PACG患者视觉生活质量和心理状况的临床研究

目的:评估原发性闭角型青光眼（primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG）患者的心理和视觉健康相关生存质量状况,分析青光眼小梁切除手术对其影响。 方法:采用前瞻性随机临床对照的方法, 对42例PACG患者分别采用国家眼科研究视功能问卷（25-item national eye institute visual functioning questionnaire, NEI-VFQ-25）和综合医院焦虑抑郁量表（hospital anxiety and depression scale, HADS）中文版评定患者最近1mo的视觉生活质量和焦虑、抑郁评分,术后1mo再次患者评定焦虑、抑郁情况及视觉生活质量,42例健康自愿者作为对照,分析其心理和视觉健康相关生存质量变化情况。 结果:PACG患者焦虑、抑郁及共患患者发生率分别为23.8%,23.8%和 16.7%。NEI-VFQ-25评分显示患者在视觉健康相关生存质量部分亚功能（10/12）如一般健康、总体视觉、社会功能、心理问题、周边视野和依赖性等均有不同程度的损害(P<0.05)。通过小梁切除手术干预,患者焦虑、抑郁评分明显好转(P<0.05),视觉健康相关生存质量的样本中位数差值\[41.6(一般健康)、34.5 (眼痛)、32.6 (社会功能)、21.2(心理问题)、24.8(社会活动)、21.8（依赖性）\],均较手术前明显改善\[10.4(一般健康)、6.4 (眼痛)、10.6(社会功能)、8.3(心理问题)、7.3(社会活动)、6.9（依赖性）;均为P<0.05\]。 结论: PACG患者焦虑、抑郁状况加重,视觉健康相关生存质量明显降低。小梁切除术有助于患者视觉生活质量和心理康复。     

异常及和谐异常视网膜对应共同性内斜视手术量的研究

目的 探讨异常及和谐异常视网膜对应共同性内斜视在手术方法、手术量、手术后双眼视觉的变化,以及手术量对手术成功率的影响.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象 20例异常及和谐异常视网膜对应的内斜视患者.方法 分析北京大学眼科中心1年内收治20例异常及和谐异常视网膜对应的内斜视患者.手术前常规进行眼科常规检查和眼肌学的双眼视觉检查,根据检查的远近三棱镜度数设计手术量,进行斜视眼内直肌退后术、外直肌缩短术.计算手术量的三棱镜度数是在客观检查的度数基础上多加15△.手术方式:内直肌后退,外直肌缩短,内直肌后退的量通常为4mm,外直肌缩短的量根据看远的斜视角确定.主要指标手术后斜视度数与复视情况.结果 20例中有19例患者手术后观察3个月,且手术后看远与看近斜视度的三棱镜平均度数均小于 10△,所有20例患者内直肌均后退4mm,外直肌缩短的毫米数根据斜视度的不同,一般在4～6mm范围内.6例和谐异常视网膜对应病例术后有矛盾性复视,其中3例在1个月内复视消失,2例在3个月左右消失,1例术后1周斜视复发,斜视三棱镜度数与术前接近,复视消失;其余14例异常视网膜对应的病例手术后无复视,眼位的内斜角度均小于 10△,映光表现为正位.结论 对于和谐及企图和谐异常视网膜对应的内斜患者手术量的计算应为客观检查的三棱镜度数多加15△,内直肌后退量为4mm,术后矛盾性复视3个月内克服.     

共同性内斜视对成人的心理状态和视觉健康生存质量影响

目的 评价成人共同性内斜视患者的心理状况和视觉健康相关生存质量,分析患者斜视手术后心理及生活质量改变情况.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照的方法,将72例参与者平均分为两组,包括成人共同性内斜视患者36例和健康自愿者36例,采用国家眼科研究视功能问卷中文版(NEI-VFQ-25量表)评定内斜视患者最近1个月的视觉生活质量,并进...     

共同性斜视的AC/A比率

目的分析共同性斜视AC/A比率的特点及应用价值。方法计145例共同性斜视患者。共同性内斜视73例,平均年龄10.48±7.85岁,平均斜视角度+40.90±20.70△。共同性外斜视72例,平均年龄12.96±8.29岁,平均斜视角度-39.78±15.90△。采用同视机法测定AC/A比率。按全国儿童弱视斜视防治学组制定的标准行共同性斜视的分类,将各类斜视的AC/A比率同正常人作对比。结果共同性内斜视的AC/A比率为4.24±2.23△/D,共同性外斜视的AC/A比率为2.80±2.57△/D。二者差异十分显著(P<0.01)。共同性内斜视除部分调节性和先天性同正常人的差异不明显(P>0.05)外,其它各类型同正常人的差异都有明显(P<0.05)和十分明显(P<0.01)的统计学意义。共同性外斜视除分开过强型高于正常人(P<0.01)外,其它各类型都明显(P<0.05)或十分明显(P<0.01)低于正常人。共同性内斜视AC/A比率异常值占36.99%;共同性外斜视AC/A比率异常值占43.06%。结论共同性内斜视的AC/A比率高于外斜视,内斜视中多数类型的AC/A比率高于或近于正常人,外斜视中多数类型的AC/A比率低于正常人。AC/A比率失常是共同性斜视发病的重要因素。AC/A比率在斜视的分类诊断及手术设计上有重要价值。     

成人共同性外斜视术后双眼视觉的重建立及手术特点

目的探讨成人共同性外斜视术后双眼视觉的重建及手术特点。方法对123例年龄≥18岁两眼视力相等或相差1～2行的共同性外斜视，术前术后检查视力、眼位、眼底，以同视机检查融合机能，以颜氏立体图检查立体视。结果术后1周113例视觉抑制或异常视网膜对应者中60例恢复正常视网膜对应，16例建立了立体视；术后6周80例视觉抑制或异常视网膜对应者中40例还恢复正常视网膜对应，并且其中14例还重建立了立体视。结论成人共同性外斜视手术不仅达到美容矫正。而且其中一部分还达到功能治愈。成人共同性外斜视在手术设计时要避免过矫。     

共同性外斜视术后患者的生存质量的变化

目的：评估共同性外斜视患者斜视手术前后的生存质量变化。

方法：通过采用回顾性队列研究方法,随访18～30岁的恒定性的共同性外斜视患者65例。采用成人斜视生活质量评估量表AS-20和健康调查简表SF-36评估共同性外斜视患者术前和术后3mo时的生存质量状态。

结果：共同性外斜视患者术后3mo的AS-20社会心理评分及视功能评分都明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。共同性外斜视术后3mo的SF-36评分中生理功能评分、生理功能对角色功能的影响评分、健康总体评分、活力评分、社会功能评分、情绪对角色功能的影响评分、精神健康评分及总体评分与术前相比均有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),而躯体疼痛评分与术前相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：斜视手术有助于改善共同性外斜视的生存质量。临床上,应重视运用生存质量评估指导斜视的治疗。     

共同性斜视手术前后双眼单视功能的临床观察

目的　观察非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视和间歇性外斜视患者手术前后双眼单视功能的变化。方法　将 5 2例共同性斜视患者分为 3组 :非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视和间歇性外斜视组。用同视机测定远双眼单视功能 ,用《颜少明立体视觉检查图》测定看近立体视锐度。观察术前、术后5天、 1月、 3～ 6月的斜视角度、远双眼单视功能、近立体视锐度变化。结果　三组斜视的视远双眼单视功能无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。非调节性内斜视与恒定性外斜视组近立体视觉无统计学差异 (P<0 0 5 )。间歇性外斜视组近立体视觉损害较远立体视觉轻 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视对双眼单视功能的影响一致。间歇性外斜视组对远双眼单视功能的影响与非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视组一致 ,而近立体视觉破坏较轻。     

手术治疗的共同性内斜视类型分布

目的 了解共同性内斜视各类型分布的情况.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象共同性内斜视患者586例.方法 对586例欲行斜视矫正术的共同性内斜视患者的斜视类型、视力及斜视度进行统计和分析.主要指标共同性内斜视的类型,视力与矫正视力,AC/A比率,斜视度等.结果 586例共同性内斜视患者中,先天性者72例(12.29%),非屈光性调节性65例(11.09%),部分调节性55例(9.39%),非调节性189例(32.25%),知觉性79例(13.48%),连续性24例(4.10%),残余性41例(7.00%);共同性内斜视伴有非共同性垂直斜视55例(9.39%);急性共同性内斜视6例(1.02%).斜视度>60△者先天性内斜视占77.78%,知觉性内斜视者占59.49%,非调节性内斜视者占52.91%;斜视度≤40△者残余性内斜视占60.98%,连续性内斜视者占75.00%.共同性内斜视除外知觉性内斜视,视力或矫正视力≥0.9者367例,占62.26%.共同性内斜视屈光不正者357例(60.92%).其中远视性屈光不正257例(71.99%).结论 在共同性内斜视需手术治疗者中,非调节性内斜视占首位.先天性内斜视及知觉性内斜视斜视度显著大于其他类型的共同性内斜视.共同性内斜视的屈光状态主要是远视性屈光不正.(眼科,2008,17:130-133)     

不同类型斜视患者术后双眼视觉重建的临床分析

目的:探讨先天性上斜肌麻痹性斜视、共同性外斜视和共同性内斜视患者手术前后双眼视功能的恢复情况及临床早期变化规律。方法:选择年龄介于3～20岁斜视矫正术后的斜视患者106例作为研究对象,按斜视类型分为三组,三组平均发病年龄分别为:7.7±1.2,8.5±1.4,8.1±1.3岁;病程分别为6.75±1.20,3.42±2.42和3.80±2.10a;斜视度分别为31.50△±5.50△,50.50△±12.56△和52.25△±13.80△。采用三棱镜加交替遮盖法检查手术前后远近斜视度,《颜少明立体视觉检查图》检查近立体视觉,同视机检查远立体视觉及融合功能,分析3种类型斜视术后眼融合功能恢复率及立体视功能恢复率情况,术后随访8wk。结果:三组术前平均发病年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),先天性麻痹性斜视组与共同性斜视组病程、斜视度数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),共同性外斜视组与共同性内斜视组病程及斜视度数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后2,4,6,8wk随访先天性上斜肌麻痹性斜视组融合功能恢复率分别为12.5%,37.5%,62.5%,68.8%,立体视功能恢复率分别为0,18.8%,50.0%,56.3%;共同性外斜视组融合功能恢复率分别为14.1%,40.8%,64.8%,69.0%,立体视功能恢复率分别为1.4%,31.0%,54.9%,59.2%;共同性内斜视组融合功能恢复率分别为26.3%,47.4%,73.7%,78.9%,立体视功能恢复率分别为5.3%,47.4%,63.2%,68.4%;术后2,4,6,8wk共同性外斜视组与共同性内斜视组术后眼正位率、立体视功能与融合功能恢复率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:先天性上斜肌麻痹性斜视患者斜视病程相对较长,术后近期立体视功能及融合功能恢复缓慢,且恢复率较低,于术后4wk开始明显提高,而共同性外斜视患者与共同性内斜视患者术后立体视功能及融合功能最早可于术后2wk恢复,且远期恢复率明显提高。     

儿童部分调节性内斜视的手术矫正与立体视觉

部分调节性内斜视属调节性内斜视范畴 ,此类斜视患者常伴有不同程度的远视 弱视 、 、异常视网膜对应及旁中心注视 给予正球镜矫 ,正后 斜度减少 但不能完全消失 视远视近 , , ,均有内斜 斜度比较稳定 非调节因素引起的 , ,斜视需手术矫正[ 1, 2] 但是 在手术时机选 。 ,择问题上 各家意见不一[ 3-5] 本文观察了 78 , 。例儿童部分调节性内斜视矫正术后的立体视觉建立情况 分析了各种因素对部分调节性内斜 ,视患儿的立体视觉建立的影响 进而…     

Anomalous retinal correspondence update

For orthoptists and ophthalmologists, anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) is a reality and an important finding. But since it has not been found in animals, ARC seems to be unknown to neurophysiologists. Comparing results of different stereotests, e.g., random-dot stereograms and the two-pencil test, provides some insight into different levels of cortical binocular interaction. Patients with orthotropia and normal retinal correspondence (NRC) and even those with anisometropic amblyopia usually pass random-dot stereograms, whereas strabismic patients with ARC, even with microtropia, usually fail. Microtropic patients, however, may pass contour stereograms, and, in large esotropic angles, useful, daily-life binocular stereopsis can be found with the two-pencil test. Random-dot stereopsis suggests that normal binocular interaction must take place in or near area 17, where data processing for small dots occurs before form recognition. Anomalous correspondence most probably has its seat where the retinal topology is not exact, i.e., where the binocular receptive fields are very large and encompass the corpus callosum, such as in area 20 or 21. This new hypothesis may explain the different forms of ARC according to the clinical entities.Dedicated to Dr. G.K. von Noorden on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Part I. Sensorial anomalies in strabimus

Some concepts regarding suppression, anomalous correspondence and amblyopia are revised according to the sensorial findings obtainable from esotropic patients directly in casual seeing (with the aid of the striated glasses test) and by grading a sensorial dissociating effect (with the aid of a bar of optical filters). The following points are emphasized: 1. Suppression appears to be minimal in small angle strabismus where diplopia seems mainly to be avoided by an anomalous correspondence mechanism. On the contrary, suppression is the prevalent mechanism in large angle strabismus. 2. The anomalous correspondence mechanism may lead to a weak type of anomalous binocular vision which is easily interrupted by light optical filters or by dissociating tests. 3. The subjective space of patients with anomalous binocular vision resembles that of normal binocular vision in some aspects. 4. The development of amblyopia is interpreted in the light of these new concepts on suppression and anomalous binocular vision. 5. Postoperatively, anomalous correspondence rapidly re-adapts to the smaller angle deviation and may normalize if the deviation is completely eliminated. This is evident only in casual seeing; for a certain time, dissociating tests reveal the preoperative correspondence status. This behaviour of correspondence in casual seeing has led to attempts at normalizing anomalous correspondence by prism therapy. Newly observed sensotio-motorial obstacles, however, have been found to frequently hamper treatment in casual seeing.     

Management of anomalous correspondence: efficacy of therapy

The last paper to review thoroughly the success of treatment for esotropia with anomalous correspondence was published by Flom in 1963. In reviewing the literature of that era, which included surgical intervention, Flom found documented cures in only 11 of 262 esotropic patients with anomalous correspondence--a cure rate of less than 5%. We evaluated recent reported success rates for treatment and present an estimate of the prognosis for successful binocular re-education of patients with esotropia and anomalous correspondence. Based on current therapy techniques reported in the literature, with careful aggressive therapy, 50% of esotropic patients with anomalous correspondence should be expected to achieve binocular vision provided sufficient time (up to 12 months) can be devoted to binocular re-education.     

Binocular interactions and steady-state VEPs. A study in normal and defective binocular vision (Part II)

Background: Recent evidence indicates that an index of binocular activity may be found in some properties of steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEPs), such as amplitude facilitation and phase shortening. We evaluated binocular interactions with steady-state VEPs in normal subjects as well as in patients with concomitant strabismus and defective binocular vision. Methods: Steady-state (8-Hz) VEPs to counterphased sinusoidal gratings (1.2 c/deg spatial frequency) of low contrast (3.2%) were recorded in 19 esotropic patients and in 18 age-matched controls. Patients had either anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC, n =10) or suppression (n=9) in casual seeing conditions (striated glasses). In all subjects, both binocular and monocular VEPs displayed a major component at twice the stimulation frequency (second harmonic), whose amplitude and phase were measured. A binocular interaction index was obtained by comparing binocular VEPs (BVEPs) with the sum (vectorial) of the two monocular VEPs (SMVEPs). Results: In normal subjects, BVEPs were larger in amplitude than SMVEPs (facilitation), and shortened in latency (phase). On average, both ARC and suppression patients displayed loss in amplitude facilitation and absence of phase shortening. However, 50% of ARC patients showed clear VEP facilitation. In both ARC and suppression patients, the amplitude ratio BVEP/SMVEP was negatively correlated with the amount of the angle of deviation. Conclusion: These results suggest that losses in amplitude facilitation and phase shortening of binocular steady-state VEPs reflect abnormal binocular interactions associated with different forms of sensorial adaptation in concomitant strabismus.     

Postoperativ binocular function after full prismatic correction in patients with concomitant convergent strabismus and exuberance of convergence (author's transl)]

We investigated the cases of 50 non amblyopic children with concomitant convergent strabismus and exuberance of convergence, in which a prolonged prismatic correction was performed. 31 children had a 5 degree higher angle of squint in near vision before the application of prism. In 13 out of 31 the angle of squint, which was measured at the gaze for distance, increased more than 6 degrees. The ratio of normal retinal correspondence (NRC) to abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) is 14:17. 19 patients developed only after prismatic correction of the angle of squint an exuberance of convergence. This phenomenon we call secundary exuberance of convergence. In this group the angle of squint for distance vision increased in only three children more than 6 degrees, while 6 children had a decrease by up to 11 degrees. The ratio NRC: ARC is 7:12. Postoperativ follow-up of binocular function over 4-5 years showed, that the prognosis in case of primary exuberance of convergence is worse than in secondary.     

Clinical characteristics of anomalous correspondence

The correspondence status of 68 constant, early-age onset strabismics was evaluated with three common clinical tests to determine the prevalence of anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) and which clinical features of the strabismus were most highly associated with the ARC. Ninety-six per cent, 71%, and 51% of the patients manifested ARC with the striated lens test, the synoptophore, and the afterimage test, respectively. The clinical features of the strabismus that were correlated, although weakly, with the diagnosis of ARC were: (1) the magnitude of the deviation at near for the striated lens test; (2) the age of the patient at the time of testing and the laterality of the deviation on the synoptophore; and (3) the age of the patient at the time of testing, the change in the deviation from distance to near, and the spherical equivalent refractive error for the afterimage test. A low correlation also existed between the age of the patient and the depth of ARC (superficial or deep-rooted). We conclude that the clinical features of strabismus cannot be utilized effectively to predict the status of retinal correspondence.     

Distance judgement in comitant strabismus with anomalous retinal correspondence

Judgement of distances was evaluated in 19 patients with comitant esotropia and without appreciable stereopsis. In nine patients anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) was present at Bagolini's striated glasses. In the remaining patients there was suppression with the same test. Distance judgement of strabismics with ARC does not differ statistically from that one of normals. Significantly different results were found in strabismics with suppression. It is concluded that ARC is not only an anti-diplopic mechanism, but provides the patients with useful clues in their daily life.     

Normal retinotopic mapping in human strabismus with anomalous retinal correspondence

Burian proposed that a functional retinotopic remapping of the deviated eye on striate visual cortex may be the physiologic basis for the perceptual phenomenon of anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) in human strabismus. This investigation searched for this type of retinotopic remapping in five esotropes and one exotrope with ARC by means of visual evoked potential (VEP) topographic mapping. Uniocular stimulation of the foveas (corresponding points) during binocular vision in a normal subject yielded identical VEP scalp topographies from each eye. Stimulation of anomalously corresponding points produced different VEP scalp topographies from each eye in the six strabismic subjects. Uniocular stimulation of the anatomic foveas of each eye (noncorresponding points) in a strabismic subject during binocular vision produced identical VEP scalp topographies. These results suggest that there is no significant functional binocular realignment of retinotopic mapping in the visual cortex of human strabismics with ARC.