急性Vogt-小柳-原田综合征黄斑相干光断层扫描观察

目的观察急性Vogt-小柳-原田综合征(VKH综合征)的相干光断层扫描(OCT)图像特征以及与临床的关联。探讨新型频域OCT在急性VKH综合征结构特征和定量分析中的临床价值。方法回顾分析临床确诊的急性VKH综合征21例(42眼)的OCT检查资料。所有患者接受最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、直接或间接检眼镜、裂隙灯显微镜+前置镜检查和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查。5线扫描(5 line Raster)模式下通过中心凹的水平+垂直两条扫描线的分析,对黄斑区视网膜各层结构变化的细微结构进行观察,用软件自带cliaper功能模块手工测量黄斑中心小凹厚度(FT)、神经上皮脱离高度(SRD)、神经上皮厚度(SRT)。在立方体(Cube)扫描模式下,采用软件自带的功能模块对黄斑中心厚度(CFT)、黄斑中心凹体积(V)、平均厚度(AT)进行测量。回顾分析时,重点分析黄斑区视网膜各层结构变化的细微结构,以及OCT图像特征与视力的相互关系。结果所有急性VKH综合征患者均可见后极部浆液性视网膜脱离。FT(r=0.2,P=0.00),SRD(r=0.83,P=0.00),CFT(r=0.81,P=0.000),AT(r=0.59,P=0.0001)和V(r=0.58,P=0.0001)值与初始视力呈负相关。视网膜色素上皮(RPE)上存在膜结构的35眼,平均视力为0.86±0.40logMAR,差于无膜结构的7眼(P=0.0074)。结论频域OCT可对急性VKH综合征特征性的黄斑改变进行定性及定量的观察,具有一定的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。VKH综合征的OCT图像特征性表现为:治疗前的渗出性视网膜脱离,"膜样"、"隔状"结构和RPE皱折,以及激素治疗后的"颗粒样"结构。存在"膜样"结构视力更差,FT和神经上皮脱离高度可能可反映脉络膜炎症的程度和疾病的严重程度。     

FFA和OCT在Vogt-小柳原田病和多发中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变鉴别诊断中的影像学特点

目的:探讨荧光素钠眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)与频域光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查在Vogt-小柳原田病(Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease,VKH)和多发中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)鉴别诊断中的影像学特点.方法:回顾性分析2009/2016来我院接受诊治的VKH患者17例32眼和多发CSC患者30例35眼,通过FFA和OCT检查对比分析两种疾病的影像学特征.结果: VKH患者早期多呈密集针尖样高荧光,晚期多湖状荧光积存17眼(53%),视盘相对高荧光24眼(75%).多发CSC患者早期多处点状高荧光,随时间延长渗漏,晚期有2眼(6%)视盘相对高荧光.VKH患者14例28眼于我院行OCT检查,多发CSC患者22例25眼于我院行OCT检查,其中RPE皱褶仅见于VKH患者,而内界膜波浪样改变和膜样结构较多见于VKH患者,对鉴别多发CSC敏感度(54%、68%)较高.结论:VKH和多发CSC在FFA、OCT检查方面有一定相似性,但FFA和OCT检查可显示不同的影像学特点,对VKH、多发CSC的诊断各具优势,两者结合最有利于VKH和多发CSC的鉴别诊断.     

频域相干光断层扫描对急性Vogt-小柳原田综合征黄斑区的观察

目的观察急性Vogt-小柳原田综合征（VKH综合征）频域相干光断层扫描（Spectralis OCT）黄斑区结构改变特征。设计前瞻性病例系列。研究对象连续收集北京同仁医院急性期VKH综合征确诊病例10例（20眼）。方法所有病例均接受详细的病史采集,以及视力、裂隙灯显微镜、间接检眼镜和荧光素眼底血管造影等检查。频域OCT检查于就诊当日完成,此后每2—7日进行定位随诊模式OCT扫描,直至患者黄斑区视网膜完全复位。荧光素眼底血管造影和OCT阅片诊断由同一名眼底病医师独立完成。主要指标定性描述OCT下黄斑区视网膜各层结构变化特点。结果间接检眼镜下所有VKH综合征患者均可见后极部多湖状浆液性视网膜脱离。OCT检查显示4例8眼（40％）表现为视网膜神经上皮脱离型改变,2例4眼（20％）为视网膜神经上皮外层劈裂型改变,4例8眼（40％）呈混合型改变。结论急性VKH综合征患者黄斑区多湖样浆液性视网膜脱离是视网膜神经上皮脱离与视网膜神经上皮外层水肿或劈裂的共同结果。     

频域OCT观察Vogt-小柳-原田病患者病程中黄斑中心凹的图像特点

目的 对Vogt-小柳-原田病患者黄斑中心凹处频域OCT图像特点进行分析,探讨影响患者视力预后因素.方法 经荧光素眼底血管造影确诊的13例(26眼)Vogt-小柳-原田病患者,皮质激素治疗前和治疗后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行频域OCT检查,对黄斑中心凹处OCT图像特点进行分析,并对治疗前后视力、眼底进行观察.结果 糖皮质激素治疗后1周42.3％的患眼视力≥0.4,治疗后3个月、6个月≥0.4者分别为73.1％、80.8％.治疗后1个月,大部分荧光素眼底血管造影正常,仅3眼有轻度视盘渗漏.治疗后3个月、6个月,荧光素眼底血管造影23眼未见异常,3眼出现色素紊乱.在皮质激素治疗前,26眼中有25眼(96.1％)黄斑中心凹处存在浆液性视网膜脱离,高度为(341±123) μm.有10眼(38.5％)视网膜层间有囊样间隙的存在,在囊样间隙的底部可见一连续单一的膜样结构平铺于视网膜色素上皮之上,此膜样结构和周围的IS/OS相连续.治疗l周后,25眼中有24眼(96.0％)浆液性视网膜脱离仍然存在,但是视网膜下液明显吸收,其高度为(118±56) μm,比治疗前平均下降65.4％,治疗前后差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).8眼视网膜层间囊样间隙完全消失.治疗后1个月,26眼浆液性视网膜脱离和视网膜层间囊样间隙全部消失.治疗后3个月及6个月,黄斑中心凹OCT图像基本正常.结论 浆液性视网膜脱离是Vogt-小柳-原田病频域OCT图像的共有特点,部分患者视网膜出现层间囊样间隙,此囊样间隙好发于视网膜内外层之间.通过皮质激素治疗,浆液性视网膜脱离和视网膜层间囊样间隙均可吸收消失,但视网膜层间囊样间隙的消失要快于浆液性视网膜脱离.     

非增生型糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿患者黄斑区谱域光学相干断层扫描中高反射信号的特征分析

目的 观察非增生型糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)患者的黄斑区谱域光学相干断层扫描(spectral-domain optical coherece tomography,SD-OCT)中高反射信号(hyperreflectvie foci,HF)的临床特征.方法 NPDR伴发黄斑水肿患者34例(47眼)纳入研究,所有受检者均行最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BC-VA)、裂隙灯显微镜、裂隙灯前置镜检查,彩色眼底照相、红外眼底照相、眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)和SD-OCT检查,依据FFA的结果分为局灶水肿组、弥漫水肿组和囊样水肿组.分析各组患者黄斑区OCT中HF的分布特征.结果 FFA检查47眼中局灶水肿27眼、弥漫水肿12眼、囊样水肿8眼.各类型黄斑水肿的SD-OCT图像特征如下:局灶水肿组HF主要分布在水肿的周围,硬性渗出或环形渗出的内侧;弥漫水肿组:在弥漫水肿的黄斑区各个区域都可以看到广泛的HF,分布于视网膜各个层次,甚至是内界膜表面.在水肿的视网膜局部出现囊腔样改变时,其囊腔中或其周围多见HF.囊样水肿组:囊样水肿的囊壁处有较多HF.黄斑囊样水肿中可见视网膜外层IS/OS层和外界膜层之间HF沉着.结论 HF在不同类型DME的SD-OCT中分布的特点表明HF是血管内脂蛋白或蛋白质渗出形成,HF是硬性渗出的前体,标志着早期的视网膜血管壁的损害.     

频域OCT定性定量分析葡萄膜炎性黄斑水肿

目的 观察葡萄膜炎患者黄斑水肿的光学相干断层扫描(OCT)图像特征及与临床的关联,探讨频域OCT在葡萄膜炎性黄斑水肿定性和定量分析中的应用价值.方法 连续临床病例横断面研究.对河南省眼科研究所在2009年4月至2011年3月就诊的葡萄膜炎并黄斑水肿169只眼进行频域OCT检查,分析黄斑水肿的类型及各参数与视力的相关性,并与FFA结果对比分析.结果 (1)黄斑水肿分型:囊样水肿占43.19％,弥漫性水肿占34.91％,单纯神经上皮脱离占10.06％,11.83％同时出现3种改变;囊样水肿发生率最高.(2)光感受器内外节连接体断裂者54只眼(31.95％),玻璃体后脱离者33只眼(19.53％);存在明显玻璃体视网膜牵拉者15只眼(8.88％),黄斑前膜者33只眼(19.53％).(3)囊样水肿组平均黄斑厚度高于弥漫性水肿组,两组视网膜厚度均与视力呈负相关;连接体断裂组视力较完整组低;存在黄斑前膜组视力较低.(4) OCT与FFA对黄斑水肿的检出一致率为86.39％.结论 葡萄膜炎所导致的黄斑水肿其形态可表现为多种不同的类型,OCT可以对这些改变进行有效观察,其中有些改变与视力密切相关.     

频域OCT与FFA在糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的应用

目的 对比频域光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)及眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)在各期糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的应用.方法 选择2型糖尿病患者80例152眼为研究对象,其中糖尿病正常视网膜(normal diabetes retina,NDR)组28例54眼、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)组31例56眼、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)组21例42眼.所有患眼均行频域OCT及FFA检查,频域OCT测量记录以黄斑中心凹为中心的6 mm直径区域内视网膜形态及厚度,FFA检查按常规进行,所有检查结果均由同一位有经验的眼底病医师判读,并对两种检查记录结果进行比较.结果 所有患眼行FFA检查确诊有糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)者8眼(58.6％),未发现DME者63眼(41.4％),其中黄斑局限性水肿31眼,弥漫性水肿28眼,弥漫性水肿伴囊样变性30眼.频域OCT检查NDR组、NPDR组、PDR组黄斑中心凹6 mm直径区域内视网膜厚度分别为(289.45±11.19)μm、(332.31±39.71) μm、(390.20±64.17) μm,与NDR组相比,NPDR组、PDR组黄斑部视网膜厚度均增加(均为P＜0.05);频域OCT确诊有DME者102眼(67.1％),未发现DME者50眼(32.9％).其中视网膜海绵样肿胀42眼,黄斑部囊样水肿14眼,浆液性神经上皮的脱离4眼,视网膜海绵样肿胀+黄斑部囊样水肿24眼,视网膜海绵样肿胀+浆液性神经上皮的脱离18眼.频域OCT及FFA检出阳性率间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 DME在DR的各期均有分布,频域OCT和FFA在各期DR中表现不同,二者相结合能更有效地了解糖尿病患者黄斑部的结构和生理功能.     

特发性黄斑前膜在频域相干光断层扫描下的临床观察

目的观察特发性黄斑前膜的频域相干光断层扫描（OCT）特征以及与患者视力的相互关系。方法收集2010年10月至2013年6月在我院门诊确诊的特发性黄斑前膜患者的临床资料,共182例（212只眼）,年龄35~88岁,平均（66.08±9.25）岁,所有患者均进行最佳矫正视力、眼底和OCT检查。根据OCT检查所见对黄斑前膜进行分类,分析中心凹形态及黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积与视力的关系,采用SPSS13.0软件对患者的各项OCT检查结果进行统计学分析。结果 （1）特发性黄斑前膜的OCT图像特征表现为视网膜神经上皮层表面厚薄不一的高反光带,部分与视网膜内表面完全紧密粘连或分离。黄斑前膜的中心凹形态改变有5种表现,中心凹正常型33只眼（15.7%）,伴有板层裂孔17只眼（8.0%）,伴有假性黄斑裂孔16只眼（7.5%）,伴有弥漫水肿121只眼（57.0%）,伴有囊样水肿25只眼（11.8%）。（2）中心凹正常组与其它中心凹形态组的视网膜神经上皮层体积比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（3）黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积与视力呈负相关（r=0.029,P〈0.01）。结论黄斑前膜患者视力与黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积具有负相关性,0CT作为黄斑前膜可靠的诊断方法,在临床上可以减少漏诊,并可以为手术提供更详细的信息。     

糖尿病患者有临床意义黄斑水肿的OCT临床分型

目的 用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)研究糖尿病患者有临床意义的黄斑水肿(CSME)的临床分型.方法 对75例患者104只眼,经裂隙灯三面镜检查诊断为糖尿病性视网膜病变Ⅰ-Ⅳ期(包括Ⅳ期)者,行眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)及黄斑区光学相干断层扫描(OCT)检查,根据1985年CSME诊断标准诊断为CSME,对其OCT图像进行分型.结果 糖尿病患者CSME的OCT分型分为五型:弥漫性黄斑水肿占37.5%(39/104),黄斑囊样水肿占20.2%(211104),弥漫性黄斑水肿伴浆液性神经上皮层脱离占18.3%(191104),黄斑前膜伴神经上皮层水肿占13.5%(14/104),后玻璃体牵引伴黄斑水肿10.6%(11/104);另有黄斑前膜伴裂孔形成1例.结论 OCT对CSME的诊断以及治疗后的随访有重要的价值,是临床观察CSME必不可少的检查手段.     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿的光学相干断层成像

目的：观察糠尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的光学相干断层成像(optical colnerence tomographly,OCT)图像特征,分析其黄斑视网膜厚度与视力的关系。方法：对50例80眼经检眼镜或荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)检查确诊为糖尿病视网膜病变伴黄斑水肿的患者进行经黄斑中心凹水平和垂直线性扫描的OCT检查。结果：10眼表现为黄斑中心凹局限性水肿改变,21眼表现为黄斑中心凹囊样改变伴神经上皮层浆液性脱离,49眼表现为黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层弥漫性增厚。DME患者黄斑视网膜厚度与视力呈负相关关系(r=-0．60,P=0．000)。结论：DME的主要OCT图像特征为黄斑视网膜弥漫性水肿、黄斑囊样水肿伴神经上皮层脱离和黄斑局限性水肿改变;DME患者黄斑水肿越严重,视力越差。     

Review of sulfonamide-induced acute myopia and acute bilateral angle-closure glaucoma

Sulfonamide medications can cause an idiosyncratic reaction, resulting in acute transient myopia and acute angle-closure glaucoma. The risk of an adverse reaction to a sulfonamide is approximately 3%, and the exact mechanism of the myopia and angle-closure glaucoma remains controversial. Typical clinical presentation includes bilateral involvement with blurring of vision that generally occurs over minutes to hours, nausea or vomiting, red eye, and headache. Examination may show conjunctival injection, corneal edema, anterior chamber inflammation, and flat or shallow anterior chamber. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, although an ultrasound biomicroscopy may be helpful in diagnosing swelling of the ciliary body. Topiramate, a sulfa derivative, is used for the treatment of migraines or seizures. The side effects include acute myopia and angle-closure glaucoma. Treatment of this condition is primarily supportive along with discontinuation of the medication; topical miotics and peripheral iridectomy are not helpful. If intraocular pressure remains uncontrolled, additional therapies, such as topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications, high-dose steroids, and trabeculectomy, may need to be considered.     

Early onset acute orbital involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A 5-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing induction chemotherapy experienced acute proptosis while agranulocytotic and febrile. Orbital biopsy showed leukemic infiltration, and complete resolution was achieved with local irradiation and chemotherapy. Early onset orbital involvement is highly unusual in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In the setting of agranulocytosis and fever, rapidly enlarging intraorbital masses require urgent ophthalmologic attention. Immediate biopsy is indicated to distinguish between several treatable conditions including opportunistic infection, hemorrhage, and neoplastic infiltration.     

Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris first misdiagnosed as acute iridocyclitis

Acute depigmentation of the iris is a new condition characterized by pigment dispersion in the anterior chamber, depigmentation of the iris stroma, and pigment deposition in the anterior chamber angle. A 33-year-old woman using a topical corticosteroid every 2 h for the treatment of acute iridocyclitis was referred to our clinic to seek another opinion because her symptoms had not improved. An ocular evaluation of the patient revealed pigment precipitates on the corneal endothelium, pigment dispersion in the anterior chamber, symmetrical diffuse depigmentation, granularity of the iris stroma, and pigment deposition in the trabecular meshwork. These findings suggested a diagnosis of bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris (BADI) instead of iridocyclitis. Clinicians should be careful in the differential diagnosis of iris depigmentation from iridocyclitis to avoid the unnecessary use of high-dose topical corticosteroids.     

Mirtazapine-induced acute angle closure

Acute angle closure (AAC) is an ocular emergency with symptoms including blurred vision, eye pain, headache, nausea, vomiting and reddening of the eye those results from increased intraocular pressure. This clinical condition can lead to permanent damage in vision, thus causing blindness by generating progressive and irreversible optic neuropathy if left untreated. There are several reasons of AAC, including several types of local and systemic medications; mainly sympathomimetics, cholinergics, anti-cholinergics, mydriatics, anti-histamines, antiepileptics like topiramate, tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotics, sulfa-based drugs and anticoagulants. Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, is an atypical antidepressant with a complex pharmacological profile. This case report describes a patient with major depressive disorder, who experienced AAC after the first dosage of mirtazapine treatment, and highlights the importance of close monitoring of individuals under antidepressant treatment particularly immediately after initiation of the drug.     

Bilateral acute corneal calcification

A 38-year-old man with brittle, juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and bilateral severe dry eyes with recurrent corneal ulcers developed atypical band-shaped calcifications of both corneas during a 24-hour period. Serum calcium, phosphate, and carbon dioxide levels all were within normal limits. The patient was mildly uremic but was not in renal failure. When EDTA chelation failed to clear the deposits, partial keratectomies were performed in both eyes and the specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, including energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Microscopic studies revealed an atypical calcific keratopathy which involved neither Bowman's layer nor the most superficial stromal lamellae. The deposits were confined to deeper lamellae in the anterior stroma and by electron microscopy were composed of extracellular crystalline aggregates. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis of these aggregates confirmed the presence of calcium and phosphate. Corneal dessication appeared to be a major contributing factor in the rapid formation of these deposits.     

Therapy of acute keratoconus

The incidence of acute keratoconus has increased in recent years. A defect of the endothelium and Descemet's membrane allows the aqueous to flow into the stroma. The therapy of choice is penetrating keratoplasty. The discussion concerning the best time for the operation is still going on. The present authors have performed penetrating keratoplasties on 9 patients at the acute stage during the last 2 years. The results show that early surgery can prevent progression of the symptoms, with corneal edema and pannus, and subsequent complications.