大学生时间管理倾向与择业效能感及其相关性

目的 探讨大学生时间管理倾向与择业效能感之间的关系,为指导大学生就业提供参考依据.方法 以大学生职业决策自我效能感量表和青少年时间管理倾向量表为工具,对方便抽取的武汉4所高校的423名大学生进行问]卷调查.结果 重点大学的学生在择业效能感和时间管理倾向的所有指标上均显著高于非重点大学的学生(P值均＜0.01):择业效能感的问题解决得分,男生显著高于女生(P＜0.05),时间管理倾向的时间监控得分,男生也显著高于女生(P＜0.01);时间管理倾向各指标与择业效能感各指标存在显著的相关性,相关系数介于0.580 ～0.685之间(P值均＜0.01).结论 时间管理倾向是择业效能感良好的预测变量.     

1762名大专学生童年期虐待经历及影响因素分析

目的 了解大学生儿童期虐待发生情况及其影响因素,为制定干预策略提供科学依据.方法 用自填式问卷,对1 762名大专学生就有关儿童时期受虐待经历进行不记名回顾性调查.结果 在被调查的1 762名大学生中,76.2％的人在儿童期有遭受虐待经历,儿童期躯体虐待发生率为59.4％,男生为76.0％,女生为49.2％;精神虐待为61.5％,男生为69.0％,女生为57.0％;性虐待为10.2％,男生为8.1％,女生为11.5％.男生躯体虐待(x2=124.139,P=0.000)和精神虐待(x2=25.338,P=0.000)发生率均高于女生,女生性虐待发生率高于男生(x2=5.387,P=0.020).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示:父母婚姻状况不良是发生儿童虐待的危险因素(OR=2.407),女童(OR=0.409)、母亲文化程度高(OR=0.718)是儿童虐待发生的保护因素.结论 儿童虐待现象比较普遍,应加强对儿童虐待问题的重视,促进学生健康成长.     

城乡不同膳食模式对大学新生骨密度、体重指数值影响的研究

目的 了解城乡来源大学新生膳食模式差异,分析膳食模式与骨密度、体重指数(BMI)的关系.方法 采取分层整群随机抽样方法,调查1319名17～20岁大学新生膳食模式及其与骨密度、BMI的关系.结果 (1)城乡大学新生在4种膳食模式得分的差异有统计学意义.城市男女生选择“西方食物”型(x2=31.548,P=0.000;x2=13.068,P=0.001)、“动物性食物”型(x2=8.279,P=0.016;x2=41.137,P=0.000)及“钙类食物”型(x2=37.254,P=0.000;x2=15.651,P=0.000)的比例均高于农村,农村男女生选择“中国传统”型(x2=36.194,P=0.000;x2=25.936,P=0.000)膳食模式比例均高于城市,差异有统计学意义.(2)来自农村男生的平均身高、体重、BMI、骨密度值均低于城市,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.001);而农村女生仅身高和体重低于城市女生,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.001).(3)农村和城市男女生“西方食物”型膳食模式的因子得分均与BMI值呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.187、0.192、0.551和0.465,P值均＜0.001),“钙类食物”型膳食模式因子得分均与骨密度呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.680、0.342、0.841和0.786,P值均＜0.001),而“中国传统”型膳食模式的因子得分在农村和城市男生中均与BMI值呈负相关(相关系数为-0.223和-0.093,P＜0.05),与骨密度呈正相关(相关系数为0.905和0.711,P＜0.001).结论 城乡不同膳食模式对大学新生骨密度、BMI有显著影响.     

河南大学生体质量指数与身体素质的关系

探索大学生体质量指数(BMI)与身体素质指数(PFI)之间的关系,为改善大学生体质提供参考.方法 对参加2014年全国学生体质健康调研的河南省大学生,依据各性别年龄组的BMI百分位数划分为非常高(BMI≥P95)、高(P85≤BMI相似文献   

大学生自信对其择业效能感的预测研究

目的 探讨大学生在就业问题中的自信程度对其择业效能感的预测作用,以期能针对目前大学生就业状况提供指导性的意见.方法 采用择业效能感问卷和青年学生自信问卷对湖北省某高校280名大学本科生进行问卷调查.结果 ①男生在职业信息收集维度分高于女生(t =2.894,P＜0.01).②择业效能感总分与自信总分及其5维度之间呈显著正相关,自信水平越高,择业效能感越高(P＜0.01).(③自信水平对择业效能感有显著的预测作用:才智自信、应对自信对自我认知有显著的预测作用(t=2.339,2.152,P＜0.01)；才智自信和应对自信对目标有显著预测作用(t=3.768,2.475,均P＜0.01).结论 大学生在择业效能感上存在一定的缺失；自信水平对择业效能感有显著的预测作用:成就自信、才智自信、应对自信的提高对于提高大学生的择业效能感有很好的作用.     

西安某大学男女学生不良生活习惯调查比较

目的 调查比较男女大学生不良生活习惯的现状和特点,为健康干预提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查法,对西安某大学医药卫生5个专业17个班207名女大学生进行问卷调查,并与171名同班男大学生进行比较.结果 56.3％的大学生有熬夜行为.女生与男生相比,熬夜行为的发生率没有显著性差异(57.5％ vs 55.0％,x2=1.435,P=0.697 ＞0.05).熬夜者中,98.3％的女生和97.9％的男生是在0点及以后入睡.硕士生中,高年级的熬夜比率高于低年级组(39.0％ vs 18.8％),而本科生中,高年级的熬夜比率却低于低年级组(4.7％ vs 37.5％).大学生熬夜的首位原因为:玩手机游戏上网聊天,占88.7％.三餐不规律饮食中,以不吃早餐者所占比例最高(54.8％).女生不吃早餐的发生率明显低于男生(93.3％ vs 99.1％,x2=5.035,P=0.025＜0.05),但女生不吃晚餐的发生率明显高于男生(8.7％ vs 1.8％,x2=5.123,P=0.024 ＜0.05).饮食不规律的原因中,暴饮暴食和睡懒觉为最主要的原因,分别占57.0％和51.6％.结论 大学生不良生活习惯较多,且有性别差异,应采取有性别针对性的健康教育措施,以促进大学生身心健康发展.     

盐城市亭湖区中小学生健康体检结果分析

目的 了解盐城市亭湖医中小学生健康现况.方法 对中小学生营养状况、视力、沙眼、龋齿等进行调查.结果 全区中小学生视力低下率为61.43％,营养不良检出率为4.61％,龋齿检出率为34.80％.视力低下患病率女生高于男生(x2=4.23,P＜0.05),中学生高于小学生(x2=23.79,P＜0.01).小学生龋齿的患病率高于中学生(x2 =24.27,P＜0.01).结论 亭湖区中小学生健康状康不容乐观,对此应引起全社会重视,进一步做好中小学生的健康监测工作.     

河北省某大专学生约会暴力经历与心理健康问题关联

[目的]了解大专学生约会暴力发生情况,探讨约会暴力经历对大学生心理健康的影响.[方法]用自填式问卷,于2007年4月对河北某大专学校1 762名学生就有关约会暴力经历进行不记名问卷调查.[结果]在被调查的1 762名大学生中,有722人最近1年内有约会暴力经历(受到约会伴侣的暴力攻击或/和对约会伴侣施暴),发生总率为41.0%.其中,男生发生率为47.0%,高于女生的37.3%(x2=16.17,P=0.000).男生施暴行为发生率为38.8%,高于女生的33.6%(x2=4.77,P=0.029).男生受到约会暴力攻击发生率为39.1%,高于女生的发生率22.7%(x2=54.32,P=0.000).与没有约会暴力经历的学生比较,有约会暴力经历学生躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子得分≥1的检出率高,自尊量表的平均得分值低,差异有统计学意义.[结论]在我国大学生约会暴力现象常见,是影响心理健康的一个重要因素.     

南通市青少年非故意伤害行为现状分析

目的了解南通市青少年非故意伤害行为现状,为相关部门制定政策和合理的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采取多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,于2015年对南通市41所学校的8 928名青少年学生进行网络问卷调查。结果步行违规发生率男生显著高于女生(P0.000 1),高中生、大学生高于初中生(P0.000 1),城市学生高于农村学生(P0.000 1);到没有安全措施的地方游泳的发生率男生高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P0.000 1);到没有安全措施的地方滑冰的发生率男生高于女生,初中生、高中生高于大学生,家庭人均月收入越低的学生去没有安全措施的地方滑冰的比率越高,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);骑车违规行为发生率最高的是骑车带人,高中生和大学生显著高于初中生(P0.001),其次是骑车双手离把现象,男生比女生、高中生比初中生和大学生更容易双手离把骑车(均P0.01)。结论南通市青少年非故意伤害危险行为发生率较高,相关部门应给予充分重视,采取针对性的措施,共同预防和控制非故意伤害危险行为的发生,从而最大限度地减少青少年非故意伤害的发生,促进青少年健康成长。     

重庆市大学生自杀冲动及攻击行为的性别差异分析

了解重庆市大学生自杀、冲动及攻击行为的性别差异,为针对性指导大学生的心理危机干预提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对重庆市9 808名在校大学生进行一般人口学、自杀行为、自杀意念、自杀态度、冲动行为量表、外显攻击量表等问卷调查.结果 女生自杀态度更倾向于包容和理解,其自杀意念及自杀行为的检出率(16.40%,2.46%)均明显高于男生(10.27%,1.11%)(x2值分别为9.997,62.507,P值均<0.01);在冲动行为调查中,女生在“动机性冲动”“认知性冲动”及总分均高于男生(t值分别为11.236,10.930,9.464,P值均<0.01);在攻击行为调查中,女生倾向于采取“愤怒及敌意”,而男生倾向于采取“身体及语言攻击”,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为13.843,3.050,-26.591,-8.729,P值均<0.01).结论 女生较男生易出现冲动行为,易采取愤怒及敌意的攻击行为,更容易产生自杀意念及行为,而男生则容易出现身体及语言攻击行为.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.