-2表达与SCT的相关性研究

目的探讨胃癌螺旋CT(SCT)表现的分子病理学基础,寻找与胃癌浸润转移相关的生物学标志,从分子水平对胃癌的侵袭、转移、预后作出正确评估。方法对81例进展期胃癌患者行SCT平扫及三期动态增强扫描,术后HE染色及金属蛋白酶(MMP-2)免疫组织化学染色。结果81例进展期胃癌组织中MMP-2表达率为69.1%,MMP-2表达与胃癌TNM分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤侵袭程度密切相关(P<0.05)。结论MMP-2表达与SCT强化幅度、SCT显示的浸润深度和淋巴结转移有关。     

Possibility of pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis based on morphology.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The accuracy of pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is insufficient. Our aim was to define the possibility of diagnosing metastatic lymph nodes based on morphology. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and fifty-seven patients with pre-operatively untreated esophageal squamous cell carcinoma underwent resection, 5334 lymph nodes were isolated, and the short and long diameters were measured. We tried to construct a linear regression line for metastasis rate versus lymph node size (long diameter classified at intervals of 1 mm) by each location. The ratio of short diameter to long diameter (SL ratio) of metastasis-positive lymph nodes was compared with that of negative ones at each location. RESULTS: Gradient and intercept of overall regression line was 0.0213 and 0.0101, respectively, and the long diameter producing a metastasis rate of 80% (LD80) was 37.1 mm. Metastasis-positive lymph nodes larger than calculated LD80 represented no more than 9.5% of all the corresponding metastasis-positive nodes. The locations with significant difference of SL ratio between metastasis-positive and negative ones were limited to right cardiac, left gastric artery, thoracic paratracheal, bifurcation, and the highest mediastinal nodes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a low possibility that lymph node metastasis can be exactly diagnosed pre-operatively based on the size and morphology.     

Application value of multi-slice spiral computed tomography for imaging determination of metastatic lymph nodes of gastric cancer

AIM:To evaluate the application value of multi-slice spiral computed tomography(MSCT)for imaging determination of metastatic lymph nodes of gastric cancer and to explore reasonable diagnostic criteria.METHODS:Sixty patients with gastric cancer underwent 64 MSCT scans before operation.Gastric cancer samples and perigastric lymph nodes were obtained after operation,formalin fixation and haematoxylineosin staining.The metastatic conditions of gastric cancer and perigastric lymph nodes were determined under a light microscope.A total of 605 lymph nodes were grouped and assessed according to distribution,size,shape and degree of lymph node enhancement.Then,the findings were compared with the postoperative pathological results.RESULTS:Among 605 lymph nodes,358 were confirmed as metastatic,accounting for 59.2%.A total of535 lymph nodes were detected in original axis images combined with multiplanar reconstruction images of MSCT.The metastatic lymph nodes had specific signs in computed tomography.This study showed that the long diameter of lymph nodes≥8 mm indicated metastasis;the sensitivity and specificity were 79.6%and78.8%,respectively.The difference of the mean value of lymph node enhancement density≥80 Hu indicated metastasis;the sensitivity and specificity were81.6%and 75.6%,respectively.The ratio of short diameter to long diameter of lymph nodes≥0.7 indicated metastasis;the sensitivity and specificity were85.6%and 71.8%,respectively.CONCLUSION:MSCT is a non-invasive and reliable method for preoperative examination of gastric cancer.Sensitivity and specificity for prediction of lymph node metastasis are high.     

Distribution of lymph node metastasis in gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In gastric cancer, appropriate lymph node dissection increases survival, and hence it is of value to determine lymph node metastasis distribution in the early phase of progression. METHODOLOGY: This study involved a series of 274 consecutive patients with 1-6 lymph node metastases occurring after resection. The pattern of lymph node metastases was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of 102 patients with single lymph node metastasis, over 60% of metastases occurred in specific lymph nodes for each tumor. However, the remainder was scattered in an unpredictable manner including the para-aortic lymph nodes. Despite variations in invasiveness of tumors in patients with a single lymph node, the distribution remained unchanged. Nor was there any change in patients with an increased number of metastatic lymph nodes. However, in the latter group a higher proportion of metastases were widespread. About 85-90% of node was located within paragastric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Over 60% of metastatic lymph nodes would be eliminated by the dissection of specific areas determined by the site of the tumor. If the concept of sentinel lymph nodes in gastric cancer is valid, navigation surgery will be necessary for patients with early gastric cancer to locate such unpredictable metastasis.     

Optimal extent of lymph node dissection for T1 gastric cancer, with special reference to the distribution of micrometastasis, and accuracy of preoperative diagnosis for wall invasion

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Preoperative diagnosis for wall invasion and lymph node metastasis is sometimes difficult in T1 gastric cancer. Optimum dissection extent of lymph nodes for T1 gastric cancer was studied from the aspect of subclassification of wall invasion and lymph node metastasis including micrometastasis. METHODOLOGY: 184 patients with cT1 or pT1 gastric cancer were studied. The grade of clinical wall invasion (cT) and clinical lymph node status (cN) were diagnosed by endoscopy and computed tomography or intraoperative findings. Lymph node metastasis (pN) was studied by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: In 79 cM tumors, 60 (75.9%) were diagnosed as pM. In 88 cSM tumors, 42 (47.7%) were diagnosed as pSM. In 94 pM gastric cancers, micrometastases were found in two patients (2.1%) and in N1 stations. Two (1.9%) of 70 pSM cancers had micrometastasis in No. 7, 8a and 12a stations. Lymph node metastasis (pN) correlated significantly with the depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic invasion and venous invasion. Regarding the pN2 stations, one (1.1%) of 94 pM tumors had lymph node metastasis in No.7 station, and 9 (12.9%) of 70 pSM tumors had nodal involvement in No.7, 8a, 11p, 12a and 14v stations. All eight pN+/cM tumors were diagnosed as nN0 and four (1.4%) of 23 pN+/cSM tumors were correctly diagnosed as pN+. In contrast, 8 (9.9%) of 81 cN0/cM tumors and 19 (24.1%) of 79 cN0/cSM tumors had histological lymph node metastasis (pN+). CONCLUSIONS: Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is very low. Accordingly, prophylactic lymph node dissection is recommended even for cT1 and cN0 tumors. For cN0/cM cancer, D1+No.7 is recommended. D1+No.7, 8a, 9, 11p is recommended for cSM cancer, located in U or M region and additional dissection of No. 14v is recommended for cSM cancer located in L region.     

原发性胸腺癌的临床表现及MSCT诊断意义

目的分析原发性胸腺癌的临床表现及MSCT诊断意义。 方法回顾性分析经病理确诊的43例胸腺癌患者的临床和影像资料,CT图像分析：肿块位置、形态、大小、边缘、密度、强化程度、肿块与邻近组织器官的关系、心包/胸腔积液、纵隔淋巴结肿大及远处转移情况。 结果原发性胸腺癌好发于中老年人,平均年龄为(55.3±13.0)岁,男性较女性多见(2.91︰1);主要临床症状为胸痛、胸闷,其次为气促、咳嗽。43例软组织肿块位于前纵隔,38例呈偏侧性生长,5例沿中线向两侧生长,肿块形态不规则,边界不清,呈浸润性生长,最大径为3.8~13 cm,平均(7.2±3.5)cm;平扫肿块呈软组织密度影,CT值(32.3±10.7)Hu;密度较均匀4例(2.3%,4/43);密度不均匀39例(97.7%),其内见斑片状坏死/囊变;17例病灶内见钙化灶。肿块-心脏大血管界面征阳性42例;肿块-肺界面征阳性13例;合并心包/胸腔积液29例;伴纵隔淋巴结肿大25例;伴远处转移12例。增强扫描肿块以中度强化为主,囊变坏死区无强化,动脉期及静脉期CT值分别为(58.2±16.1)Hu、(64.0±18.6)Hu。 结论原发性胸腺癌是一种相对罕见的纵隔恶性肿瘤,临床症状缺乏特异性。MSCT表现具有一定的特征,主要表现为前纵隔偏侧生长的不规则软组织肿块,密度不均匀,增强以中度强化为主,肿块常侵犯邻近组织器官。MSCT不仅能够显示肿瘤的内部结构,还能显示与邻近结构的关系,对术前正确诊断及临床治疗方案的选择具有重要的临床意义。     

Postoperative morbidity/mortality and survival rates after total gastrectomy, with splenectomy/pancreaticosplenectomy for patients with advanced gastric cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Indications for splenectomy in patients with proximal and middle gastric cancer remain controversial. We investigated characteristic findings in patients with lymph node metastasis to the splenic hilus and the indication of splenectomy with total gastectomy for T2 and T3 advanced gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred and forty-one Japanese patients underwent curative operations for T2 and T3 advanced gastric cancer. RESULTS: The mortality rates were similar, but the morbidity rate for patients who underwent pancreaticosplenectomy was higher than for patients who underwent either total gastrectomy alone or with splenectomy (p<0.007). The rates in cases of lymph node metastasis at the depth of tumor invasion within the subserosa and serosa (T3) were 1.7% and 17.5%, respectively (p<0.003). Lymph node metastasis to the splenic hilus was also evident in patients with T3 or T2 advanced gastric cancer with multiple lymph nodes metastasis (more than 7 nodes). The 10-year survival rates for patients who underwent total gastrectomy alone, with splenectomy, and with pancreaticosplenectomy in T3 advanced gastric cancers were 25%, 42% and 32%, respectively (p=0.184). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, the addition of distal pancreaticosplenectomy to total gastrectomy in patients with T2 and T3 advanced gastric cancer increased the risk of complications. Nevertheless, we recommend that total gastrectomy with splenectomy should be done for patients with T3 advanced gastric cancers [and T2 advanced gastric cancer with multiple lymph nodes metastasis (more than 7 nodes)], recognizing the lymph node metastasis to the splenic hilus.     

Clinical significance of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer,one of the most common malignancies in the world,frequently reveals lymph node,peritoneum,and liver metastases.Most of gastric cancer patients present with lymph node metastasis when they were initially diagnosed or underwent surgical resection,which results in poor prognosis.Both the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node involvement are considered as the most important prognostic predictors of gastric cancer.Although extended lymphadenectomy was not considered a survival benefit procedure and was reported to be associated with high mortality and morbidity in two randomized controlled European trials,it showed significant superiority in terms of lower locoregional recurrence and disease related deaths compared to limited lymphadenectomy in a 15-year followup study.Almost all clinical investigators have reached a consensus that the predictive efficiency of the number of metastatic lymph nodes is far better than the extent of lymph node metastasis for the prognosis of gastric cancer worldwide,but other nodal metastatic classifications of gastric cancer have been proposed as alternatives to the number of metastatic lymph nodes for improving the predictive efficiency for patient prognosis.It is still controversial over whether the ratio between metastatic and examined lymph nodes is superior to the number of metastatic lymph nodes in prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer.Besides,the negative lymph node count has been increasingly recognized to be an important factor significantly associated with prognosis of gastric cancer.     

Prophylactic lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer invading submucosa

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prophylactic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer patients was considered to prolong survival time and D2 lymph node dissection was a standard treatment for early gastric cancer invading submucosa without lymph node metastasis. We investigated the possibility of minimizing the extent of prophylactic lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer invading submucosa if there was no evidence of lymph node metastasis. METHODOLOGY: We analyzed data on 404 patients with early gastric cancer invading the submucosa who underwent gastrectomy from 1979 to 1998 in the National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan. The postoperative survival rate of patients with standard D2 dissection was compared with cases of those with limited D2 dissection which was defined as confined as D2 dissection dissections No.7 (lymph nodes were those along the left gastric artery), No.8 (lymph nodes along the anterosuperior common hepatic artery) and No.9 (lymph nodes along the celiac artery). RESULTS: Of the 404 patients, 52 and 17 had lymph node metastasis in group 1 and group 2 nodes, respectively. Of 17 patients with lymph node metastasis in group 2, 14 (82.4%) had metastasis confined to No.7, 8 and 9 of group 2 nodes. The 5-year survival rate of patients with submucosal cancer without lymph node metastasis was 94.4% after limited D2 dissection and 97.3% after standard D2 dissection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate prophylactic lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer invading the submucosa without lymph node metastasis was considered to be minimized to limited D2 dissection.