An evaluation of the impact of a national health demonstration project on testing and management for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in two regions of Scotland

OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical practice relating to testing for, and management of, genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the Lothian and Grampian regions of Scotland as part of an evaluation of a Government-funded health demonstration project in Lothian, Healthy Respect. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical audit against standards developed from a national clinical guideline. METHODS: Clinical practice relating to testing for, and management of, genital C. trachomatis infection was assessed against standards for good quality care developed from a national clinical guideline (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Guideline 42). Audit methods comprised: postal survey of primary care clinicians; review of referral letters from primary to secondary care; and review of primary and secondary care patient case records. Findings from Lothian and Grampian were compared. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 167 primary care clinicians in Lothian and 96 in Grampian. Clinicians in Lothian and Grampian gave similar responses relating to: testing of symptomatic patients (87 vs 88%); offer of testing for asymptomatic young patients (55 vs 55%); choice of antichlamydial agent (47 vs 42% azithromycin as first line); and follow-up strategies (50 vs 51% offer follow-up in primary care). Clinicians in Lothian were significantly more likely to participate in partner notification work (57 vs 44%; P=0.04) and to agree with statements reflecting 'perceived self-efficacy' in chlamydia-related care (57 vs 48%; P=0.006). Referral letters from primary to secondary care were reviewed for 31 women with genital symptoms in Lothian and 28 in Grampian. More women in Lothian were tested for chlamydia prior to referral (65 vs 39%; difference not significant). Review of primary care records for consultations in young people (145 in Lothian; 203 in Grampian) showed a higher level of chlamydia testing in Grampian (Lothian, 14%; Grampian, 34%; P<0.0001). However, review of secondary care records (n=39) showed a much higher level of testing in Lothian (Lothian, 75%; Grampian, 9%; P<0.0001). Review of secondary care records relating to proven chlamydia-positive women (n=159) suggested better care in Lothian in relation to ensuring antibiotic treatment (Lothian, 91%; Grampian, 74%; P=0.004), and use of the preferred antibiotic, azithromycin (Lothian, 78%; Grampian, 37%; P<0.0001). However, documented referral to a health adviser appeared to be better in Grampian (Lothian, 32%; Grampian, 48%; P=0.048). CONCLUSIONS: During the period of activity of the Healthy Respect demonstration project, few differences were detected between clinicians in Lothian and Grampian with regard to chlamydia-related practice. In both regions, clinicians appeared to be very aware of the need to test for chlamydia in patients with relevant symptoms, but were less likely to offer opportunistic testing to young patients without specific symptoms. These findings suggest that Healthy Respect in Lothian has had little impact on clinicians. However, these findings must be considered within the context of a broader evaluation, and it is noteworthy that the few significant differences that were detected tended to suggest better practice in Lothian.     

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C seroprevalence and risk behaviour among community-recruited drug injectors in North West Wales

We estimated the prevalence of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and injecting risk behaviour, among community-recruited injecting drug users (IDUs) in North West Wales in 2001 and 2002. Sample collection was undertaken by trained current and former IDUs. Oral fluid samples (n = 153) were tested as part of the Unlinked Anonymous Prevalence Monitoring Programme ongoing survey of IDUs. Approximately 12% of the sample reported that they were currently in a drug treatment programme. Of the 153 samples screened 27% (95% CI 20%-34%, 41/153) were anti-HBc positive, and 23% (95% CI 16%-30%, 35/153) were anti-HCV positive. Sixteen per cent (95% CI 10%-22%, 25/ 153) of the samples were positive for both anti-HBc and anti-HCV. Of the subjects 15% (95% CI 9%-20%) knew they had been vaccinated against hepatitis B. Direct sharing of needles and syringes in the 28 days prior to interview was reported by 44% (95% CI 35%-54%), and sharing of any equipment including that used for drug preparation prior to injection was reported by 66% (95% CI 57%-76%). In North West Wales, syringe sharing is a common practice, and a high proportion of IDUs have been exposed to bloodborne viruses. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage within this population appears to be low and needs to be increased. Further efforts are needed to improve the availability of clean injecting equipment.     

Mortality among injecting drug users: a critical reappraisal.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to quantify all cause mortality among injecting drug users. DESIGN--This was a retrospective analysis of 1989 data on injecting drug users and mortality obtained from three independent agencies: the Procurator Fiscal's Office, the General Register Office, and the Scottish HIV-test register. SETTING--Greater Glasgow, Scotland. SUBJECTS--Drug injectors, estimated population 9424. MAIN RESULTS--81 names were found using the three sources to identify deaths. After removing duplicates, 51 deaths were found. This represented a mortality rate of 0.54% in the estimated population. Among female injectors the mortality rate was 0.85%, significantly higher than the rate of 0.42% among male injectors (95% CI for the true difference in mortality rates between female and male injectors was 0.31%-0.55%). Over 90% of deaths were attributed to overdose or suicide. Although AIDS caused only one death, 19% of cases (5/27) whose HIV antibody status could be ascertained were positive. The mortality rate among HIV positive injectors (3.8%) was significantly higher than among HIV negative injectors (0.49%). CONCLUSIONS--Comprehensive coverage using three data sources revealed a far greater annual number of all cause deaths among injectors than would have been expected from previous research. The observed mortality rate was lower than in previous studies where the denominators used to calculate rates had an element of underenumeration. For the foreseeable future it is unlikely that AIDS will have much impact on mortality among injectors in Glasgow, because of the low prevalence of HIV infection among injectors in the city, and because HIV positive injectors are dying for reasons other than AIDS; rather, overdose and suicide will continue to be the main causes of death.     

广西壮族自治区柳州市18～45岁社区女性人乳头瘤病毒感染及型别分布的横断面调查

目的 评价广西壮族自治区柳州市18～45岁女性HPV感染及型别分布特点,为宫颈癌筛查及疫苗研发提供流行病学依据。方法 2013年3－7月在柳州市招募2 300名18～45岁社区女性,采集宫颈脱落细胞进行液基细胞学和HPV DNA检测,并根据临床规范进行阴道镜检查。结果 2 300名女性HPV总感染率为22.7%（95%CI：21.0%～24.4%）,其中,高危型HPV感染率为17.3%（95%CI：16.0%～19.1%）,在18～25岁和41～45岁呈双峰状态,且随细胞学和组织学病变严重程度增加呈上升趋势。高危型HPV感染率前5位为HPV 52、16、51、58和39型。≥26岁女性的高度宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN 2+）患病率为1.7%（95%CI：1.0%～2.4%）,与18～25岁人群（1.2%,95%CI：0.5%～1.9%）相比,差异无统计学意义（Z=-0.73,P=0.314）。HPV 16/18二价和HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58九价疫苗相关高危型别在CIN2+病例中的检出率分别为44.1%和97.1%。结论 柳州地区18～45岁女性人群HPV感染率随年龄变化呈双峰态势,26～45岁人群的宫颈癌疾病负担不可忽视,急需推进九价HPV疫苗的研究,以期更为有效地预防宫颈癌的发生。     

Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus, HIV and human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses in injecting drug users in Tayside, Scotland, 1993-7

The prevalence of blood-borne viruses in injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tayside, Scotland was determined by testing serum samples from IDUs who underwent attributable HIV antibody testing during 1993-7. The prevalence of antibodies to HIV was 29/802, (3.6%); to hepatitis C virus (HCV) 451/691, (65.3%); and to human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses type 1 and 2 (HTLV) 0/679, (0.0%). The prevalence of HIV and HCV antibodies were higher in subjects over the age of 25 (P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). During 1993-7 the prevalence of HCV fell only in younger female IDUs (P < 0.01). HIV prevalence has declined dramatically since 1985, when a rate of 40% was recorded in similar populations. Harm reduction measures have failed to control HCV the spread of infection among IDUs in Tayside, as indicated by the high proportion of antibody positive IDUs, particularly males under the age of 25. Future studies should address the nature and effective reduction of continuing risk taking among IDUs in Tayside.     

教育程度和吸烟交互作用与高血压的相关研究

目的探究教育程度和吸烟状态交互作用对高血压患病的影响。方法采用概率比例抽样方法,于2012年对江苏省昆山市≥18岁居民进行问卷调查与体格检查。样本数据通过复杂加权后进行统计分析,采用多因素logistic回归探究高血压病与诸因素的关联强度及交互作用。结果共调查38 425人,检出高血压患者8 239例。通过复杂加权后,高血压患病率(95%CI)为17.2%(16.8%~17.6%),男性为17.2%(16.6%~17.7%),女性为17.3%(16.7%~17.8%)。检出吸烟者9 657例,吸烟率(95%CI)为23.21%(22.74%~23.66%),男性为46.65%(45.85%~47.45%),女性为1.4%(1.2%~1.6%)。调整混杂因素后,较低的教育程度(OR=1.25,95%CI:1.13~1.38)、吸烟(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.11~1.34)与高血压患病率间存在统计学关联;吸烟状态和教育程度交互作用与高血压患病率间有统计学关联(χ2=5.048,P=0.025)。结论吸烟及教育程度均与高血压患病有关,文化程度较低伴吸烟者高血压患病率较高。     

广西壮族自治区16岁以上高中生丙型肝炎病毒感染状况调查

目的 了解广西壮族自治区16岁以上中学生丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus，HCV）感染状况及其相关影响因素，为丙型肝炎的预防控制提供科学的理论依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法，按地理分布从广西的玉林、南宁、百色、桂林、柳州五个地区抽取2 632名16岁以上高中生，抽静脉血5 ml，采用酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay，ELISA）方法检测抗-HCV，用描述流行病学方法研究丙肝病毒感染的流行特征，用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析丙肝感染的相关因素。结果 2 632例样本的HCV抗体阳性率为0.84%，男生抗-HCV阳性率为0.73%（6/823），女生阳性率为0.89%（16/1 800），东部（玉林）为1.03%（9/877），西部（百色）为0.66%（3/457），中部（柳州）为1.28% （3/234），北部（桂林）为0.79%（4/509），南部（南宁）为0.54%（3/555），性别和地区差异均无统计学意义（均有P>0.05）。单因素及多因素分析结果显示，公用牙刷史和有内窥镜检查是丙肝感染的高危因素（OR=3.078，95% CI:1.174~48.074，P=0.022；OR=4.182，95% CI:1.328~13.170，P=0.015）。结论 广西高中生丙肝病毒感染是一个重要的公共卫生问题，学生要提高自我保护意识，拒绝共用牙刷，医疗机构要加强医疗器械的消毒，积极开展预防丙型肝炎病毒感染宣传教育，防止医源性传播。     

河南省2020年1～69岁人群丙型肝炎流行状况调查

目的了解2020年河南省1～69岁人群丙型肝炎(丙肝)流行状况和特征。方法估计样本量为5 827人。采用多阶段抽样, 于2020年8-12月在河南省抽取8个县(区), 每个县(区)抽取2个调查点, 对1～69岁的人群进行问卷调查, 并采集静脉血液标本进行HCV抗体、核酸和基因型检测。结果调查5 165人, 其中男性占44.76%(2 312/5 165), 女性占55.24%(2 853/5 165)。1～69岁的人群抗-HCV、HCV RNA调整阳性率分别为0.69%(95%CI:0.68%～0.70%)和0.20%(95%CI:0.19%～0.21%)。男性抗-HCV和HCV RNA调整阳性率分别为0.48%(95%CI:0.46%～0.50%)和0.09%(95%CI:0.08%～0.10%);女性为0.86%(95%CI:0.85%～0.87%)和0.30%(95%CI:0.28%～0.32%)。抗-HCV和HCV RNA阳性率均呈随年龄增长而增加的趋势。城市人群抗-HCV和HCV RNA调整阳性率分别为0.87%(95%CI:0.86%～0.88%)和0.28%(95%CI:...     

南京地区强制戒毒人群HCV感染的流行病学调查

目的：了解南京地区吸毒人群中丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染现状,分析吸毒方式、社会特征、性行为特征等和HCV感染的关系,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法：以南京市强制戒毒所587名戒毒人员作为调查对象,制定统一的调查问卷进行调查,并采集静脉血检测HCV抗体。结果：587名吸毒者HCV抗体总阳性率为61．7％。毒品滥用的种类、方式、滥用时间长短是HCV感染率高低的重要影响因素。静脉注射毒品组显著高于其他方式组（X^2=138．97,P=0．000）;吸食海洛因者显著高于吸食其他毒品者（X^2=76．82,P=0．000）;吸毒时间长短与HCV感染率呈趋势性相关（X^2=104．37,P=0．000）;而是否共用注射器及共用频率与HCV感染率未见显著性差异（X^2=0．00,P=0．958;X^2=0．41,P=0．524）。该人群不同性别、民族和职业间HCV感染率无显著性差异,而不同年龄和文化程度之间有显著性差异（X^2=6．44,P=0．011;X^2=8．41,P=0．004）。安全套的使用在遏制吸毒人群HCV感染方面具有着重要的作用。结论：南京地区吸毒人群的HCV感染率总体较高,多个性伴侣,安全套使用率低,以及静脉注射吸毒等高危行为普遍存在,应采取综合干预措施,控制HCV的传播,降低感染率。     

Changing prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among teenagers in an endemic area in Taiwan

Tzukuan Township in Taiwan has been reported to be an endemic area for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection both in adults and adolescents. The maritime part of the township carries a higher prevalence than the non-maritime part and, as a consequence, several public education strategies have been introduced during the past decade. The current follow-up study aimed to clarify the changing prevalence of HCV infection among teenagers in the endemic maritime part of Tzukuan. In addition to viral hepatitis markers and biochemical profiles, we compared the epidemiological characteristics of 887 and 394 teenagers (aged 13-16 years) from the maritime part enrolled in 1995 and 2005, respectively. Compared with the results of surveillance in 1995, the prevalence of anti-HCV seropositivity (1.0% vs. 2.8%; P=0.045) and HCV RNA (0.5% vs. 2.3%; P=0.026) had decreased significantly by 2005. Transfusions and anti-HCV-positive families were the main risk factors amongst the 25 anti-HCV-positive teenagers in 1995, and became non-significant amongst the four anti-HCV-positive teenagers in 2005. In conclusion, the seroprevalence of HCV infection has significantly decreased after one decade of intervention among the teenage population in this endemic area.     

Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian healthcare workers in a national liver diseases referral centre

Little is known about the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among healthcare workers (HCW) in Egypt, where the highest worldwide prevalence of HCV exists. The prevalence of HCV, hepatitis B virus and Schistosoma mansoni antibodies was examined in 842 HCWs at the National Liver Institute in the Nile Delta, where >85% of patients are HCV antibody-positive. The mean age of HCWs was 31.5 years and they reported an average of 0.6±1.2 needlesticks/HCW/year. The prevalence of anti-HCV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and co-infection was 16.6%, 1.5% and 0.2%, respectively. HCV-RNA was present in 72.1% of anti-HCV-positive HCWs, and all but one subject were infected with HCV genotype 4. Schistosoma mansoni antibodies were present in 35.1%. The anti-HCV rate increased sharply with age and employment duration, but not among those with needlestick history. After adjusting for other risk factors, the anti-HCV rate was higher among older HCWs [P<0.001; risk ratio (RR) = 1.086, 95% CI 1.063-1.11], males (P=0.002; RR=1.911, 95% CI 1.266-2.885) and those with rural residence (P<0.001; RR=2.876, 95% CI 1.830-4.52). Occupation (P=0.133), duration of employment (P=0.272) or schistosomal antibody positivity (P=0.152) were not significant risk factors for anti-HCV positivity. In conclusion, although one in six HCWs had been infected with HCV, the infections were more likely to be community-acquired and not occupationally related.     

中国中老年糖尿病群体肾功能不全的患病率研究

目的 探究我国中老年糖尿病人群肾功能不全的患病率，比较2012和2021版eGFR评估公式计算结果的差异。方法 基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2015年的随访数据，包括问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测等，分别根据CKD-EPIcr-cyst 2012和CKD-EPIcr-cyst 2021公式计算了中老年糖尿病群体肾功能不全的患病率，并比较二者间患病率的总体一致性和异质性。结果 中国中老年群体糖尿病群体中，根据CKD-EPIcr-cyst 2012判定的肾功能不全患病率为7.2%(5.7%～8.7%),根据CKD-EPIcr-cyst 2021判定的肾功能不全患病率为5.9%(4.6%～7.2%),二者间的总体一致性为98.7%(98.0%～99.4%),总体异质性为1.3%(0.6%～2.0%)。与CKD-EPIcr-cyst 2021定义为肾功能不全的糖尿病患者相比，仅由CKD-EPIcr-cyst 2012判定的肾功能不全糖尿病患者较为年轻(t=2.009,P=0.045),且高密度脂蛋白水平较高(t=-2.471,P=0.014);但相较于被两种公式均定义为肾功能正常的糖尿病人群，仅...     

Self-reported hepatitis C virus antibody status and risk behavior in young injectors

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the accuracy of self-reported hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody (anti-HCV) serostatus in injection drug users (IDUs), and examine whether self-reported anti-HCV serostatus was associated with recent injection risk behavior. METHODS: In five U.S. cities (Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle), 3,004 IDUs from 15 to 30 years old were recruited for a baseline interview to determine eligibility for a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention. HIV and HCV antibody testing were performed, and subject data (e.g., demographics, drug and sexual risk behavior, and history of HIV and HCV testing) were collected via audio computer-administered self-interview. Risk behavior during the previous three months was compared to self-reported anti-HCV serostatus. RESULTS: Anti-HCV prevalence in this sample of young IDUs was 34.1%. Seventy-two percent of anti-HCV-positive and 46% of anti-HCV-negative IDUs in this sample were not aware of their HCV serostatus. Drug treatment or needle exchange use was associated with increased awareness of HCV serostatus. Anti-HCV-negative IDUs who knew their serostatus were less likely than those unaware of their status to inject with a syringe used by another IDU or to share cottons to filter drug solutions. Knowledge of one's positive anti-HCV status was not associated with safer injection practices. CONCLUSIONS: Few anti-HCV-positive IDUs in this study were aware of their serostatus. Expanded availability of HCV screening with high quality counseling is clearly needed for this population to promote the health of chronically HCV-infected IDUs and to decrease risk among injectors susceptible to acquiring or transmitting HCV.     

Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence among male transport workers: Bulgaria, 1986 to 1997

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated cardiovascular risk factors among male transport workers in Bulgaria. METHODS: Comparisons were made of data from independent surveys conducted among male transport workers aged 30 to 59 years in Sofia, Bulgaria, during 1986 (n = 1146) and 1996-1997 (n = 638). RESULTS: Smoking prevalence increased from 49% to 59% between 1986 and 1996-1997. Among current smokers, the percentage smoking 15 or more cigarettes per day decreased. The prevalence of elevated body mass index, hypertension, or angina pectoris did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevalence rates increased during the study period; the prevalence of other risk factors remained high.     

Assessment of the occurrence and basic determinants of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among medical students in Silesian voivodeship

HCV infection may result in serious health consequences such as chronic hepatitis C and liver cancer. In Poland, the data on the prevalence of HCV infection is limited and available information suggests an increased risk among young males. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection between medical and non medical students, and to explore probable routes of HCV transmission. The project was conducted as a cross-sectional study. The study group included medical students (IV, V and VI year) and non medical students as a control group. The subjects were examined in the period from November 2002 to January 2003, (study group: n = 221; control group: n = 129). Serum samples were tested for antibody to HCV by ELISA method and anti-HCV positive samples were verified using Western Blot Line technique. Probable routes of infection were assessed by questionnaire. Preliminary results obtained in 29% of the target group suggested, that the prevalence of positive anti-HCV among students was 2.6% (95% PU: 1.2%-4.8%). It was higher among non medical than medical students (4.7% vs 1.4%). Anti-hepatitis C virus seropositivity was associated with a history of hepatitis. Verification of 9 positive anti-HCV cases proved only 1 HCV infection. Results presented in this paper are preliminary and will be verified after obtaining data for 600 medical students and for 600 subjects in the control group.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C among injection drug users in England and Wales: is harm reduction working?

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to establish the prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B antibodies (anti-HBc) among injection drug users in England and Wales. METHODS: A voluntary cross-sectional survey collected oral fluid samples and behavioral information; 2203 injectors were recruited through drug agencies, and 758 were recruited in the community. RESULTS: Prevalence was 30% for anti-HCV, 21% for anti-HBc, and 0.9% for HIV antibodies. Anti-HCV prevalence rates were significantly greater among those with longer injecting careers, those in older age groups, those residing in London, those recruited in drug agencies, those positive for anti-HBc, and those with a previous voluntary HIV test. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-HCV prevalence rates among injectors in England and Wales, where comprehensive harm reduction programs exist, are lower than rates in other industrialized countries.     

中国儿童青少年生长迟缓患病率Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析了解我国儿童青少年生长迟缓流行情况,为生长迟缓儿童的早期防治提供科学依据。方法 检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据资源系统(Wanfang database)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)和PubMed数据库中截止到2020年3月30日的有关中国儿童生长迟缓患病率报道文献。根据STROBE声明中横断面研究评价标准进行文献质量评价,利用Stata 12.0软件合并患病率,并对性别、年龄、地区分布、调查年份、居住地等因素进行亚组分析,采用Egger检验及漏斗图评估各文献发表偏倚,通过排除其中任意一篇低质量文献对合并效应值的影响进行敏感性分析。结果 共纳入23篇文献,总样本量699 974人,变化范围为6 082~99 542(M=17 329)人。中国儿童青少年生长迟缓总患病率为6.0%(95%CI:5.0%~7.0%)。亚组分析显示0~7岁患病率8.1%(95%CI:6.0%~10.2%),7~18岁患病率3.3%(95%CI:2.7%~3.9%),差异有统计学意义(t＝4.12,P<0.05)。在2005-2010年调查的患病率9.9%(95%CI:7.5%~12.2%),在2011-2019年调查患病率3.0%(95%CI:2.2%~3.7%),差异有统计学意义(t＝6.49,P<0.05)。农村患病率4.5%(95%CI:3.4%~5.7%),城市患病率2.5%(95%CI:1.9%~3.1%),差异有统计学意义(t＝2.94,P<0.05)。不同性别、地区分布之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 我国儿童生长迟缓患病率呈现下降趋势,不同年龄组、居住地患病率存在差别,应引起重视。     

2010年我国成人道路交通伤害行为危险因素流行特点

目的了解我国不同成年人群道路交通伤害主要行为危险因素的流行特点。方法2010年在我国162个监测点,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,调查了98658名18岁及以上居民,通过面对面问卷调查收集道路交通伤害相关行为危险因素信息。对样本进行复杂加权后,分析不同成年人群头盔佩戴、安全带佩戴、酒后驾驶、疲劳驾驶和无证驾驶情况。结果2010年我国成人摩托车驾乘人员中,头盔经常佩戴率为20．03％（95％CI：16．98％～23．08％）,不佩戴率为59．52％（95％CI：55．80％～63．25％）,男性佩戴情况好于女性（P〈0．001）。机动车驾驶员安全带经常佩戴率为36．74％（95％CI：33．04％～40．45％）,不佩戴率为37．22％（95％CI：33．81％～40．62％）,女性佩戴情况好于男性（P=0．028）。机动车驾驶员酒后驾驶率为10．89％（95％CI：9．65％～12．13％）,45～54岁组驾驶员酒后驾驶率最高（P=0．010）。机动车驾驶员疲劳驾驶率为19．71％（95％CI：18．06％～21．37％）,35～44岁年龄组驾驶员疲劳驾驶率最高（P=0．003）。机动车驾驶员无证驾驶率为24．68％（95％CI：22．13％～27．23％）,65岁及以上年龄组驾驶员无证驾驶率最高（P〈0．001）。结论中国成年人道路交通危险行为问题较为严重。     

中国7~17岁儿童青少年宏量营养素摄入与超重肥胖的关系

  目的  探讨7~17岁儿童青少年宏量营养素摄入与超重肥胖的关系。  方法  1997—2011年基于“中国居民健康与营养调查”的6轮调查数据,纳入膳食及BMI数据完整的7~17岁儿童青少年为研究对象。依照中国肥胖问题工作组制定标准判定超重肥胖,采用Logistic回归分析模型分析宏量营养素摄入与儿童青少年超重肥胖的关系。  结果  最终纳入6 360名研究对象,其中7~＜12岁儿童青少年3 529人(55.5%),男生3 360人(52.8%),超重肥胖1 060人(16.7%)。校正相关混杂因素后,与脂肪供能比 < 25%组相比,≥30%组增加20%肥胖风险(OR=1.20, 95% CI:1.03~1.41, P=0.023);与蛋白质供能比 < 10%组相比,≥15%组增加61%肥胖风险(OR=1.61, 95% CI:1.25~2.04, P < 0.001);与碳水化合物供能比 < 55%组相比,55%~ < 65%组降低20%肥胖风险(OR=0.80, 95% CI:0.68~0.95, P=0.011),≥65%组降低21%肥胖风险(OR=0.79, 95% CI:0.66~0.94, P=0.010);脂肪及蛋白质供能比越高、碳水化合物供能比越低,发生超重肥胖的风险越高(P < 0.05);男生摄入过量蛋白质更可能发生肥胖(P=0.034)。  结论  儿童青少年摄入过量脂肪和蛋白质可增加超重肥胖发生风险。     

Surveillance for injuries and violence among older adults.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Injuries and violence are major causes of disability and death among adults aged > or =65 years in the United States. Injuries impair older adults' quality of life and result in billions of dollars in health-care expenditures each year. REPORTING PERIOD: This report reviews 1987-1996 data regarding fall-related deaths, 1988-1996 data on hospitalizations for hip fracture, 1990-1997 data regarding motor vehicle-related injuries, 1990-1996 data on suicides, and 1987-1996 data on homicides. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS: Data on fall-related deaths, suicides, and homicides are from the National Center for Health Statistics annual mortality data tapes for 1987-1996. Homicide data are supplemented with information from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplemental Homicide Reports for 1987-1996. Data on hospitalizations for hip fracture are from the 1988-1996 National Hospital Discharge Surveys. Information regarding motor vehicle-related injuries for 1990-1997 is from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System and General Estimates System. RESULTS: Rates of fall-related deaths for older adults increased sharply with advancing age and were consistently higher among men in all age categories. Men were 22% more likely than women to sustain fatal falls. A trend of increasing rates of fall-related deaths was observed from 1987 through 1996 in the United States, although rates were consistently lower for women throughout this period. Rates of hospitalizations for hip fracture differed by age and were higher for white women than for other groups. Rates increased with advancing age for both sexes but were consistently higher for women in all age categories. U.S. hospitalization rates for hip fracture increased for women from 1988 through 1996 while the rates for men remained stable. Rates of motor vehicle-related injuries increased slightly from 1990 through 1997, and marked variations in state-specific death rates were observed; in most states, older men had death rates approximately twice those for older women. Although suicide rates remain higher among older adults than among any other age group, rates of suicide among adults aged > or =65 years decreased 16% during the study period. Suicide rates among older adults varied by sex and age group. Homicide rates declined 36% among older adults. Homicide rates were highest for black men, followed by black women and white men; the homicide risk for blacks relative to whites decreased from 4.8 to 3.9 per 100,000 persons, indicating that the gap between rates for blacks and whites is closing. Half of the older homicide victims were killed by someone they knew. INTERPRETATION: The increase in rates of fall-related deaths and hip fracture hospitalizations from 1988 through 1996 might reflect a change in the proportion of adults aged > or =85 years compared with those aged 65-84 years - a change that results, in part, from reduced mortality from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. Fall-related death rates might be higher among older men because they often have a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions than women of similar age. Racial differences in hospitalization rates might have some underlying biologic basis; the prevalence of osteoporosis, a condition that contributes to reduced bone mass and increased bone fragility, is greatest among older white women. Compared with whites aged > or =65 years, blacks of comparable ages have greater bone mass and are less likely to sustain fall-related hip fractures. Additional studies are needed to determine why rates of motor vehicle-related injury have increased slightly among older adults and why these rates vary by state. Declining rates of suicide among older adults might be related to changes in the effect or type of risk factors traditionally observed in this age group. Research is needed to identify reasons for variations in suicide rates among older persons. Homicides among olde