2000年中国总膳食研究——不同性别年龄组人群膳食铅摄入量

目的评估中国不同性别年龄组人群铅的膳食摄入水平。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,利用中国第三次总膳食研究采集的代表性膳食样品及膳食调查数据,测定样品中的铅含量,并计算10个性别年龄组人群铅的摄入量、分布状况及膳食来源。结果中国各类食品中铅的平均含量为0.118mg/kg,中位数含量为0.052mg/kg,含量最高的食品为松花蛋,单个样品最高含量为8.964mg/kg,平均含量为2.577mg/kg。各省市的样品中,以湖北省的蔬菜样品污染最为严重,平均含量达到0.512mg/kg。中国10个性别年龄组的铅摄入量为54.9~112.7μg/d,各年龄组铅的摄入量占暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的42.8%至86.1%。2~7岁年龄组儿童铅的摄入量已经达到了PTWI的86.1%,并且有约30%的个体铅摄入量在PTWI以上。各组人群膳食铅的来源基本一致,均以谷类和蔬菜为主,贡献率为72%~80%。结论中国各性别年龄组人群的膳食铅摄入量均低于PTWI,但仍有进一步降低的必要。而且,2~7岁儿童及个别省市人群的铅摄入量过高的问题不容忽视。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——不同性别年龄组人群膳食镉摄入量

目的评估中国不同性别年龄组人群镉的膳食摄入水平。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,利用中国第三次总膳食研究采集的代表性膳食样品及膳食调查数据,测定样品中的镉含量,并计算10个性别年龄组人群镉的摄入量、分布状况及食物来源。结果中国各类食品中镉的平均含量为0.046mg/kg,中位数含量为0.006mg/kg。甲壳贝类及猪肝的镉含量远高于其它食品。中国10个性别年龄组的镉摄入量为12.0~25.9μg/d,占暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的30.3%至67.0%。2~7岁年龄组儿童约有14%的个体镉摄入水平高于PTWI。各组人群膳食镉的来源均以谷类、蔬菜和水产类为主,贡献率在80%左右。结论中国各性别年龄组人群的膳食镉摄入量均低于PTWI,但较90年代初有增加的趋势。而且,部分省市人群的镉摄入水平较高。     

日照市部分蔬菜中铅、镉、铬、汞、砷含量及健康风险评价

目的对日照市部分蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As含量进行检测分析,评价其经蔬菜途径摄入产生的人体健康风险。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜样品中5种元素的含量,并与食品中污染物限量标准比较;通过计算单因子污染指数和尼梅罗综合污染指数评价蔬菜污染状况;通过计算目标危害系数(THQ、TTHQ)评价蔬菜中5种元素对人体产生的健康风险。结果所抽检的120份样品中的Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As均未超标;单因子污染指数表明检测样品均为优良等级,尼梅罗综合污染指数表明检测样品均安全、清洁;从单一元素风险和多种元素复合风险来看,成人和儿童经膳食途径摄入所调查的蔬菜是安全的;成人和儿童的复合健康风险主要由As引起。结论日照市居民经蔬菜途径摄入Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As引起的人体健康风险较低,不会对暴露人群构成明显的危害。     

上海市售克氏原螯虾中铅、镉污染及摄入量调查

[目的]了解上海市售克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii,小龙虾）的铅、镉污染状况及人群中小龙虾食用[情况,调查食用小龙虾所致铅、镉摄入量。[方法]以分层随机抽样法采集小龙虾样品75件,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行样品检测;应用食物频率表法调查本市户籍人口600人的小龙虾食用情况;建立摄入量评估模型计算铅、镉摄入量。[结果]小龙虾躯干内铅、镉含量平均值分别为0.106mg/kg和0.009mg/kg。枯水期及野生小龙虾躯干内铅含量的90分位数（P90）超出国际食品法典委员会（CAC）限量标准,分别显著高于丰水期和人工养殖的小龙虾躯干内铅含量;头部中镉含量的P90超出CAC限量标准,明显高于躯干内镉含量,差异均有统计学意义,P〈0.05。小龙虾的主要食用人群以青年为主,年食用量平均值为1.79kg,未成年人和老年人食用较少,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05。人群食用小龙虾,周摄入铅、镉量的平均值分别为0.122μg/kg、0.010μg/kg,分别占暂定每周容许摄入量（PTWI）的0.49%和0.15%;未成年人铅摄入量的平均值为0.208μg/kg,占PTWI0.83%,青年人食用小龙虾,铅摄入量的P90为0.357μg/kg,占PTWI的1.43%;老年人食用小龙虾,铅、镉摄入量上限值仅分别占PTWI的0.09%和0.06%。[结论]未成年人、青年人中食用小龙虾的铅摄入量较高,存在着对人体健康造成危害的风险。食用小龙虾的镉摄入量处于较安全的水平。     

上海市6区食用菌中铅、镉、总汞、总砷污染状况调查与评估

目的了解上海市食用菌中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、总汞(Hg)、总砷(As)等有害元素污染状况。方法在浦东、青浦、闵行、虹口、徐汇、崇明6个区采集食用菌及其制品共952件,按照《2015年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》测定Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量,并根据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)以及单因子污染指数法和综合因子污染指数法进行评价。结果 952件食用菌样本中Pb、Cd、Hg、As的平均含量分别为0.120 8 mg/kg、0.065 8 mg/kg、0.023 8 mg/kg、0.067 6 mg/kg。超标率从高到低依次为HgCdAsPb。其中干制食用菌超标率最高,分别为Cd 10.5%、Hg 6.6%、As 6.6%、Pb 1.7%。结论食用菌中4种有害元素含量总体处于安全水平,但干制食用菌的内梅罗污染指数相对较高,而且部分干制食用菌存在有害元素超标的情况,需要引起相关部门和消费者的注意。     

江西居民膳食中砷和硒暴露风险评估

目的了解江西膳食中砷和硒的含量并评估其暴露量。方法统计2017—2020年江西主要膳食中砷和硒含量数据,结合江西省居民食物消费量报告,参考无机砷的每周允许摄入量(PTWI)、硒的推荐摄入量(RNI)和最高耐受量(UTL),对江西省居民膳食中砷和硒暴露量进行评估。结果在所检样品中,总砷平均含量为0.0429 mg/kg,江西居民每日砷总摄入量为1.09×10~(-3) mg/(kg·d),占每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)的50.9%,应用美国环保署的风险模型得出砷的致癌风险值(2.2×10~(-4)/a)高于可接受致癌风险水平(10~(-6)/a～10~(-4)/a)。硒的平均含量为0.0322 mg/kg,居民每日摄入硒的总量为49.39μg/d,分别是RNI和UTL的82.3%和12.3%。结论居民经膳食摄入砷和硒的暴露量处于安全水平,但砷的致癌年风险水平较高,需引起重视,同时居民日常摄入硒的量稍低于RNI推荐摄入量,合理调整膳食,不可盲目补硒。     

江苏省3种市售贝类重金属污染及食用风险评估

目的了解江苏省3种市售贝类重金属污染情况及食用风险评估。方法 2015年8-11月,从江苏省连云港、盐城、南通、无锡、苏州、南京等6个地区的大型农贸市场和生鲜超市,采集杂色蛤、缢蛏、牡蛎等样品,采用Agilent 7500电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,检测总Hg、Pb、Cd含量,采用氢化物发生SK-2002原子荧光分析仪检测总As含量,并根据国标GB 2762-2012《食品中污染物限量》进行重金属含量评价,及靶器官危害系数(THQS)法评价重金属对人体健康风险。结果 4种重金属含量最高为总As,其次为Pb、Cd,最低为总Hg。3种贝类中总As、Pb含量以杂色蛤最高,最大值分别为22.97 mg/kg、40.42mg/kg,均值为2.49mg/kg、1.06mg/kg;Cd含量最大值出现在杂色蛤(8.29mg/kg),均值最高为牡蛎(0.42mg/kg);总Hg最大值出现在牡蛎中(0.080mg/kg),均值以杂色蛤最高(0.004 5mg/kg),3种贝类总Hg均值相差不大。总As含量均以南通、连云港地区较高;Pb含量以无锡、连云港地区较高。3种贝类总Hg、Pb、Cd均低于国标中的限量值,对人体有害的无机砷可能超出了食品污染限量值。成人和儿童Cd、Hg的THQs指数均远<1.00,但估算的无机砷As和Pb THQs指数均接近1.00。结论南通地区贝类中重金属污染最为严重;贝类中重金属As和Pb的含量偏高,可能对人体健康造成负面影响,需重点关注。     

农村老年人膳食微量元素摄入水平调查

目的了解四川省农村≥65岁老年人膳食微量元素摄入情况和食物来源。方法采集当地粮食、蔬菜等食物样品,测定其中8种微量元素的含量,结合膳食问卷调查结果计算个体日常膳食微量元素摄入情况。结果114份样品中各种微量元素的检出率均80%;人群膳食Se、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn每天平均摄入量分别为(14.325±8.914)μg,(333.407±269.785),(3.109±4.890),(18.179±27.515),(6.902±3.493)mg,其中Se、Ca、Cu、Fe和Zn的摄入量均有50%的老年人低于日推荐摄入量或日适宜摄入量;对人体有毒性作用的Cd和Pb周摄入量超过WHO推荐的周允许摄入量的老年人分别有439和154人;除男性膳食Cu日摄入量明显高于女性(P0.001)外,其他膳食微量元素摄入情况性别差异无统计学意义。结论四川省农村老年人膳食必需微量元素摄入量普遍不足,对人体有毒性作用的Cd和Pb摄入量严重超标。     

广州市居民膳食镉含量监测及暴露评估

目的了解广州市日常消费食品镉污染状况,评估居民膳食镉暴露风险。方法对2013—2015年广州市11类食品中的镉含量进行监测,结合2011年广州市居民膳食摄入量调查,应用WHO推荐的食品中化学污染物膳食暴露评估方法对广州市居民膳食镉暴露水平进行评估。结果共监测食品样品3 999份,镉平均含量为0.1 889 mg/kg,P50和P95镉含量分别为0.01和0.751 mg/kg,检出值范围为0.000 5~7.83 mg/kg;总检出率为75.04%(3 001/3 999),总超标率为1.50%(60/3 999)。居民主要膳食中镉平均每周暴露量为0.003 3 mg/kg BW,占耐受摄入量(PTWI)的47.14%。稻米、紫菜、蔬菜和水产品是镉摄入的主要来源,从这四类膳食中摄入的镉占总的膳食镉暴露量91.66%;然而对于膳食消费量高(P95)的人群,镉的周总暴露量为0.011 6 mg/kg BW,占PTWI 165.71%。结论大部分广州市居民膳食镉暴露水平位于安全限值以内,但高摄入量人群暴露量超过PTWI,对健康可能存在一定风险,应引起重视。     

江西省食用菌中砷和汞健康风险评估

目的 了解江西省食用菌中砷、汞污染状况并评估其对人体健康的影响。方法 统计216件食用菌中砷、汞含量,同时利用污染指数(p)和危害系数(HQ)对食用菌等级及砷、汞带来的健康风险进行评估。结果 216件样品中As、Hg的总超标率分别为6.02%、5.56%。新鲜食用菌中As、Hg的平均含量分别为0.143 mg/kg、0.031 2 mg/kg,干食用菌中As、Hg的平均含量分别为0.175 mg/kg、0.025 6 mg/kg。食用菌中As、Hg污染指数p值均小于1,未成年人、成年人和孕妇每日因摄入食用菌导致砷和汞的危害系数HQ值也均小于1。结论 食用菌中砷、汞含量存在着一定超标,但总体水平是相对安全的,江西居民经食用菌摄入As、Hg总体处于可接受水平。     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.