冠状动脉溶栓在ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的研究进展

ST段抬高型心肌梗死是常见的心血管急危重症,致死率和致残率高.尽早实现心肌再灌注可有效挽救濒死心肌,改善ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的预后,冠状动脉内溶栓在实现再灌注过程中发挥重要作用.现从血栓形成的机制、溶栓剂分类、冠状动脉内正向溶栓、血栓抽吸、血栓抽吸联合冠状动脉内溶栓、冠状动脉内逆向溶栓及应用前景等方面展开综述.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死溶栓治疗中国专家共识(2009年版)

一、前言 一个世纪以前冠状动脉阻塞的临床表现即被发现,但直到1980年才证实梗死动脉血栓性栓塞是ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)的主要原因[1].溶栓治疗是通过溶解动脉或静脉血管中的新鲜血栓使血管再通,从而部分或完全恢复组织和器官的血流灌注.自1959年链球菌培养液提取物链激酶首次用于治疗血栓栓塞性疾病以来,溶栓广泛用于心肌梗死、缺血性脑卒中和静脉血栓栓塞性疾病的急性期治疗.溶栓治疗不但能开通闭塞的冠状动脉血管,而且使心肌梗死的病死率明显下降[2].     

ST段抬高急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗血栓抽吸42例临床分析

循证医学表明,ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(STEMI)治疗的关键在于尽早、充分、持续开通梗死相关动脉(IRA),使心肌恢复有效的再灌注[1].由于急诊介入治疗(PCI)TIMI3级血流率高、IRA开通持久充分并发症少,疗效明显优于溶栓治疗,已经成为再血管化治疗的最重要方法[2].然而在介入治疗中尽管开通了梗死相关血管,却有部分患者发生无复流或慢血流现象从而影响到心肌灌注和PCI的疗效[3].PCI术中微血栓栓塞远端微血管是无复流发生的重要机制之一,为此,对STEMI患者PCI术进行球囊扩张前先应用血栓抽吸导管抽吸冠状动脉内血栓,然后进行常规PCI术,现报道如下.     

溶栓治疗在现代急性心肌梗死治疗中的作用与地位

急性心肌梗死的主要原因是血栓栓塞引起的冠状动脉急性血流中断。溶栓治疗是通过溶解血管中的新鲜血栓使血管再通,从而部分或完全恢复组织和器官的血流灌注。溶栓治疗不但能开通闭塞的冠状动脉,而且能显著降低心肌梗死的病死率。现从溶栓治疗的现状、常用药物、适应证与禁忌证,以及溶栓与经皮冠状动脉介入术的比较等方面对溶栓治疗在现代急性心肌梗死治疗中的作用与地位做一综述。     

他汀类药物治疗心肌无复流的研究进展

目前,急性心肌梗死(AMI)主张积极再灌注治疗,包括溶栓和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),可使梗死相关动脉(IRA)开通,使缺血心肌得到充分再灌注。但在临床研究中发现,虽然造影显示心外膜血管已开通,但仍有10%～30%的病例心肌组织无灌注或灌注不良,即心肌无复流(NRF)现象。PCI后NRF的出现往往预示着临床预后不良、心功能下     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死溶栓治疗的中国专家共识(修订版)

一、前言 一个世纪以前冠状动脉阻塞的临床表现即被发现,但直到1980年才证实梗死动脉血栓性栓塞是ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)的主要原因[1].溶栓治疗是通过溶解动脉或静脉血管中的新鲜血栓使血管再通,从而部分或完全恢复组织和器官的血流灌注.自从1959年链球菌培养液提取物链激酶首次用于治疗血栓栓塞性疾病以来[2],溶栓广泛用于心肌梗死、缺血性脑卒中和静脉血栓栓塞性疾病的急性期治疗,溶栓治疗不但改善症状,并且使病死率明显下降.虽然,近年来介入治疗技术的快速发展使溶栓在心肌梗死急性期治疗中的应用有所减少,但是溶栓治疗具有快速、简便、经济、易操作的特点,仍然是再灌注治疗的重要方法.即使在欧美国家,急性心肌梗死的再灌注治疗中溶栓与直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的比例相当.国际上多项注册研究显示,虽然PCI治疗近年来增长迅速,但仍有接近40%的患者接受溶栓治疗[3-7]而且,新型溶栓药物的研发大大改进了溶栓的开通率和安全性.     

右冠状动脉闭塞病变开通后反复无复流1例

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死延迟开通闭塞靶血管的患者,术后发生无复流极为少见。本文报告1例右冠状动脉闭塞1个月后行支架置入术,术后反复无复流的案例,经导管血栓抽吸及冠状动脉内溶栓等多种方法联合治疗后成功恢复良好血流灌注。     

溶栓疗法冠状动脉开通的诊断问题

溶栓疗法冠状动脉开通的诊断问题邵耕⒇近１０余年来，溶栓疗法的广泛开展使急性心肌梗死的近期及远期预后有了很大的改观。已知９０％的急性心肌梗死是冠状动脉血栓闭塞所致，因此，溶栓疗法的成败取决于冠状动脉是否再通。诊断冠状动脉是否开通最可靠的方法是冠状动脉造...     

冠状动脉内逆向溶栓在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接介入治疗术后1年随访

目的探讨冠状动脉内经微导管注射尿激酶逆向溶栓在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者直接PCI术后1年临床随访。方法连续入选2014年1月~2015年3月确诊的急性STEMI并行直接PCI患者92例,随机分为冠状动脉内经微导管注射尿激酶逆向溶栓组(逆向溶栓组)46例和血栓抽吸组46例。主要终点为直接PCI术后1年的主要不良心血管事件和左心室射血分数。结果逆向溶栓组PCI术后1年的主要不良心血管事件复合终点发生率显著低于血栓抽吸组(6.5%vs 21.7%,P=0.036),左心室射血分数显著高于血栓抽吸组,差异有统计学意义[(54.2±6.5)%vs(50.6±8.0)%,P=0.027]。逆向溶栓组心源性死亡及严重心力衰竭发生率低于血栓抽吸组,但2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 STEMI患者直接PCI术中冠状动脉内经微导管逆向溶栓较血栓抽吸术可降低患者1年后主要不良心血管事件的发生,改善左心室收缩功能。     

急性脑梗死动脉溶栓治疗的临床研究

<正>缺血性脑血管病具有发病率高、致残率高、病死率高等特点,溶栓治疗是循证医学惟一证实有效的治疗方法,包括经静脉、动脉、动静脉联合溶栓、机械开通等。理论上,动脉内溶栓可在血栓局部形成更高药物浓度,更有效的溶解血栓,减少溶栓药物的用量及由此带来的不良反应,但由于技术和设备的要求,限制了动脉内溶栓的广泛开展。现将我院近年开展的动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死患者的疗效分析如下。1资料与方法     

急性心肌梗死急诊冠脉溶栓后行冠脉搭桥术12例分析

目的探讨部分急性心肌梗死（AMI）急诊不适合行PC]的患者行急诊冠脉溶栓术后再行急诊或择期冠脉搭桥术的效果。方法回顾分析12例AMI急诊冠脉溶栓后行急诊或择期冠脉搭桥术患者的临床资料。结果12例中梗死相关血管再通并达到TIMIⅡ～Ⅲ级血流10例,TIMIⅢ级血流9例,TIMIⅡ级血流1例。2例应用血栓抽吸装置抽吸血栓后达到TIMIⅢ级血流。2例行急诊冠脉搭桥术,10例行择期冠脉搭桥术。结论对于部分急诊不适合行PCI术的AMI患者,先行急诊冠脉溶栓术,然后根据病情及冠脉病变特点行急诊或择期冠脉搭桥术,是一种比较好的临床治疗方法。     

椎动脉闭塞溶栓后并发基底动脉尖综合征1例及其处理

报道1例急性椎动脉闭塞急诊动脉溶栓后并发基底动脉尖综合征的处理过程.经机械和药物再次溶栓后椎动脉及基底动脉顶端分支血管通畅,患者预后良好,改良Rankin量表评分1分,提示动脉局部溶栓除对病灶本身有效外,对溶栓过程中新出现的栓塞并发症也有良好的效果.     

Recurrent obstruction and thrombolysis of the right coronary artery

A patient presented twice with the hyperacute phase of inferior wall myocardial infarction. Emergency coronary angiography was undertaken on each occasion and the occluded right coronary artery reopened by intracoronary thrombolysis using urokinase. The patient subsequently underwent successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to dilate the underlying subtotal obstructive lesion in the proximal right coronary artery. The sequence of events in this patient demonstrates that (1) acute coronary thrombolysis can preserve ventricular myocardium, (2) recurrent thrombolysis can be performed successfully in the same artery in the same patient, and (3) coronary angioplasty may be an effective method of dilating the underlying coronary narrowing after coronary thrombolysis.     

Traitement endovasculaire d’une ischémie aiguë survenue après fracture d’un stent poplité

Angioplasty stenting of popliteal artery lesions is a common procedure in endovascular surgery. Stent fractures in popliteal artery maybe asymptomatic or cause restenosis, false-aneurysm or acute thrombosis. We report one case of acute limb ischemia occurred after a popliteal stent fracture placed four months earlier. The patient underwent an angioplasty stenting, completed with thrombolysis and thrombectomy. This case-report aims to illustrate complications of stent fracture in popliteal artery and possibility's to manage it by endovascular approach.     

Two cases of successful recanalization for acute cerebral artery embolism during perioperative period of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation

To explore the strategy of acute cerebral artery embolism after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Reporting two cases with acute cerebral infarction after RFA for AF. Two patients were both with AF, and intracardiac thrombus was excluded through transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) before procedure. Approach of ablation: circumferential pulmonary vein ablation in left atrium to isolate pulmonary vein plus linear ablation in the top and bottom of left atrium (BOX procedure). They both received Dabigatran Etexilate 110 mg twice daily, starting 6 hr after ablation. Symptoms of major stroke appeared 30 hr after ablation in Case 1. Occlusion was detected in M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery by MRI 2 hr after symptoms onset. Intravenous thrombolysis was given immediately. In Case 2, the patient presented symptoms of major stroke 34 hr after ablation and occlusion in the basilar artery was confirmed by MRI 4.5 hr after symptoms onset. Although it was beyond the thrombolysis time window, mechanical thrombectomy was taken 7 hr after the symptoms onset. The culprit artery was successfully revascularized in both cases. In Case 1, NIHSS score was reduced from 8 (before thrombolysis) to 0 (24 hr after thrombolysis). In Case 2, NIHSS score decreased from 18 (before embolectomy) to 3 (24 hr after embolectomy). Both of the patients live a normal life without brain function impairment and hemorrhage until the last follow‐up. Timely recanalization could attained a good cure effect when acute stoke was happened after RFA for AF.     

Perspectives on the Role of Ultrasonic Devices in Thrombolysis

Reperfusion strategies in acute myocardial infarction and thrombotic vascular occlusion are focused on rapid and complete restoration of antegrade flow in the infarct-related artery in order to maximize myocardial salvage. Due to the limitations of fibrinolytic agents in restoration of vascular flow, ultrasonic clot dissolution alone and concomitantly with fibrinolytic, anti-thrombotic and echocardiographic contrast agents has been intensively studied during the last 2 decades. Ultrasound thrombolysis has been tested in-vitro and in-vivo as well as in patients with acute thrombotic occlusions. We review currently available techniques and methods of ultrasonic thrombolysis and present recent clinical and experimental data. The future role of ultrasonic thrombolysis and the strategy of "power thrombectomy" for treatment of acute coronary syndromes is also discussed.     

经局部动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死

目的　研究经血管内选择性溶栓治疗 49例 8h内发病的急性脑梗死患者 ,以评估动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法　患者均急诊行头颅CT检查 ,31例经股动脉插管 ,全脑血管造影确认脑梗死 ,再选择性将导管插入患侧颈内动脉和椎动脉并注入尿激酶 5 0～ 75万单位行接触性和区域性溶栓治疗。对照组 18例行常规治疗。结果　溶栓后血管再通率为 71% ,有效率为 83%。 2 3例颈内动脉系和 4例椎基动脉系梗死在溶栓后 2周内神经损害体征明显改善 ,2例死亡。溶栓组改良爱丁堡 斯堪的纳维亚脑卒中量表 (MESSS)评分改善 (2 1.6± 13.6 )分 ;对照组改善 (5 .9± 5 .3)分。溶栓组发病时间越短其疗效越好。结论　选择性动脉内溶栓治疗是一种治疗急性脑梗死的有效方法 ,具有较高的血管再通率     

急性颈内动脉闭塞患者选择性动脉溶栓治疗的分析

目的观察选择性动脉溶栓治疗6h内急性颈内动脉闭塞患者的有效性和安全性。方法对8例急性颈内动脉闭塞患者行数字减影血管造影术(DSA)后,将溶栓微导管送入急性闭塞颈内动脉血栓部位给予尿激酶溶栓治疗,术后立即头颅CT判断有无颅内出血。随访6个月,对所有患者进行美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)、日常生活能力评分(BI)及格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)。结果8例患者闭塞处均位于颈内动脉起始部,6例患者有意识障碍,7例溶栓后血管再通,1例未通,1例溶栓中发生基底节区出血,1例溶栓后第7天猝死。结论急性颈内动脉闭塞患者选择性动脉溶栓是一项有意义的治疗手段,意识障碍并非绝对禁忌证。     

Arrhythmias during the acute phase of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction: effects of beta-adrenergic blockade.

In 107 patients with acute myocardial infarction, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during the acute phase of thrombolysis was examined by means of Holter monitoring. In patients with a patient infarct-related artery as assessed angiographically at 90 minutes, the occurrence of accelerated idioventricular rhythms was noted significantly more frequently than in patients with a permanent occluded vessel. This arrhythmia peaked in the first 180 minutes after the start of thrombolysis. In addition, single ventricular premature beats and runs of ventricular tachycardia were also more common in patients with successful reperfusion. The effects of acute intravenous administration of beta-blockers were examined in 66 patients without contraindications to this therapeutic approach. There were no differences in the occurrence of any type of rhythm disorders in patients with (n = 43) or without beta-blockade (n = 23). Thus ventricular arrhythmias particularly accelerated idioventricular rhythms, and single ventricular premature beats occur more frequently in patients with a patent infarct artery within the first 24 hours after thrombolysis. Acute intravenous beta-blockade does not appear to exert significant antiarrhythmic effects during this period.     

Peripheral Percutaneous Aspiration Thrombectomy and Angioplasty Following Failed Lytic Therapy For Acute Popliteal Artery Occlusion

Prompt diagnosis and therapy is required for acute arterial limb occlusions. Intraarterial thrombolysis is often successful, but surgical revascularization is required for failed reperfusion. Critically ill patients can have significant morbidity and mortality associated with surgical therapy. Percutaneous catheter aspiration of thrombus followed by balloon angioplasty successfully reperfused an occluded popliteal artery after failure of intraarterial thrombolysis in a severely ill patient. Invasive cardiologists should be familiar with catheter-based thrombus removal techniques.