WHO及美国糖尿病学会糖尿病诊断标准在老年人群中应用的分析和评估

目的　探讨 1985年WHO与 1997年美国糖尿病学会 (ADA)糖尿病 (DM)诊断标准在老年人群应用中的敏感性及特异性 ,确定在老年人群中诊断DM的理想空腹血糖 (FPG)切点。方法对在北京地区居住 5年以上的老年人群体检时进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)的 12 0 4人 ,分别根据WHO标准与ADA标准划分不同血糖水平的人群 ,分析其分布的异同 ,并以OGTT 2h血糖 (2hPG)≥ 11.1mmol/L为DM诊断标准 ,分析ADA(FPG)≥ 7.0mmol/L的标准诊断DM的敏感性及特异性变化情况 ,并确定在老年人群中应用FPG诊断DM的理想切点。结果　按WHO标准 (2hPG)诊断DM的患病率为 16 .2 8% ,按ADA标准 (FPG)诊断DM的患病率为 3.16 %。ADA标准制定的FPG 7.0mmol/L所得出的诊断DM的敏感度为 15 .3% ,特异度为 99.2 %。WHO与ADA两项标准均诊断DM的符合率仅为 15 .3% ,糖耐量低减 (IGT)与空腹血糖异常 (IFG)的一致性仅为 4 .5 %。老年人群诊断DM的理想FPG切点为 5 .5mmol/L ,其受性别、年龄、BMI和有否高血压的影响。结论　WHO标准和ADA标准在本人群中缺乏一致性 ,以ADA(FPG)标准诊断老年人群DM时 ,在很大程度上不能替代WHO(2hPG)诊断标准。对 5 .5mmol/L≤FPG <7.0mmol/L老年人群应建议行OGTT检查。     

如何积极应对糖尿病前期

“糖尿病前期,即血糖指标介于正常状况和糖尿病之间。科学定义为:糖尿病前期指由正常糖代谢向糖尿病转化的过渡阶段,此阶段患者血糖值比血糖正常者高,但没有达到糖尿病诊断标准,包括空腹血糖受损(IFG),即空腹血糖(FPG)≥6.1mmol/L,<7.0mmol/L,糖负荷后2小时血糖(2hPG)<7.8mmol/L和糖耐量异常(IGT),即FPG<7.0mmol/L,2h PG≥7.8mmol/L,<11.1mmol/L及两者的混合状态(IFG+IGT)。糖尿病前期的人群是糖尿病预防的重点对象(WHO1999标准)。     

空腹血糖受损与糖耐量减低的区别

1979年美国国家糖尿病资料组提出糖耐量减低（IGT）这个概念。1985年WHO将FPG〈7．0mmol／L，2hPG≥7．8mmol／L且〈11．1mmol／L作为IGT的一种临床分型。1997年美国糖尿病学会（ADA）提出了IFG，即FPG≥6．1mmol／L且〈7．1mmol／L同时2hPG〈7．8mmol／L的概念。1999年WHO提出的IFG和IGT的定义和诊断标准与ADA相同，且提出IFG的另一意思是非糖尿病性空腹高血糖状态。2003年ADA将IFG的FPG下调为5．6mmol／L。IFG与IGT都是指患者的血糖介于正常人与糖尿病患者血糖水平之间的一种中间代谢状态，有人将其称之为糖尿病（DM）前期（prediabetes），也称为糖调节受损（IGR），因此IGR包括IFG和IGT两种状态。我们复习相关文献，将IFG和IGT的主要区别总结如下。     

空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白用于筛查糖尿病的研究

目的评估空腹血糖(FPG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)在筛查糖尿病(DM)和糖耐量受损(IGT)中的应用价值。方法北京地区研究对象1118名,为明确DM诊断而就诊者和DM高危人群接受DM筛查者,男489名,女629名,平均48±12岁,行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)并测定HbA1c。结果按照1999年WHO的DM诊断标准,本研究人群糖耐量正常(NGT)、空腹血糖受损(IFG)、IGT、IGT合并IFG和DM者分别为510、35、155、52、366例。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)判断,与以OGTT诊断的DM状态相关的FPG临界点为6.2mmol/L,敏感性和特异性分别为85.0%和90.4%,曲线下面积0.943(95%CI0.927～0.959),阳性似然比8.9,阴性似然比0.2;与以OGTT诊断的DM状态相关的HbA1c临界点为6.2%,敏感性和特异性分别为86.6%和77.5%,曲线下面积0.896(95%CI0.876～0.916),阳性似然比3.9,阴性似然比0.2。与IGT状态相关的FPG临界点为5.1mmol/L,敏感性和特异性分别为65.2%和68.3%,曲线下面积为0.729,阳性似然比2.1,阴性似然比0.5。与IGT状态相关的HbA1c临界点为5.7%,敏感性和特异性分别63.3%和56.5%,曲线下面积为0.634,阳性似然比1.5,阴性似然比0.7。结论6.2mmol/L6.2%时应进一步行OGTT了解2h血糖以明确有无DM,FPG和HbA1c不适用于筛查IGT人群。     

从心血管危险因素看空腹血糖受损切点下调

目的在不同空腹血糖水平下分析心血管危险因素的聚集情况,探讨我国成人空腹血糖受损(IFG)切点下调的合理性.方法对1994年全国25岁以上22.4万人群糖尿病普查中15 564例经口服75克葡萄糖耐量试验检查的人群资料进行分析.结果 (1)将人群按空腹血糖(FPG)0.56 mmol/L间隔分组,BMI≥25 kg/m2、高甘油三酯、高血压及代谢综合征的比率随FPG逐渐上升,FPG 5.0～5.6 mmol/L组超重比率出现明显升高(P=0.001),FPG 5.6～6.1 mmol/L组其余各组分及代谢综合征比率均有明显升高(P＜0.001).(2) 餐后2 h血糖＜7.8 mmol/L时,FPG 5.6～6.1 mmol/L组与FPG＜5.6 mmol/L组比较,BMI≥25 kg/m2、高血压、代谢综合征患病率分别升高25%,15%,46%;糖尿病家族史阳性率增高.(3) 按照1999年WHO诊断分型标准及2003年ADA专家委员会建议将非糖尿病人群分为正常糖耐量(NGT),单纯IFG,单纯糖耐量受损(IGT)及IFG合并IGT(IFG+IGT)组.IFG诊断切点下调至5.6 mmol/L后,糖调节受损各组仍具有FPG 6.1 mmol/L为切点时临床特点.IFG+IGT组代谢异常较单纯IFG及单纯IGT为重.单纯IFG与单纯IGT组比较IFG组年轻、糖尿病家族史阳性多,相对肥胖,总代谢综合征比率高;IGT组收缩压、甘油三酯、餐后胰岛素水平高,女性比例高.结论 (1)糖尿病前心血管危险因素已开始随空腹血糖水平增高而增加,自FPG 5.6 mmol/L组以上代谢综合征及单组分比率均有显著升高.(2)以FPG≥5.6mmol/L为切点划分的新IFG人群表现为年轻,糖尿病家族史阳性率高,代谢综合征比率高于NGT及单纯IGT人群.FPG可能对年轻者更有诊断价值.     

ADA关于IFG诊断切点下调的建议及其临床意义探讨

1997年,ADA专家委员会修订了1979年/1980年由美国国家DM数据组和WHO制订的糖尿病(DM)诊断标准,其要点如下:①将空腹血糖(FPG)作为诊断DM的依据,FPG诊断切点由FPG≥140mg/d1(7.8mmol/L)下调至FPG≥126mg/dl(7.0mmol/L)(本文所有血糖值均指静脉血浆葡萄糖).②正常空腹血糖是指FPG＜110mg/dl(6.1mmol/L).③HbA1c不作为DM的诊断依据.④糖耐量减低(IGT)是指FPG＜126mg/dl(7.0mmol/L),口服75克无水葡萄糖后2-hPG在140～199mg/d1(7.8～11.1mmol/L).⑤空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)是指空腹血糖浓度高于正常,但低于DM诊断值,即FBG在110～125mg/d1(6.1～6.9mmol/L).⑥IFG与IGT均代表正常葡萄糖稳态和DM高血糖之间的中间代谢状态.     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验在糖尿病诊断中的价值

目的　对口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)诊断糖尿病 (DM )进行临床分析。方法　对 6 5 15例可疑糖尿病人行OGTT ,分别以空腹血糖 (FPG)≥ 7 0mmol/L和OGTT2h血糖 (PG2h)≥ 11 1mmol/L作为DM诊断标准 ,对结果进行比较、分析。结果　以FPG和PG2h为DM诊断标准 ,DM的患病率分别为 38 2 1%、5 2 34% ,符合率为 70 7% ,两个标准诊断DM并不一致 (χ2 =131 37,P <0 0 1)。结论　仅凭FPG诊断DM是不够的。以PG2h为DM诊断的金标准 ,诊断DM的理想FPG切点为 6 0mmol/L。当FPG≥ 6 0mmol/L时 ,一定要行OGTT ,以早期发现DM     

空腹血糖受损与糖耐量减低的概念及表现谱的差异和对策

1997年美国糖尿病学会(ADA)提出空腹血糖受损(IFG)的概念,2003年11月ADA提出IFG下限诊断标准从6.1mmol/L下调到5.6mmol/L。IFG与糖耐量减低(IGT)人群进展为2型糖尿病的危险均较正常血糖人群高,但两者的表现谱却存在许多差异,如两者的患病率具有性别及种族差异;胰岛素分泌及胰岛素抵抗状况也不同;两者与血管病变的关系及血管病变的发生率和病死率也有差异。因此,基于IFG、IGT的病理生理学应对其采取相应的干预措施。     

空腹血糖受损诊断标准下调对糖调节受损人群检出率的影响

目的 分析空腹血糖受损（IFG）的空腹血糖（FPG）诊断标准下调对糖调节受损（IGR）人群检出率的影响，并探讨区分糖调节正常与受损的FPG理想截定点。方法 对2882例无2型糖尿病（T2DM）史的受试者进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。采用1997年和2003年美国糖尿病学会分类诊断标准进行比较。结果 （1）IFG诊断标准下调后，单纯IFG者增加367例，IFG者由424例增加到1032例，其中包含的糖耐量受损（IGT）者由243例增加到484例；709例IGT者，包括在IFG者中的比例由34％上升到68％。（2）与糖耐量正常（NGT）人群相比，新增单纯IFG人群体质指数、FPG、2hPG、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇均升高（均P＜0．01），超重（52．6 vs 39．7％，χ^2=6．79，P〈0．01）和高甘油三酯血症发生率（32．2％ vs 24．9％，；χ^2=3．98，P〈0．05）明显增高。（3）非T2DM人群中诊断IGR（7．8≤2hPG＜11．1mmol／L）的FPG理想截定点为5．6mmol／L。结论 IFG诊断标准下调后，IFG、IFG＋IGT检出率明显增加；新增单纯IFG人群已经出现糖、脂代谢异常；非T2DM人群中诊断IGR的FPG理想截定点为5．6mmol／L。     

做好糖尿病的“前期”工作

糖尿病前期可表现为糖耐量受损（IGT）和空腹血糖受损（IFG）。IGT的诊断切点为餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）≥7.8mmol/L,〈11.1mmol/L;而IFG的诊断切点为空腹血糖（FPG）≥6.1mmol/L,〈7.1mmol/L。IGT和IFG患者发生心血管病变风险增高,有发展为糖尿病的高危险性,单纯降低IGT患者或IFG患者的血糖是否有益目前均无证据。糖尿病前期患者的糖调节已受损,大量的研究表明,糖尿病前期患者已存在糖尿病大血管和微血管病变的多种风险,因此早期干预意义重大。     

Impact of the new American Diabetes Association and World Health Organisation diagnostic criteria for diabetes on subjects from three ethnic groups living in the UK

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends basing diabetes diagnosis on a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of > or = 7.0 mmol/L and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on 6.1 < or = FPG < 7.0 mmol/L. The new World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations also adopt this FPG cut-off, but retain the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) where possible and the intermediate group of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in addition to IFG. We compare the effect of the new ADA and WHO diagnostic criteria in three ethnic groups. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three hundred and eighty whites, 340 South Asians and 347 subjects of African descent, aged 40-59 years and not known to have diabetes, were identified through South London general practices. Inevitably, the prevalence of new diabetes was lower under ADA than under WHO criteria (including post-load levels) for all three groups, falling from 5.7% overall to 3.3% (fall 2.4% 95% CI 1.6% to 3.6%). The largest fall was for South Asians from 9.1% to 5.0% (fall 4.1% 95% CI 2.2% to 6.8%). The prevalence of impaired glucose homeostasis under ADA criteria (IFG) was substantially less than under WHO criteria (IFG + IGT). Under WHO criteria, including a glucose tolerance test, there was marked variation by ethnic group in diabetes prevalence (p < 0.001) and IGT (p < 0.0001), both were most prevalent amongst South Asians. Under ADA criteria, (or new WHO criteria without OGTT) diabetes prevalence still differed significantly between groups (p < 0.01), but there was no difference in IFG prevalence (p = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with IGT but normal FPG are at greater risk of coronary heart disease. The new ADA definition fails to identify substantial numbers of such subjects, particularly among South Asians. Our study supports the retention of the OGTT in the new WHO criteria, particularly for South Asians.     

Comparison of the results between two diagnostic criteria by ADA and WHO among subjects with FPG 5.6-7.8 mmol/l in Kin-Hu and Kin-Chen, Kinmen, 1991-94.

The objective of this study was to compare the results between two diagnostic criteria by ADA (1997) and WHO (1985) among those with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level 5.6-7.8 mmol/l from a community-based survey in Kin-Hu and Kin-Chen, Kinmen conducted in 1991-94. According to official household registry, 10,797 residents aged over 30 were eligible for screening. 7580 had completed FPG screening and 1855 with FPG 5.6-7.8 mmol/l were invited to receive a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 78.5% (1456/1855) had completed OGTT. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG, by ADA) was 15.7%; the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, by WHO) was 22.7%; the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 7.4% by ADA criteria and 10.9% by WHO criteria. It should be noticed that, among subjects with FPG 5.6-7.8 mmol/l, 50.3% of individuals with undiagnosed diabetes and 67.6% of individuals with IGT by WHO criteria would be missed by ADA criteria. Based on the above findings, the two-step screening strategy using FPG as the first line screening and OGTT for high-risk group (FPG 5.6-7.8 mmol/l) only was recommended in epidemiological study and case finding in consideration of feasibility and validity.     

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance: 1997 criteria by the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (ADA), 1998 WHO consultation criteria, and 1985 WHO criteria. World Health Organization.

To compare 1997 ADA diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance/1998 WHO Consultation criteria versus 1985 WHO criteria, we analyzed data from a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed on 1051 high-risk subjects without medical history of diabetes at Diabetes Screening Clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand. There were 372 males and 679 females, aged (mean +/- S.D.) = 50.3 +/- 12.55 years, BMI = 25.62 +/- 4.39 kg/m2. If fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was used as recently recommended then 54.1, 20.4, and 25.5% of cases were classified as normal, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and diabetic, respectively. In diagnosing diabetes using a full OGTT based on the 1985 WHO criteria as the reference test, FPG > or = 7 mmol/l had a sensitivity of 57.7%, specificity of 97.4%, positive predictive value of 94.0%, and negative predictive value of 76.4%; 53.7% of subjects with IFG had 2-h plasma glucose > or = 11.1 mmol/l. The 1997 ADA/1998 WHO Consultation criteria and 1985 WHO criteria for a full OGTT yield similar overall results. FPG ( > or = 7 mmol/l) was not sensitive for diagnosing diabetes. Moreover, about half of the subjects with IFG were actually diabetic. Therefore, OGTT remains a valuable test in diagnosing diabetes and classifying various categories of glucose intolerance.     

Comparing the ADA 1997 and the WHO 1999 criteria: Prevalence of Diabetes in India Study

This random multistage cross-sectional population survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in subjects aged 25 years and above in India. The study was carried out in 77 centres (42 urban and 35 rural) to reflect the size and heterogeneity of the Indian population. 18,363 (9008 male and 9355 female) subjects were studied. 10,617 (5379 males and 5238 females) were from urban areas and 7746 (3629 males and 4117 females) from rural areas. Blood samples were taken after a fast of 10-12 and 2 h after 75 g of oral glucose. Subjects were categorized as having impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) or DM using the 1997 ADA or having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or DM using the 1999 WHO criteria. The age- and gender-standardized prevalence rate for DM using the ADA criteria was 3.6% whilst that using the WHO criteria was 4.3% (P < 0.001). The respective standardized prevalence of DM, using the two criteria was, 4.7 and 5.6%, respectively (P < 0.001) in the urban Indian population and 2.0 and 2.7% (P < 0.02) in the rural Indian population. Using the WHO criteria, 581 subjects were newly diagnosed whilst the ADA criteria newly diagnosed 437 subjects. The respective numbers for the urban population were 425 and 323, and for the rural population were 146 and 114, respectively. The ADA criteria could diagnose 75.2, 76.0 and 73.0% of the subjects who had DM as per the WHO criteria. Of 739 Indian subjects who had IFG, 106 (14.3%) were diagnosed as having DM by the WHO criteria whilst 505 (68.3%) had values compatible with a diagnosis of IGT. Of the 536 urban subjects with IFG, 74 (13.8%) had DM and 350 (65.3%) had IGT using the WHO criteria. Of the 302 rural subjects with IFG, 32 (15.8%) had DM and 155 (76.3%) had IGT using the WHO criteria. 505 (49.9%) of 1012 Indian subjects with IGT as per the WHO criteria had IFG. 350 (47.7%) of 733 urban subjects and 155 (55.5%) of 279 rural subjects with IGT had values compatible with IFG as per the ADA criteria. Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem is India. The use of the ADA criteria would underestimate the prevalence of DM by not diagnosing subjects showing a poor response to a glucose challenge. This along with the discrepancies between subjects showing IGF or IGT could be a challenge to any prevention program.     

Cardiovascular risk profile assessment in glucose‐intolerant Asian individuals—an evaluation of the World Health Organization two‐step strategy: the DECODA Study (Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative Analysis of Diagnostic Criteria in Asia)

Aims To assess the cardiovascular (CVD) risk factor profile in individuals with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) identified by a one‐step (fasting plasma glucose (FPG)) or a two‐step strategy (including an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG)) as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods Twelve population‐based studies in six countries (17 512 subjects, age 30–89 years, without known diabetes, with OGTT (fasting and 2‐h plasma glucose (2‐h PG))). Age, gender, and centre‐adjusted means of CVD risk factors were compared according to the level of glucose intolerance. Results Diabetes was found in 1270 individuals and IFG or IGT in 3158. In the diabetic group 55.1% had a FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (range between countries 36.2–67.0%), 20.5% were identified through the stepwise strategy (range 0–32%), while 24.4% would remain undiagnosed (FPG < 6.1 mmol/l) (range 9.0–40.0%). The two‐step strategy identified 60–91% of all newly diagnosed diabetic subjects with 5–12% of the population requiring an OGTT. Mean body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and total cholesterol did not differ between diabetic individuals diagnosed by FPG or OGTT. The step‐wise strategy identified < 50% of the subjects with impaired glucose regulation, and the cardiovascular risk profile (BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol) did not differ between those identified and those not identified in the screening process. Conclusions Applying an OGTT in subjects with IFG will fail to detect every fourth diabetic individual and every second individual with impaired glucose regulation. Individuals not diagnosed had a cardiovascular risk profile identical to those identified in the diagnostic process. Lower thresholds for an OGTT may be necessary in Asian populations. Diabet. Med. 19, 549–557 (2002)     

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate glucose abnormalities in obese patients based on ADA (1997) and WHO (1985) criteria.

AIM: To assess the accuracy of the 1997 ADA criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus and related glucose disturbances in comparison with the reference WHO 1985 criteria in obese subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 286 men and 881 women, 15-84 years of age, with obesity (body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m2), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out according to WHO standard. Patients were classified into three categories of glucose tolerance using WHO 1985 (Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM)) and ADA (Normal Fasting Glucose (NFG), Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and DM) criteria. Prevalence of each category was compared and agreement between the two classifications was assessed. The relation between fasting plasma glucose value and diabetes, as diagnosed by WHO 1985 criteria, was studied using various regression models, cumulative frequency curves, Finch method and ROC curve. RESULTS: Compared with WHO 1985, ADA criteria strongly underestimated the prevalence rate of diabetes (3.7% vs. 10.6%) and intermediate glucose abnormalities (6.0% vs. 22.4%). Agreement between the two classifications was poor (kappa = 0.23). Moreover, many patients defined as glucose-intolerant by the WHO 1985 criteria were shifted to a more favourable metabolic status by ADA criteria. Thus, ADA criteria failed to detect 69% of WHO diabetic patients and 89% with IGT were considered as normal. According to the method, cut-off value of fasting blood glucose for detecting WHO 1985-diagnosed diabetes varied widely, from 5.3 to 6.3 mmol/l and none was satisfactory because of poor sensitivity and positive predictive value. CONCLUSION: The ADA criteria do not appear to be a good substitute for those of the WHO 1985 at identifying diabetes and intermediate glucose abnormalities in an obese population. Since it appears impossible to determine a reliable cut-off value for fasting blood glucose to identify diabetic obese subjects with sufficient sensitivity, our results justify the retention of the OGTT in clinical practice or for epidemiological studies.     

Comparison of ADA 1997 and WHO 1985 criteria for diabetes in south Indians--the Chennai Urban Population Study. American Diabetes Association.

AIMS: To compare the American Diabetes Association (ADA) fasting criteria and World Health Organization (WHO) 2-h criteria for diabetes in an urban south Indian population. METHODS: Subjects were drawn from the Chennai Urban Population Study. Of the 1001 subjects studied, 52 (5.2%) were diagnosed as having diabetes according to WHO 2-h criteria and 32 (3.2%) according to the ADA fasting criteria. RESULTS: Twenty-five (48%) of the subjects diagnosed with diabetes by the WHO 2-h criteria were not classified as having diabetes by the ADA fasting criteria. Similarly, of the 78 subjects (7.8%) classified as having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), only eight (10.3%) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) according to the ADA fasting criteria. The overall agreement between the WHO 2-h criteria and ADA fasting criteria was poor (kappa = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the ADA fasting criteria results in a lower prevalence rates of diabetes in this lean urban south Indian population.     

The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes defined by fasting and 2-h plasma glucose criteria in urban Nepal.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in people aged >/= 40 years in urban communities of Nepal, comparing the fasting and 2-h plasma glucose (PG) criteria for diagnosis of diabetes and to relate the prevalence to age, gender and hypertension. METHODS: Field surveys of fasting and 2-h PG and blood pressure (BP) were done by cluster sampling in seven urban populations of Nepal. Of 1180 eligible individuals invited, 1012 (85.7%) aged >/= 40 years participated. RESULT: The age and sex standardized prevalence of diabetes (known and newly diagnosed), IGT and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) were 19.0%, 10.6% and 9.9%, respectively. Of the total population, 30.5% (37.8% of men and 25.3% of women) had some abnormality of glucose tolerance. Of all diabetic individuals, 54.4% (53.8% of men and 55.1% of women) were undiagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes increased with age until the age of 75 years. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in men than in women (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criterion compared with either FPG or 2-h PG or both criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes was 70.5%[95% confidence interval (CI) 60.7, 78.8] and the corresponding sensitivity of 2-h PG criterion was 79% (95% CI 69.8, 86.1). The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of hypertension (BP >/= 140/90 mmHg) was 22.7%. Hypertension was less common in subjects with normal plasma glucose than in those with diabetes (18.8% vs. 36.7%). Similarly, of all subjects with hypertension, 29.1% had diabetes (known or newly diagnosed) and 43.0% had glucose intolerance of some form. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that diabetes and hypertension are common and related problems in people aged >/= 40 years in urban Nepal. The overall sensitivity of the 2-h PG criteria was greater than that of the FPG criteria for diagnosing diabetes, except in subjects aged >/= 60 years.     

The utility of fasting glucose for detection of prediabetes

Treatment of prediabetes attenuates progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) previously defined prediabetes as either impaired fasting glucose (IFG) = 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110-125 mg/dL) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (2-hour postload glucose of 7.8-11.0 mmol/L [140-199 mg/dL]). For practical reasons, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is commonly used for diabetes screening. Recently, the ADA lowered the fasting glucose threshold value for IFG from 110 to 100 mg/dL. Our objective was to determine the utility of FPG alone for detecting prediabetes in African Americans. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) data from a cohort of 304 young adult African American men and women were examined. We calculated prediabetes prevalence using the previous ADA criteria and examined the effect of lowering the IFG threshold value for IFG to 100 mg/dL. The prediabetes prevalence in this cohort using the previous ADA criteria was 20.4% (n = 62). Of the 62 cases, 8 had IFG, 45 had IGT, and 9 had IFG together with IGT. Fasting plasma glucose testing alone detected 17 (27.4%) prediabetic cases, whereas a complete OGTT detected 54 (87.1%). Lowering the IFG threshold value to FPG = 100 mg/dL identified 13 of the 45 IGT-only cases. However, this lower IFG threshold increased prediabetes prevalence in the overall cohort from 20.4% to 31.9%. In conclusion, in young adult African Americans, an ethnic group at high risk for developing diabetes, FPG testing alone may be inadequate for diagnosing prediabetes. Until alternative strategies are identified, an OGTT is presently the best method for detecting the prediabetic condition in these high-risk patients.     

糖化血红蛋白用于筛查糖尿病的意义

目的比较并评价空腹血糖（FPG）和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）在筛查DM中的应用价值。方法上海地区研究对象2298名,为明确DM诊断而就诊者和DM高危人群接受DM筛查者,男956名,女1342名,年龄52±13岁,行OGTT并测定HbA1C;以其工作特征曲线（ROC）评价FPG和HbA。C在筛查DM中的敏感性和特异性。结果（1）按照1999年WHO的DM诊断标准,本研究人群糖耐量正常（NGT）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、糖耐量受损（IGT）、IGT合并IFG和DM者分别为830、110、380、183、795例。其中DM患病率为34．6％。（2）依据ROC判断,与DM状态相关的FPG最佳临界点为6．1mmol／L,敏感性和特异性均为81．5％,曲线下面积为0．899（95％CI0．885～0．914）,阳性似然比4．18,阴性似然比0．23;与DM状态相关的HbA1c最佳临界点为6．1％,敏感性和特异性均为81．0％,曲线下面积为0．890（95％CI0．876-0．904）,阳性似然比4．26,阴性似然比0．23;如应用FPG≥6．1mmol／L或HbA1c≥6．1％筛查DM,敏感性和特异性分别为96．5％和65．2％,阳性似然比2．77,阴性似然比0．05。结论FPG和HbA1C在筛查DM中具有相似的价值,二者均有相似的特异性和敏感性以及阳性似然比和阴性似然比。为了最大限度的筛查出DM患者,建议对于6．1mmol／L≤FPG〈7．0mmol／L或HbA1c≥6．1％的患者行OGTT检查以明确有无DM。