表皮生长因子对腹膜间皮细胞增殖的影响

为探讨表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对腹膜间皮细胞增殖的影响，以了解其在损伤腹膜修复中的作用及其机制，建立了人腹膜间皮细胞（ＨＭＣ）培养体系。采用真空负压ＡＢＣ免疫组化法分析了ＨＭＣ表面表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦ－Ｒ）的表达，并以３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶核苷（３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）掺入法对６例ＨＭＣ在不同培养时间和不同剂量ＥＧＦ作用下的细胞增殖程度进行了检测。结果表明，ＨＭＣ表面有ＥＧＦ－Ｒ存在，ＥＧＦ能促进ＨＭＣ增殖，当ＨＭＣ在含２０μｇ／ＬＥＧＦ的培养基中生长时，其３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入量与对照组比较明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＥＧＦ浓度５０μｇ／Ｌ时，ＨＭＣ增殖指数最大（ＰＩ＝８．１６），ＨＭＣ的增殖程度和ＥＧＦ呈时间与剂量依赖关系。提示，ＥＧＦ可能通过与ＨＭＣ表面的ＥＧＦ－Ｒ结合，促进细胞内的ＤＮＡ合成，加速细胞的增殖，对损伤腹膜的修复起重要作用。     

高浓度葡萄糖诱导人腹膜间皮细胞凋亡

实验小鼠腹膜透析 (ＰＤ)时 ,非生理性透析液 ,尤其是高浓度葡萄糖可损伤腹膜表层的间皮细胞 ,并引起小鼠死亡增多[1] ,但对于高浓度葡萄糖引起腹膜间皮细胞损伤的机制目前尚不十分清楚。虽然有学者经体外研究发现 ,高浓度葡萄糖可诱导体外培养的血管内皮细胞凋亡[2 ] ,但目前对高糖是否能诱导腹膜间皮细胞凋亡尚无定论[3 ,4] 。本研究以体外培养的人腹膜间皮细胞 (ＨＰＭＣ)为研究对象 ,探讨高浓度葡萄糖引起ＨＰＭＣ死亡的方式 ,揭示高浓度葡萄糖损伤ＨＰＭＣ的机制。1　材料和方法1.1　细胞台盼蓝 (ｔｒｙｐａｎｂｌｕｅ)染色检测间皮细…     

地方性甲状腺肿伴发COPD病人的肺功能改变

对９例地方性甲状腺肿伴发慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＰＯＤ）病人的肺功能检查结果进行了分析。结果表明，甲状腺肿大引起的上呼吸道阻塞和ＣＯＰＤ的小气道阻塞造成混合性通气障碍。肺功能的相关改变为ＦＶＣ／％ｐｒｅｄ、ＦＶＣ１．０／ＦＶＣ、ＭＶＶ／ＭＷＰ、ＭＥＦ５０／Ｈ均明显降低，ＭＥＦ５０／ＭＩＦ５０≥１。     

武汉地区Ⅱ型糖尿病患者冠心病与载脂蛋白E基因型的关系

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，对随机选择的１２５例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者和５０例非ＤＭ患者进行ＡｐｏＥ基因型检测，以研究ＮＩＤＤＭ患者ＣＨＤ与ＡｐｏＥ基因型间的关系。结果表明，ＮＩＤＤＭ患者心肌梗塞和缺血性心电图改变在Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３型组中发生率分别为２１％和４１％，但不同基因型组间差异无显著性。心绞痛在Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３型组中为５２％，显著高于ε３／３型组（３１％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３型ＮＩＤＤＭ患者，任何证据的ＣＨＤ发生率为７２％，显著高于ε３／３型组（３７％）及ε２／２、ε３／２型组（３３％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＮＩＤＤＭ患者中ＣＨＤ组Ａｐｏε３／３和ε４／３基因型频率分别为５２％和３４％，分别低于（ε３／３）、高于（ε４／３）非ＣＨＤ组（７１％，Ｐ＜０．０５；１０％，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＨＤ组ε４等位基因频率为２１％，明显高于非ＣＨＤ组（７％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示Ａｐｏε４／４和ε４／３为ＮＩＤＤＭ患者ＣＨＤ的重要危险指标。     

慢性重型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞内干扰素和白细胞介素的表达及意义

目的探讨慢性重型肝炎（ＣＳＨ）病人外用血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）内干扰素－γ（ＩＦＮ－γ）及白细胞介素－４（ＩＬ－４）的表达及其临床意义。方法常规分离ＰＢＭＣ,在ＰＭＡ、Ｉｏｎｏｍｙｃｉｎ、Ｍｏｎｅｎｓｉｎ的刺激下,采用流式细胞术（ＦＡＣＳ）,对１７例ＣＳＨ患者及１９例正常健康者ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞内ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４的表达进行分析,并应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ含量。结果 ＣＤ４＋Ｔｈ１、 Ｔｈ２细胞在ＣＳＨ组分别为７．２％—２６．３％（平均１５％）和０、ｌ％—１０．９％（平均２．０％）,正常对照组则分别为２．２％—１１．９％（平均５．９％）和０．４％—３．９％（平均２．２％）;ＣＤ４＋Ｔｈ１细胞百分数两组间差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。荧光定量ＰＣＲ结果表明ＣＳＨ组中１３例ＨＢＶ　ＤＮＡ阳性,其ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ的含量与ＩＦＮ－γ表达细胞百分数呈负相关。结论 Ｔｈ１细胞与肝脏的炎症活动明显相关,ＩＦＮ－γ的表达对ＨＢＶ复制可能具有一定的影响。     

完全弗氏佐剂预防NOD鼠胰岛炎和糖尿病的机理研究

目的　研究Ｂａｘ 蛋白和热休克蛋白（ＨＳＰ）７０ 在完全弗氏佐剂（ＣＦＡ）预防ＮＯＤ 鼠胰岛炎和糖尿病中作用及意义。方法　给４ 周龄雌性ＮＯＤ 鼠后脚板注射５０ μｌ ＣＦＡ 和生理盐水（ＮＳ组） ，于３０ 周龄或糖尿病发生时处死，胰腺组织置１０ ％ 中性福尔马林固定后常规制成石蜡切片，ＨＥ染色后行光镜下胰岛炎评分，ＡＢＣ免疫组化染色Ｂａｘ 蛋白和ＨＳＰ７０ 并光镜下计数。结果　ＣＦＡ 组鼠胰岛内炎计数和胰岛炎评分均数均明显低于ＮＳ组鼠（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；ＣＦＡ 组鼠无１ 只发生糖尿病，ＮＳ组鼠中有３ 只（６０％ ）发生糖尿病；ＣＦＡ 组鼠胰岛细胞Ｂａｘ 蛋白阳性率明显低于ＮＳ组鼠，而ＨＳＰ７０ 阳性率明显高于ＮＳ组鼠，均有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０１） ； 胰岛炎分值与Ｂａｘ 蛋白阳性率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６１３） ，与ＨＳＰ７０ 阳性率呈负相关（ｒ＝ － ０．９１３）。结论　ＣＦＡ 能减轻ＮＯＤ 鼠胰岛炎发生程度和预防糖尿病发生，ＣＦＡ能抑制胰岛细胞Ｂａｘ 蛋白表达和诱导胰岛细胞ＨＳＰ７０ 表达。     

腹透液中人腹膜间皮细胞的原代培养

人腹膜间皮细胞 (ＨＰＭＣ)是腹膜表层主要的细胞群体 ,间皮细胞在腹膜透析 (ＰＤ)时对腹膜具有重要的保护功能。长期ＰＤ的患者 ,其腹膜间皮层微绒毛减少、脱落乃至间皮层消失[1] ,最终促进了腹膜纤维化的进展及腹膜失超滤的发生。建立间皮细胞的体外培养体系 ,对于开展ＰＤ领域的基础及临床研究 ,具有非常重要的意义。基于以上的认识 ,本研究建立ＰＤ流出液中原代培养ＨＰＭＣ的培养方法 ,并设法应用扫描电镜动态观察来自不同透龄培养的间皮细胞其形态学上的差异 ,以利用这种无创性的体外培养方法间接地判断ＰＤ患者体内腹膜间皮层的实际…     

高通量透析的临床研究

目的：观察高通透性聚砜膜Ｆ６０滤过器进行血液透析对尿毒症血透患者小分子溶质和β２微球蛋白（β２Ｍ）的清除作用及对血浆蛋白、血脂的影响，并与常规血液透析（ＣＨＤ）进行对比。方法：将规律透析患者分为两组，实验组（ＨＰＤ组）采用Ｆ６０滤过器，每周透析３×４ｈ，ＣＨＤ组每周透析３×５ｈ，对两组患者进行临床观察。结果：两组患者ＫＴ／Ｖ、ＴＡＣ及透析前、后血ＢＵＮ、Ｃｒ的下降率差异不显著；ＨＰＤ、ＣＨＤ两组血磷下降率分别为５５．３３０±１４．０８０％、４２．５２５±１７．８９７％，Ｐ＜０．０５；ＣＨＤ组透析后血β２Ｍ较透析前增高２５．４０８±１４．３５４％，而ＨＰＤ组透析后血β２Ｍ较透析前下降４４．５７０±１４．３３３％，Ｐ＜０．００１；ＨＰＤ组透析一年后血清β２Ｍ较实验开始时下降１１．８９８±３．１４１％；ＨＰＤ一年后甘油三酯较前下降２４．８１±１０．９３％，Ｐ＜０．０５；ＣＨＤ组一年后甘油三酯及胆固醇较前升高，分别升高１９．５７±８．２５％、２０．４２±９．６２％，Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：ＨＰＤ对磷的清除优于ＣＨＤ，并能有效清除β２Ｍ，改善脂蛋白代谢     

空腹血糖水平对非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病的预测价值——638例非糖尿病人群六年前瞻性观察

为了解空腹血糖（ＦＢＧ）水平对非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）发病的预测价值，对１９８６年６３８例非糖尿病人群（糖耐量正常３４１例，糖耐量低减２９７例）于１９９２年进行血糖复查。结果发现，随着初访时ＦＢＧ水平增高，６年后ＮＩＤＤＭ发病率逐步增加。ＣＯＸ成比例风险模型分析，在调整了年龄、性别和体重指数的影响后，在糖耐量低减组ＦＢＧ仍与ＮＩＤＤＭ发病显著正相关（Ｐ＝０．０００１），ＦＢＧ均值为５．１９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ亚组与均值４．６１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ亚组相比，ＮＩＤＤＭ发病危险已有显著差异（ＲＲ２．１，９５％可信区间１．１９～３．７４，Ｐ＝０．０１）。ＦＢＧ均值为６．５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ组，ＮＩＤＤＭ发病危险更高（ＲＲ２．９，９５％可信区间１．７９～４．５９，Ｐ＝０．０００１）。认为ＦＢＧ水平为ＮＩＤＤＭ发病的独立危险因素     

扩张型心肌病TNF和IL－1的检测及意义

应用双抗体夹心法及ＣｏｎＡ小鼠胸腺细胞增殖法分别检测３０例扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）及２０例正常人（ＮＣ）的血清肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）的水平，结果发现ＤＣＭ病人ＴＮＦ及ＩＬ－１均明显高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｐ＜０．０１），提示ＴＮＦ与ＩＬ－１可能在ＤＣＭ的发病机理中起重要作用。     

两种不同腹膜透析导管拔除术在老年腹膜透析患者中的临床应用

目的分析两种腹膜透析导管拔除术在老年腹膜透析患者中的应用情况。方法采用回顾性队列研究的方法, 收集2010年8月至2020年5月于山西医科大学第二医院腹膜透析中心移除腹膜透析导管的107例老年腹透患者的临床资料, 分为外科开放式拔管组(外科组)和"pull"技术拔管组(pull组), 比较两组性别、年龄、原发病、透析龄、拔管原因及术前相关化验等指标, 观察两组手术时间、术后住院时间、手术疼痛程度及术后并发症等相关情况。结果外科组的手术时间[(71.2±13.4)min和(19.3±5.6)min, t=16.933, P<0.01]、术后住院时间[(9.5±1.8)d和(2.2±0.5)d, t=10.988, P<0.01]和术中疼痛评分[(4.4±1.6)分和(1.4±1.1)分, t=6.909, P<0.01]及术后24 h的疼痛评分[(3.7±1.4)分和(0.5±0.3)分, t=9.995, P<0.01]均高于pull组, 两组术后并发症发生率(6.8%和5.0%, χ2=0.037, P>0.05)差异无统计学意义。结论外科开放式手术法和...     

非水性固定剂对大鼠腹膜表面层固定效果的观察

目的　比较水性和非水性固定剂对腹膜表面层超微结构的影响。方法　 2 0 0 3- 0 5 2 0 0 3- 12在中山大学附属第一医院取正常SD大鼠腹膜组织 ,分别以不同固定液固定 :(1) 2 5 %戊二醛和 2 %多聚甲醛 (对照组 ) ;(2 ) 4 %四氧化锇 (OsO4) (Os组 ) ;(3) 1%OsO4的氟化碳 (FC75)固定液 (FC组 )。结果　对照组中可见腹膜间皮细胞表面的微绒毛 ,未见腹膜表面层。OS组可见腹膜表面层 ,此层质地疏松 ,平均厚度 4 μm左右。FC组间皮细胞表面可见一层连续的腹膜表面层 ,其质地较OsO4组明显致密 ,厚薄较均匀平均 4 μm左右 ,表面较光滑。 结论　正常大鼠腹膜表面覆盖着一层腹膜表面层 ,非水性的含OsO4的FC75固定液是固定该表面层的良好固定剂     

Multimodality treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer: first results of a new German centre for peritoneal surface malignancies

Background The presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. It was the purpose of this study to analyze morbidity, mortality, and survival after major cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Materials and methods Thirty-two patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis were operated between April 2004 and June 2006 with the aim of complete macroscopical cytoreduction. All had a primary colorectal carcinoma. Surgery in these patients was followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) consisting of mitomycin C and doxorubicin. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of all patients, 16 had appendix and 16 non-appendiceal colorectal carcinoma. A macroscopically complete cytoreduction was achieved in 24 patients by parietal and visceral peritonectomy procedures. All resections were combined with HIPEC. Overall morbidity was 34%. Most frequent surgical complications were intestinal obstruction (4/32), enteric fistula (2/32), pancreatitis (2/32), and bile leakage (2/32). One patient presented grade 4 renal toxicity. There was no hospital mortality. The median follow-up was 12 months. The 1-year overall survival rate is 96%. All patients after complete cytoreduction are still alive. Conclusions Cytoreductive surgery combined with HIPEC is associated with an acceptable morbidity and low mortality. Complete cytoreduction may improve survival, particularly in well-selected patients having a low tumor volume and no extra-abdominal metastases.     

Comparison between the pathology of encapsulating sclerosis and simple sclerosis of the peritoneal membrane in chronic peritoneal dialysis

Reports analyzing the histopathological differences between encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) and simple peritoneal sclerosis (non-EPS) and those comparing the pathology of early and late EPS are limited. We present pathological comparisons between EPS and non-EPS, also between the early and late EPS stages. We compared peritoneal membrane (PM) samples (Group B) of 12 EPS patients (Group A) and 23 non-EPS cases regarding; mesothelial loss, submesothelial compact zone degenerated layer and compact zone thicknesses, densities of total and diseased vessels, fibrin stain, new membrane formation and degenerative changes. Group A was subdivided into 7 early (group A1) and 8 late (group A2) EPS cases; we compared both subgroups in the same manner and finally compared groups A1, A2, and B. No differences were found between groups A and B in the incidences of mesothelial detachment, new membrane formation and compact zone degenerative changes between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no differences in compact zone thickness, and vascular densities in the compact zone of respective vascular grade. Whereas, fibrin deposition and thickness of the submesothelial degenerated layer were significantly higher in group A than group B (P = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively), and the thickness of the compact zone was less in group A1 than in group A2 (P = 0.03). Positive fibrin stains and thick degenerative compact zone layers are important pathological findings in EPS. Angiogenesis, vasculopathy, new membrane formation, fibrosis and degenerative changes of the compact zone are not unique characteristics for EPS. Larger size studies are recommended to verify this issue.     

腹膜透析患者腹膜转运和腹腔炎症状态与营养的关系

目的探讨腹膜转运特性及腹腔慢性炎症状态对腹膜透析患者营养状况的影响。方法根据腹膜平衡试验(PET)评价腹膜转运功能(D/Pcr),将患者分为高转运及低转运两组。测定慢性炎症指标IL-6和TNF-α。测定或计算营养指标:血白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白(TF),瘦体重,瘦体重%(LBM%)和标准化总氮出现率相当蛋白(nPNA)。进行主观综合性营养评估(SGA)。结果高转运组D/Pcr、TCcr和年龄较低转运组显著增高,ALB、TF和SGA显著降低。炎症因子水平与转运特性呈正相关关系。结论高龄患者腹膜通透性高。高转运患者营养状态较低转运者差。转运能力越强,腹腔慢性炎症状态越重。腹膜透析方案应个体化并加强高转运及高龄患者的饮食管理和指导。     

腹膜疾病诊断42例

目的:对42例腹膜病变患者临床资料进行分析,以提高该类疾病的诊断水平.方法:42例腹膜病变患者,男22例,女20例,年龄17-89岁,平均54岁.对所有患者进行CT与血清肿瘤标志物检查、40例行腹穿术、9例行PET/C1检查、13例行超声引导下经皮腹膜活检术.分析腹膜病变的病因和各诊断方法的灵敏性、特异性和准确性.结果:血清CEA、CA153、CA19-9、CA242和CA125对腹膜恶性肿瘤诊断的灵敏性分别为14.8%、18.5%、29.6%、22.2%及100%,特异性分别为80.0%、93.3%、93.3%、93.3%及0%.腹水脱落细胞对腹膜恶性病变诊断的灵敏性为36%,特异性为100%;腹水ADA对腹膜结核性病变诊断的灵敏性为92.3%,特异性为92.5%.8例CT检查结果支持最后诊断,准确率为19%;7例PET/CT检查结果支持最后诊断,准确率为78%:11例腹膜活检术结果支持最后诊断,准确率为85%.结论:肿瘤标志物、腹水脱落细胞和ADA检查对腹膜炎性与肿瘤性病变的鉴别有一定的辅助意义.PET/CT和腹膜活检对腹膜病变诊断的准确性明显高于CT.     

Risk Factors for Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in Long‐Term Peritoneal Dialysis: A Retrospective Observational Study

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a serious complication that occurs in patients with long‐term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Investigation of risk factors that contribute to EPS in patients on long‐term PD therapy is needed. In a retrospective, observational study, data were collected for 107 patients treated with PD therapy for more than 5 years. Fifty cases of EPS were compared with 57 cases of non‐EPS. To evaluate the impact of PD‐associated peritonitis in EPS, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied. Episodes of peritonitis, number of peritonitis episodes and the duration of peritonitis were included as explanatory variables in addition to previously reported risk factors. D/P Cr and serum β2MG levels in the EPS and non‐EPS groups were: 0.82 ± 0.10 and 0.67 ± 0.12 (P < 0.01), and 33.8 ± 8.54 and 29.2 ± 8.18 mg/L (P < 0.01), respectively. Episodes of peritonitis, number of peritonitis episodes and the duration of peritonitis was 68% and 42% (P < 0.01), 1.80 ± 2.19 and 0.75 ± 1.07 times (P < 0.01), and 18.1 ± 15.3 and 10.2 ± 4.90 days (P < 0.01), in the EPS and non‐EPS groups, respectively. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that both D/P Cr and the duration of peritonitis were independently associated with EPS (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). In patients on long‐term PD therapy, D/P Cr and the duration of peritonitis are independently associated with EPS. Earlier treatment to promote an early recovery from PD‐associated peritonitis could be critical in preventing EPS.     

Evaluation of intraperitoneal lavage cytology before colorectal cancer resection

Purpose  The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of intraperitoneal lavage cytology (lavage Cy) status before the resection of colorectal cancer as a predictive factor of peritoneal recurrence. Materials and methods  The lavage Cy-positive [lavage Cy (+)] rate, peritoneal recurrence rate, and 5-year survival rate were examined in 298 cases of colorectal cancer in relation to various clinicopathological factors. Results  The overall lavage Cy (+) rate was 6.0%. The lavage Cy (+) rate within the group with peritoneal and hepatic metastases was significantly higher than that in the group without metastases (46.7% vs. 3.9% and 26.9% vs. 4.0%, respectively). The lavage Cy (+) rate was not significantly associated with any of the clinicopathological factors examined. The peritoneal recurrence rate was higher in the lavage Cy (+) group than in the lavage Cy-negative [lavage Cy (−)] group, although the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in survival, regardless of the lavage Cy status, among the 263 patients who underwent curative resection. Conclusion  The lavage Cy status before resection was not a useful predictive factor of peritoneal recurrence in cases of colorectal cancer.     

Influencia del volumen peritoneal residual en los resultados de la prueba de equilibrio peritoneal. Estudio prospectivo

BackgroundCategorization of the capacity of ultrafiltration during a peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is a usual step during the monitoring of peritoneal transport characteristics of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Quantifying the peritoneal residual volume (Vr) after the dwell preceding the PET (Vrpre) and at the end of the test (Vrpost) could help to improve the accuracy of the estimation of this variable.MethodFollowing a prospective design, we calculated Vrpre and Vrpost in 116 patients, incident or prevalent on DP, who underwent one or two (n = 27) PET with 3.86/4.25% glucose-based PD solutions and complete drainage at 60 min. We evaluated the consistency of Vr by comparing Vrpre and Vrpost, as also these two parameters in repeated tests. We scrutinized potential associations between demographic and clinical factors, on one side, and the amount of Vr on the other, as also the impact of correcting ultrafiltration during PET for Vr on the categorization of the capacity of ultrafiltration.ResultsAs a mean, Vrpost was larger than Vrpre. Consequently, correction of ultrafiltration for Vr resulted in significantly higher values than those obtained according to the standard procedure (494 vs 449 mL, p < 0.0005). We disclosed marked inconsistencies for different estimations of Vr in the same patients (Vrpre vs Vrpost and repeated PET studies). Moreover, no demographic or clinical variable was able to predict the amount of Vr. We observed a significant deviation (>200 mL) between both methods of estimation of the capacity of utrafiltration in only 12.9% of the patients. However, 21.1% of the patients categorized as cases of ultrafiltration failure according to the standard procedure did not maintain this condition after correction for Vr.ConclusionsCorrection for Vr of the capacity of ultrafiltration during a PET carries, as a mean, a minor impact on the categorization of this parameter. However, the results of the test can be significantly affected in 12.9% of the cases. We have been unable to detect demographic or clinical predictors of Vr, which suggests a random component for the mechanics of single peritoneal exchanges. We suggest that Vr should be estimated at the time of categorizing the capacity of ultrafiltration, whenever inconsistencies during serial PET studies are detected.