甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因变异状况及序列分析

目的 了解2009年度甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)病毒的检测情况和血凝素(HA)基因变异情况.方法 选择国家级流感监测哨点医院以及暴发疫情的疫点,采集流感样病例的鼻咽拭子标本,通过实时(RT)-PCR进行病毒分型及甲型H1N1流感病毒检测,对阳性标本采用狗肾细胞(MDCK)进行病原分离,采用红细胞凝集试验测定病毒效价,用血凝抑制实验进行型别鉴定,通过RT-PCR扩增毒株HA1片段的基因并进行序列测定,利用生物信息学技术进行序列分析.结果 共检测咽拭子样本996份,其中核酸检测阳性病例包括甲型H1N1 337份,季节性H1N1亚型1份,季节性H3N2亚型67份,B型12份,流感核酸检测阳性率为41.87％,其中甲型流感核酸检测阳性率为33.84％.分离出甲型H1N1病毒36株,选择18株.测序成功的10株甲型H1N1流感病毒在多个氨基酸位点发生变异,与疫苗株A/California/07/2009(H1N1)比较,有6个位点发生突变,其中1个位点位于抗原决定簇的B区.结论 2009年度分离到的流感病毒株中以甲型H1N1为绝对的优势毒株,毒株的血凝素基因与世界卫生组织(WHO)提供的疫苗株相比有变异,与疫苗株相比,抗原决定簇B区有改变,但关键位点第222位没有变化.     

2009年上海地区甲型流行性感冒流行及甲型H1N1病毒分离株变异分析

目的 了解2009年上海地区人群流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流行期间甲型H1N1分离株基因和抗原的变异.方法 采集2009年上海地区哨点医院和学校聚集性流感样患者咽拭子标本,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)分离流感病毒,直接荧光免疫法鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR法鉴定亚型,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)等片段全基因测序,分析甲型H1N1流感病毒HA、NA等基因变异.结果 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感中,季节性H1N1和H3N2流感同时存在,进入第32周时,甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2流感同时流行,第40周后主要是甲型H1N1流行.甲型H1N1流行株HA进化分析显示,不同区域、不同月份分离株互有穿插,上海地区分离株聚集成簇形成一个分枝,与西班牙、俄罗斯、丹麦等国的流行株接近.HA演绎推导氨基酸位点虽有变异,但都不位于抗原决定区域;NA基因演绎推导氨基酸位点未观察到274位点及与耐奥司他韦药物相关其他位点的变异;PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和第701位氨基酸分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点.结论 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感,季节性H1N1和H3N2同时流行,夏秋季开始甲型H1N1、季节性H3N2在人群中同时流行,之后以甲型H1N1为主.甲型H1N1与早期分离株比较有一定变异,但尚未出现流行病学意义的抗原漂移株,仍表现为对人的高亲和力和低致病性特征.     

2009年上海地区甲型流行性感冒流行及甲型H1N1病毒分离株变异分析

目的 了解2009年上海地区人群流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流行期间甲型H1N1分离株基因和抗原的变异.方法 采集2009年上海地区哨点医院和学校聚集性流感样患者咽拭子标本,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)分离流感病毒,直接荧光免疫法鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR法鉴定亚型,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)等片段全基因测序,分析甲型H1N1流感病毒HA、NA等基因变异.结果 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感中,季节性H1N1和H3N2流感同时存在,进入第32周时,甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2流感同时流行,第40周后主要是甲型H1N1流行.甲型H1N1流行株HA进化分析显示,不同区域、不同月份分离株互有穿插,上海地区分离株聚集成簇形成一个分枝,与西班牙、俄罗斯、丹麦等国的流行株接近.HA演绎推导氨基酸位点虽有变异,但都不位于抗原决定区域;NA基因演绎推导氨基酸位点未观察到274位点及与耐奥司他韦药物相关其他位点的变异;PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和第701位氨基酸分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点.结论 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感,季节性H1N1和H3N2同时流行,夏秋季开始甲型H1N1、季节性H3N2在人群中同时流行,之后以甲型H1N1为主.甲型H1N1与早期分离株比较有一定变异,但尚未出现流行病学意义的抗原漂移株,仍表现为对人的高亲和力和低致病性特征.     

2009年上海地区甲型流行性感冒流行及甲型H1N1病毒分离株变异分析

目的 了解2009年上海地区人群流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流行期间甲型H1N1分离株基因和抗原的变异.方法 采集2009年上海地区哨点医院和学校聚集性流感样患者咽拭子标本,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)分离流感病毒,直接荧光免疫法鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR法鉴定亚型,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)等片段全基因测序,分析甲型H1N1流感病毒HA、NA等基因变异.结果 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感中,季节性H1N1和H3N2流感同时存在,进入第32周时,甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2流感同时流行,第40周后主要是甲型H1N1流行.甲型H1N1流行株HA进化分析显示,不同区域、不同月份分离株互有穿插,上海地区分离株聚集成簇形成一个分枝,与西班牙、俄罗斯、丹麦等国的流行株接近.HA演绎推导氨基酸位点虽有变异,但都不位于抗原决定区域;NA基因演绎推导氨基酸位点未观察到274位点及与耐奥司他韦药物相关其他位点的变异;PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和第701位氨基酸分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点.结论 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感,季节性H1N1和H3N2同时流行,夏秋季开始甲型H1N1、季节性H3N2在人群中同时流行,之后以甲型H1N1为主.甲型H1N1与早期分离株比较有一定变异,但尚未出现流行病学意义的抗原漂移株,仍表现为对人的高亲和力和低致病性特征.     

2017-2019年呼和浩特市甲型A(H1N1)pdm09流感病毒基因特征分析

目的 了解呼和浩特市甲型A(H1N1)pdm09流感病毒遗传进化特征及抗原位点、糖基化位点和耐药位点的变异情况,为流感防控提供科学依据。方法 采集2017-2019年呼和浩特市3家哨点医院的流感样病例(ILI)咽拭子标本进行核酸检测,阳性样本通过MDCK细胞和鸡胚进行病毒分离。随机抽取15株甲型A(H1N1)pdm09流感毒株进行基因测序分析。采用MEGA7.0.14软件、DNASTAR7.0.1软件和NetNGlyc1.0软件进行基因进化树分析、核苷酸同源性分析和糖基化位点分析。结果 呼和浩特市2017-2019年15株甲型A(H1N1)pdm09分离株与疫苗株A/Brisbane/02/2018和A/Michigan/45/2015共同属于6B.1分支。各年度分离株与疫苗株A/Brisbane/02/2018的组间遗传距离分别为0.004、0.011和0.013。相较于疫苗株A/California/07/2009和A/Michigan/45/2015,2017年起甲型A(H1N1)pdm09病毒抗原位点变异较大,但与疫苗株A/Brisbane/02/2018相比并未发生抗原漂移现...     

上海地区2010年冬季甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒株变异分析

目的 了解上海地区2010年冬季人群甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)病毒流行株基因及抗原的变异.方法 采集2010年12月至2011年1月间上海地区哨点医院流感样患者咽拭子标本137份,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK),分离流感病毒,直接免疫荧光法(DIF)鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR鉴定甲型H1N1,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒株进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)、病毒聚合酶(PB2)片段全基因测序,分析基因及氨基酸位点变异.结果 共分离到53株人流感病毒,48株为甲型H1N1流感病毒,按简单随机抽样法抽取19株测序.HA进化树分析发现,与2010年6月前分离的甲型H1N1毒株比较,绝大部分不位于同一主干上;HA蛋白的氨基酸位点分析显示,部分毒株在抗原决定位点上发生变异.NA蛋白酶活性中心及周围相关位点氨基酸组成保守,未检测到耐奥司他韦和扎那米韦的变异位点.PB2蛋白第627位和701位点分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,仍是禽源流感病毒特征,但第677位点出现E677G突变.结论 2010年冬季上海地区人群甲型H1N1流感病毒流行株与之前春夏季分离株比较已经有一定变异,出现了一些抗原漂移和在哺乳动物宿主内的适应性进化.     

2018-2019年克拉玛依市新甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因分析

目的 分析新疆克拉玛依市新甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因特征及变异情况.方法 采集2018年1月-2019年12月哨点医院流感样病例咽拭子,经MDCK细胞完成流感病毒分离后,随机抽取26株分离株测定其NA基因序列,并与疫苗株进行序列比对和分析.结果 与疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015 NA基因核苷酸相比,2018年分离株与其同源性为98.56％～99.28％,2019年分离株与其同源性为98.35％～98.71％;26株分离株与同期国内其他地区代表株和疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015在同一进化分支;分离株T180699较疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015少1个糖基化位点(42～44位),分离株T190041发生了I223V位点变异.结论 相对于疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015,2018-2019年克拉玛依市新甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因抗原决定簇、糖基化位点和耐药相关位点已有改变;应继续加强流感监测,密切关注其基因变异情况.     

2009年广东省新型甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒神经氨酸酶基因进化分析

目的 探讨2009年广东省新型甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的进化及NA基因编码蛋白抗原性、酶活性位点、糖基化位点变异情况.方法 从2009年广东省新型甲型H1N1流感患者中分离到病毒毒株共69株,提取病毒总RNA,RT-PCR扩增NA基因,并测序分析;同时从美国国立生物技术信息中心基因库检索获得 52株不同年代、不同地域甲型流感病毒NA基因序列,用MEGA 4.0软件进行基因进化分析和氨基酸序列分析.结果 2009年广东省新型甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因与禽H5N1流感病毒同源性较高,为87.1%,潜在抗原位点氨基酸分布相同;所有毒株的酶活性中心位点高度保守;具有8个糖基化位点,其中5个位点有不同程度的氨基酸替换,但与2001年禽H5N1毒株的糖基化位点的氨基酸相同.结论 2009年广东省新型甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因与禽H5N1流感病毒高度同源,与NA抑制剂的特异性结合位点未发生变化.     

2019—2020年山东省H3N2流感病毒抗原性及血凝素基因特征分析

目的 了解2019—2020年流感监测年度山东省分离的H3N2亚型流感病毒抗原性及血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)基因遗传进化规律与氨基酸变异情况。方法 用免疫雪貂后的抗血清进行红细胞凝集抑制试验,对2019年4月至2020年3月山东省分离的40株H3N2亚型流感毒株进行抗原性分析,并对其中19株待检病毒的HA基因进行序列测定及分析。结果 抗原性分析结果显示检测的H3N2亚型流感病毒中仅仅35%(14/40)与疫苗株A/Kansas/14/2017抗原性类似。系统进化树显示,19株H3N2亚型流感病毒分离株血凝素基因在进化树上全部属于3C.2a分支,与处于3C.3a分支的疫苗株A/Kansas/14/2017亲缘关系较远;与疫苗株相比,所有待检毒株A抗原决定簇有3个位点,B抗原决定簇有2个位点发生改变;受体结合位点均发生T135K位和S137F位变异;19株分离株全部发生133位糖基化位点缺失。结论 抗原性分析及HA基因序列分析结果显示,WHO推荐的 2019—2020 年疫苗株保护效果有可能不理想。应继续密切关注 H3N2 亚型流感病毒的流行与基因变异情况,为流感病毒疫苗株推荐及防控提供科学依据。     

2014-2015年商洛市流感病毒H3N2亚型血凝素(HA1)基因进化研究

目的分析2014-2015年度商洛市流感监测病毒血凝素(HA)基因变异情况并研究与推荐疫苗的匹配性。方法收集2014-2015年商洛市流感监测平台用狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)培养分离的H3N2亚型毒株,利用RT-PCR方法扩增分离HA片段,进行核苷酸序列测定,应用clustax2.1软件进行序列比对后,用Mega6.0软件构建系统发育进化树,系统进化树采用Neighboring-joining方法进行分析。结果 2014-2015年度分离的流感H3N2毒株同源性在97.2%~99.9%,与推荐疫苗株A/Texas/50/2012同源性为97.3%~98.5%;将分离毒株的HA1基因氨基酸与疫苗株比较,发现2014年毒株主要抗原决定簇氨基酸变异点有B区Y159F、S198P;2015年主要抗原决定簇氨基酸变异点有A区G142R,B区S159F、S198P。结论2014-2015年度商洛市流感H3N2亚型毒株关键抗原决定簇已经出现改变,A/Texas/50/2012作为疫苗组分已经不是最佳,亟需对我国流感H3N2亚型疫苗组分进行更新,应密切关注流感H3N2基因进化趋势。     

4株野鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的全基因组鉴定

目的为了解H5N1病毒对基因进化情况,方法对4株野鸭源的H5N1禽流感病毒(A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005(S),A/mallard/Huadong/lk/2005(lk),A/mallard/Huadong/Y/2003(Y),A/mallard/Huadong/hn/2005(hn))进行全基因组测序分析,并鉴定对非免疫麻鸭的毒力。结果4株病毒全基因组序列及其氨基酸序列无明显差异,仅在HA裂解位点区,S和lk病毒的322位是Leu,329位缺失,而Y和hn在此两处分别是Gln和Lys。在遗传距离上,Y和hn比较接近,S与lk比较接近。结论根据H5亚型病毒最新分类规则,S和lk的与clade 2.3.4一致,而Y属于clade 2,hn位于clade 3。对麻鸭致病性试验表明,Y和hn是低致病性病毒,而S及lk是高致病性病毒。HA的322位的Leu和329位缺失可能是clade 2.3.4这类病毒的一个遗传进化标志。     

Virological characterization of influenza H1N1pdm09 in Vietnam, 2010‐2013

Objectives

Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus was first detected in Vietnam on May 31, 2009, and continues to circulate in Vietnam as a seasonal influenza virus. This study has monitored genotypic and phenotypic changes in this group of viruses during 2010–2013 period.

Design and setting

We sequenced hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from representative influenza A/H1N1pdm09 and compared with vaccine strain A/California/07/09 and other contemporary isolates from neighboring countries. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) assays also were performed on these isolates.

Sample

Representative influenza A/H1N1pdm09 isolates (n = 61) from ILI and SARI surveillances in northern Vietnam between 2010 and 2013.

Main outcome measures and results

The HA and NA phylogenies revealed six and seven groups, respectively. Five isolates (8·2%) had substitutions G155E and N156K in the HA, which were associated with reduced HI titers by antiserum raised against the vaccine virus A/California/07/2009. One isolate from 2011 and one isolate from 2013 had a predicted H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase molecule, which was associated with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in a NAI assay. We also identified a D222N change in the HA of a virus isolated from a fatal case in 2013.

Conclusions

Significant genotypic and phenotypic changes in A/ H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses were detected by the National Influenza Surveillance System (NISS) in Vietnam between 2010 and 2013 highlighting the value of this system to Vietnam and to the region. Sustained NISS and continued virological monitoring of seasonal influenza viruses are required for vaccine policy development in Vietnam. 3     

福建省人感染H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素基因测定和分析

目的了解我省人感染高致病性禽流感H5N1亚型病毒血凝素基因的特点以及和其他毒株序列间的关系。方法从采集自两例福建省感染者的标本中扩增H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素基因并作序列测定,获得的序列同其他H5N1禽流感病毒的血凝素基因进行比较并作进化分析。结果获得福建省的两例感染者中的H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素基因,并推导出该基因的氨基酸序列。结果表明,两株病毒的血凝素基因在蛋白酶水解位点均含有多个连续的碱性氨基酸,符合高致病性禽流感病毒的特征。经Blast程序检索发现,我省两例感染者与国内其他省份的感染者携带的病毒血凝素基因具有很高的相似性,提示国内的H5N1禽流感病毒感染者的病毒来源可能有一定的关系。结论通过对两例福建省感染者标本中的H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素基因进行序列测定,了解病毒基因的部分特点。通过序列比较分析为分子流行病学调查提供线索,但还需对其他基因序列以及病毒的致病性等生物学特征作进一步分析。     

MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1

Please cite this paper as: Heil et al. (2010) MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 411–416. Background  The MChip uses data from the hybridization of amplified viral RNA to 15 distinct oligonucleotides that target the influenza A matrix (M) gene segment. An artificial neural network (ANN) automates the interpretation of subtle differences in fluorescence intensity patterns from the microarray. The complete process from clinical specimen to identification including amplification of viral RNA can be completed in <8 hours for under US$10. Objectives  The work presented here represents an effort to expand and test the capabilities of the MChip to differentiate influenza A/H1N1 of various species origin. Methods  The MChip ANN was trained to recognize fluorescence image patterns of a variety of known influenza A viruses, including examples of human H1N1, human H3N2, swine H1N1, 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1, and a wide variety of avian, equine, canine, and swine influenza viruses. Robustness of the MChip ANN was evaluated using 296 blinded isolates. Results  Training of the ANN was expanded by the addition of 71 well‐characterized influenza A isolates and yielded relatively high accuracy (little misclassification) in distinguishing unique H1N1 strains: nine human A/H1N1 (88·9% correct), 35 human A/H3N2 (97·1% correct), 31 North American swine A/H1N1 (80·6% correct), 14 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 (87·7% correct), and 23 negative samples (91·3% correct). Genetic diversity among the swine H1N1 isolates may have contributed to the lower success rate for these viruses. Conclusions  The current study demonstrates the MChip has the capability to differentiate the genetic variations among influenza viruses with appropriate ANN training. Further selective enrichment of the ANN will improve its ability to rapidly and reliably characterize influenza viruses of unknown origin.     

Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus (H1N1/2009) from Other Seasonal Influenza A Viruses

We previously developed a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle(NP)-based genomic microarray assay for identification of the avian H5N1 virus and its discrimination from other influenza A virus strains (H1N1, H3N2). In this study, we expanded the platform to detect the 2009 swine-origin influenza A virus (H1N1/2009). Multiple specific capture and intermediate oligonucleotides were designed for the matrix (M), hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the H1N1/2009 virus. The H1N1/2009 microarrays were printed in the same format as those of the seasonal influenza H1N1 and H3N2 for the HA, NA, and M genes. Viral RNA was tested using capture-target-intermediate oligonucleotide hybridization and gold NP-mediated silver staining. The signal from the 4 capture-target-intermediates of the HA and NA genes was specific for H1N1/2009 virus and showed no cross hybridization with viral RNA from other influenza strains H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1. All of the 3 M gene captures showed strong affinity with H1N1/2009 viral RNA, with 2 out of the 3 M gene captures showing cross hybridization with the H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 samples tested. The current assay was able to detect H1N1/2009 and distinguish it from other influenza A viruses. This new method may be useful for simultaneous detection and subtyping of influenza A viruses and can be rapidly modified to detect other emerging influenza strains in public health settings.     

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the hemagglutinin of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus induces cross‐protective immunity against Eurasian ‘avian‐like’ H1N1 swine viruses in mice

Objectives

To examine cross-reactivity between hemagglutinin (HA) derived from A/California/7/09 (CA/09) virus and that derived from representative Eurasian “avian-like” (EA) H1N1 swine viruses isolated in Italy between 1999 and 2008 during virological surveillance in pigs.

Design

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the HA gene of CA/09 virus (MVA-HA-CA/09) was used as a vaccine to investigate cross-protective immunity against H1N1 swine viruses in mice.

Sample

Two classical swine H1N1 (CS) viruses and four representative EA-like H1N1 swine viruses previously isolated during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pigs on farms in Northern Italy were used in this study.

Setting

Female C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with MVA/HA/CA/09 and then challenged intranasally with H1N1 swine viruses.

Main outcome measures

Cross-reactive antibody responses were determined by hemagglutination- inhibition (HI) and virus microneutralizing (MN) assays of sera from MVA-vaccinated mice. The extent of protective immunity against infection with H1N1 swine viruses was determined by measuring lung viral load on days 2 and 4 post-challenge.

Results and Conclusions

Systemic immunization of mice with CA/09-derived HA, vectored by MVA, elicited cross-protective immunity against recent EA-like swine viruses. This immune protection was related to the levels of cross-reactive HI antibodies in the sera of the immunized mice and was dependent on the similarity of the antigenic site Sa of H1 HAs. Our findings suggest that the herd immunity elicited in humans by the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus could limit the transmission of recent EA-like swine HA genes into the influenza A virus gene pool in humans.