北京市新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略成本效益分析

目的 分析北京市新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略所取得的经济效益。方法 以北京市疾病预防控制中心报告资料为基础，采用在自然人群中分层多级抽样和医院内随机抽样相结合的方法，收集HBV感染相关肝病患者和表面抗原携带者作为费用调查的对象，运用成本效益分析方法进行综合评价。结果 现行北京市新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略使得1992年出生的新生儿90776人一生中避免发生急性乙肝1779例、慢性乙肝1507例、乙肝后肝硬化381例、肝癌1244例、表面抗原携带3359例。可获得8583．37万元的净效益，效益成本比为13．33。结论 北京市新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略可获得巨大的经济效益，应继续巩固和完善该策略。     

高剂量乙肝疫苗免疫策略成本效益分析

目的 探讨我国经济发达地区乙肝疫苗接种的最佳免疫策略。方法 以北京市东城区防疫站1991-1998年乙肝疫苗免疫接种及乙肝发病，死亡资料及费用调查为基础。对新生儿高剂量的免疫策略进行成本效益分析。结果 1991年对全部新生儿实施预防接种，投入疫苗接种成本34.24万元，因免疫接种而避免急，慢性乙肝及肝癌而节省费用591.79万元，可获499.2万元的净效益（NB），效益成本比（BCR）为15.58。结论 现行免疫接种方案经济效益显，建议经济发达地区仍实行高剂量免疫策略。     

深圳市乙肝疫苗免疫效果及成本效益分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎疫苗免疫的效果及其经济效益,为制定和完善乙肝预防免疫策略以及中长期防治规划提供依据.方法 分析深圳市乙肝疫苗预防接种的历年资料,采用成本一效益分析方法分析乙肝疫苗免疫的经济和社会效益.结果 1993～2004年深圳市乙肝免疫投入成本为7 930万元(2004年贴现值),产出效益126 545万元,净效益为118 616万元,效益成本比为15.96;减少急性乙肝发病25 217例,减少慢性乙肝发病12 609例.结论 实施乙肝疫苗计划免疫接种所产生的经济效益和社会效益明显.     

广东省新生儿接种乙型肝炎疫苗十年成本-效益分析

目的通过对广东省乙肝疫苗接种十年的成本-效果/效益分析,为今后制定科学的免疫规划策略提供依据。方法在1992~2002年广东省新生儿乙肝疫苗的免疫预防接种资料及1992、2002年广东省1~9岁的儿童乙肝血清流行病学资料基础上进行成本-效果/效益分析。结果广东省通过10年新生儿乙肝疫苗的免疫预防接种,估计减少HBsAg携带者1 417 958人、HBV感染者5 334 000人,减少急性乙肝病人95 003人、慢性肝病患者354 490人、肝硬化患者42 539人以及原发性肝癌1 418人。广东省10年间对新生儿实施乙肝疫苗接种产生的直接经济效益,即净效益约为111.19亿元人民币,成本-效益比为1∶42。结论广东省新生儿接种乙肝疫苗产生显著的经济、社会效益,具有良好的成本-效益比,是预防和控制乙肝流行最经济、最有效的手段。     

乙肝疫苗免疫的成本效益分析

目的:探讨乙肝疫苗接种后的经济效益,为制定和完善乙型肝炎预防免疫策略以及中长期防治规划提供依据。方法:采用成本效益分析、成本效益平衡点分析等药物经济学评价方法。结果:直接计算接种疫苗减少乙型肝炎发病人数产生的净效益NB1为7814629.74元,效益成本比BCR1为13.22;以预期年发病率计算接种产生的净效益NB2为5480509.14元,效益成本比BCR2为9.57;其成本效益平衡点乙型肝炎的发病率为16.48/10万。结论:开展乙肝疫苗免疫接种具有明显和稳定的经济效益,是预防HBV感染,降低乙型肝炎发病率最高效安全的途径。     

广东省乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划四年成本-效益分析

目的 通过对广东省乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划4年的成本-效果/效益分析,为今后制定科学的免疫规划策略提供依据.方法 在2002、2006年广东省乙肝血清流行病学资料基础上进行成本-效果/效益分析.结果 乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划4年内,广东省减少了HBsAg携带者110316例.HBV感染者404493例、急性乙肝患者7391例、慢性肝病患者27579例、肝硬化患者3309例、以及原发性肝癌患者110例.广东省4年间对新生儿实施乙肝疫苗接种产生的直接经济效益,即净效益约7.96亿元人民币,成本-效益比1∶9.86.结论 广东省新生儿接种乙肝疫苗产生显著的经济、社会效益,具有良好的成本-效果/效益比,是预防和控制乙肝流行最经济、最有效的手段.     

中国新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫效果评估

目的 评估我国1992～2005年实施新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫预防策略的经济效果.方法 在综合国内有关重要研究资料的基础上,构建我国乙肝疫苗免疫预防14年效果评估决策树模型,采用成本效益和成本效果分析指标.结果 我国新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略使得1992～2005年出生新生儿累计避免发生乙肝病毒(HBV)感染6522.95万例(城市2 442.35万例,农村4 080.60万例),其中急性乙肝1 304.59万例,慢性乙肝65.23万例,肝硬化6.01万例,肝癌0.60万例;每预防1例HBV感染的费用为81.99元,可获得2 674.77亿元的净效益,效益成本比为51.01:1(城市为49.59:1,农村为51.91:1).结论 我国新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略实施14年获得巨大经济效益,决策树模型应用于乙肝疫苗接种效果评估具有定量决策和综合多因素等优点.     

新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗普遍接种阻断乙型肝炎病毒慢性感染的成本-效果评估

为了评估中国目前新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗预防接种阻断乙肝病毒(HBV)慢性感染的成本-效果及其影响因素,以近11年中国年平均新生儿人口作为观察队列,按HBV感染本底和自然转归来推算HBV自然感染的后果,以新生儿乙肝疫苗保护效果为90%估计干预后HBV感染状况,以每接种1*!000份(3剂,下同)乙肝疫苗预期所阻断的慢性携带者人数和慢性肝病患者例数作为乙肝疫苗预防HBV慢性感染的成本-效果.结果显示中国HBV慢性持续感染的分布有明显的地区性;中流行区HBV慢性携带者的流行率比特高流行区低2.5倍;HBV慢性携带者流行率高的人群,乙肝疫苗的成本-效果相对较高.同样接种1*!000份乙肝疫苗,在中流行区可减少67名慢性携带者和17例慢性肝病患者,在特高流行区则可阻断164名慢性携带者和41例慢性肝病患者.中国目前推广新生儿乙肝疫苗预防接种,平均每1*!000份乙肝疫苗将可减少98名慢性携带者和25例慢性肝病患者.中国各地目前推广乙肝疫苗预防接种的成本-效果均非常高.同时,乙肝疫苗的成本-效果与免疫策略和HBV感染的流行率密切相关.     

中国乙型肝炎疫苗免疫预防效果和现行策略的经济学和决策学评估

目的 对中国儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫预防14年(1992-2005年)效果评估和对现行的乙肝疫苗接种方案进行优化.方法 构建适合中国乙肝疫苗免疫预防实际效果评估和方案优化决策树模型,模型中参数根据相关研究文献或由专业机构提供.主要分析指标为成本效果比(CER)和效益成本比(BCR),用敏感度分析和阈值分析对各参数影响大小进行评估. 结果 14年间,中国直接和间接地用于新生儿乙肝疫苗接种总投入约为53.48亿元,而获得的总效益达2728.25亿元,即乙肝疫苗接种的净效益为2674.77亿元;同期由于疫苗接种避免发生HBV感染约6523万人,每预防一例HBV感染的费用为81.99元,但每投入1元获得的收益为51.01元.中国现行乙肝疫苗接种采用新生儿3剂5 μg,并于出生24 h内完成第一针;对孕妇筛检HBsAg,阳性者新生儿加注一剂乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)均为最优方案.而新生儿以外的1～60岁人群乙肝疫苗接种仍町以获得正效益,尤其是在20岁以前接种效益更明显;但"筛检后再接种"均优于"直接接种". 结论 中国既往14年间在新生儿中实行的乙肝疫苗接种策略,从实际的预防效果和投资的经济效益看都是值得的;现行的新生儿优先接种并保持高覆盖率的策略仍为合理方案.     

乙型肝炎母婴阻断策略的成本效益和成本效果分析

目的 通过评估乙型肝炎(乙肝)母婴阻断策略的经济效益和健康效果,明确成本效益分析(CBA)和成本效果分析(CEA)的适用条件及其在策略定量优化中的作用。方法 根据乙肝免疫预防决策分析Markov模型原理,以乙肝母婴阻断为研究策略,分别与普种策略、不接种作参比确定模型,引入深圳市乙肝免疫预防相关参数后,用2013年出生人数作为队列人群,计算净现效益(NPV)、效益成本比(BCR)和增量成本效果比(ICER),同时进行CBA和CEA的比较和评估。结果 所构建的决策分析模型为一级决策树,HBV感染后转归用3类Markov模型模拟。深圳市2013年乙肝母婴阻断策略获得人均净现效益38097.51元,BCR为14.37;而普种策略人均获得净现效益37083.03元,BCR为12.07,即乙肝母婴阻断能带来更多的经济效益。与普种策略比较,乙肝母婴阻断策略每增加一个质量调整寿命年(QALY)人均可节省费用85100.00元,表明该策略具有明显的经济效果。乙肝母婴阻断策略CBA和CEA影响因素中,最重要的参数为疫苗接种率和乙肝相关疾病费用;CEA模型中所有参数联合变动获得的结果显示,乙肝母婴阻断策略获得的增量效果与节省的成本成正比。结论 乙肝母婴阻断策略能够获得更多的经济效益和健康效果,值得大力推广;但该策略节省的人均成本高于普种策略,确保新生儿乙肝疫苗高覆盖率仍然重要。CBA侧重方案优化,CEA偏向策略比较,两者结合可使经济学评价更加丰富。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.